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In this study, the authors investigate the impact of state-level prohibitions on the founding and mortality rates of breweries in prohibition-free states. Their results suggest that particularistic institutional action such as nonuniform government regulation creates externalities of two kinds. First, it creates resource flow opportunities for organizations that are not directly affected by such action. Second, it imposes indirect coercive pressures by influencing cultural norms in the environment of organizations that are not directly affected by the regulations. The overall direction and strength of these effects vary with the centrality of organizations in terms of their location, the time elapsed since an environmental change, and organizational age. The authors discuss the implications of their findings for organization theory, particularly the relationship between social movements and institutional action, the effects of institutional action on industry structure, and the linkage between environmental change, organizational age, and organizational mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to examine the relationship between changes in distress for items on in-vivo exposure hierarchies and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom change over the course of exposure therapy. Active duty army soldiers (N = 108) were recruited from a military base in the U.S. and were enrolled in a randomized clinical trial comparing Prolonged Exposure (PE), Virtual Reality Exposure (VRE), and a wait-list control for the treatment of PTSD stemming from deployments to Iraq or Afghanistan. PTSD diagnosis followed DSM-IV-TR criteria. Outcome measures were assessed via self-report and clinician interview. The relationships between in-vivo exposure distress, imaginal exposure distress, and PTSD symptoms, were examined in a factor of curves model for participants in the treatment conditions. Analyses revealed that, when controlling for one another, changes in in-vivo exposure distress were significantly associated with changes in PTSD symptoms (β = 0.75, 95% CI [0.60, 0.90]), while changes in imaginal exposure distress were not (β = 0.03, 95% CI [-0.27, 0.33]). The model also revealed that after accounting for the shared variation in trajectories of change, symptom clusters did not have unique variation, meaning that symptom clusters did not change independently. Results suggest the possibility that in-vivo exposures are more closely tied to changes in overall PTSD symptoms than imaginal exposures during exposure therapy. Furture research should incorporate more frequent measurement of in-vivo exposure distress to better elucidate these relations over the course of treatment. • Changes in in-vivo exposure distress were related to changes in PTSD symptoms. • Changes in imaginal exposure distress were not related to changes in PTSD symptoms. • Trajectories of PTSD symptom cluster change did not have unique variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of civil cases handled by Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs) indicates that use of ADR can be an efficient and effective procedural solution to the problems of time and cost in the justice system without sacrificing the quality of macrojustice. When ADR was used, 65% of cases settled (only 29% of cases settled when it was not used). Significantly more cases settled when ADR was voluntary than when it was mandatory (71% vs. 50%), and tort cases settled with more frequency than employment discrimination cases (73% vs. 60%). When using ADR, AUSAs subjectively estimated that the process saved significant time and money. A USAs spent an average of $869 in neutral fees and estimated that the process saved $10, 735 in litigation expenses per case. AUSAs spent an average of 12 hours preparing for ADR and 7 hours in the ADR process per case, which they estimated saved 88 hours of staff time and 6 months of litigation time per case. Analyses of various macrojustice outcomes show that ADR outcomes were not significantly different from litigated outcomes, indicating that the process was neutral, favoring neither private parties nor the government. While these statistics are descriptive, a final analysis shows that the earlier a case is referred to ADR, the shorter its time to disposition. In sum, the study provides a better picture of how ADR is used by the government in federal court cases, and suggests that ADR has the potential to improve dispute processing without sacrificing the quality of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Surgical coronary revascularisation in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is a rare event for which limited information is available. In this study, we review the indications and outcomes of surgical coronary revascularisation from the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium, a large US-based multicentre registry of interventions for CHD., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of children (<18 years old) with CHD who underwent surgical coronary revascularisation between 1982 and 2011. In-hospital mortality and graft patency data were obtained from the registry. Long-term transplant-free survival through 2014 was achieved for patients with adequate identifiers via linkage with the US National Death Index and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network., Results: Coronary revascularisation was accomplished by bypass grafting (n=72, median age 6.8 years, range 3 days-17.4 years) or other operations (n=65, median age 2.6 years, range 5 days-16.7 years) in 137 patients. Most revascularisations were related to the aortic root (61.3%) or coronary anomalies (27.7%), but 10.9% of them were unrelated to either of them. Twenty in-hospital deaths occurred, 70% of them after urgent 'rescue' revascularisation in association with another operation. Long-term outcomes were available by external linkage for 54 patients surviving to hospital discharge (median follow-up time 15.0 years, max follow-up 29.8 years) with a 15-year transplant-free survival of 91% (95% CI 83% to 99%)., Conclusions: Surgical coronary revascularisation can be performed in children with CHD with acceptable immediate and long-term survival. Outcomes are dependent on indication, with the highest mortality in rescue procedures., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2018. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.)

Criminal behavior exacts a large toll on society and is resistant to intervention. Some evidence suggests classic psychedelics may inhibit criminal behavior, but the extent of these effects has not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we tested the relationships of classic psychedelic use and psilocybin use per se with criminal behavior among over 480,000 United States adult respondents pooled from the last 13 available years of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002 through 2014) while controlling for numerous covariates. Lifetime classic psychedelic use was associated with a reduced odds of past year larceny/theft (aOR = 0.73 (0.65-0.83)), past year assault (aOR = 0.88 (0.80-0.97)), past year arrest for a property crime (aOR = 0.78 (0.65-0.95)), and past year arrest for a violent crime (aOR = 0.82 (0.70-0.97)). In contrast, lifetime illicit use of other drugs was, by and large, associated with an increased odds of these outcomes. Lifetime classic psychedelic use, like lifetime illicit use of almost all other substances, was associated with an increased odds of past year drug distribution. Results were consistent with a protective effect of psilocybin for antisocial criminal behavior. These findings contribute to a compelling rationale for the initiation of clinical research with classic psychedelics, including psilocybin, in forensic settings.

Background: The dimeric NF-κB transcription factors play critical roles in diverse cellular processes including adaptive and innate immunity, cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It regulates the expression of numerous genes that play a key role in the inflammatory response during kidney allograft rejection. This study aims to determine the association of NF-κB gene polymorphisms with allograft outcomes in the Hispanic renal transplant recipients., Methods: A total of 607 Hispanic renal transplant recipients at St. Vincent Medical Center between 2001 and 2010 were included in this study. The NF-κB genotypes were studied along with clinical data. In the case of NF-κB genotypes, the following single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were included: NF-κB1 (rs3774959, rs3774932, rs3774937, rs230526, rs230519), NF-κB2 (rs1056890, rs7897947, rs12769316) and NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) (rs9908330, rs7222094). The association of each genotype with renal allograft survival and acute rejection was evaluated., Results: NF-κB1 (rs3774937) CC genotype showed protective association with allograft rejection (OR=0.66, 95% CI=0.44-0.99, p=0.04). There was a significant increase in allograft survival time associated with the NF-κB1 (rs3774959) A allele (OR=0.76, 95% CI=0.60-0.98, p=0.03) while GG genotype was associated with a higher risk of graft failure (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.02-2.21, p=0.03). There were no associations between polymorphic markers in NF-κB2 and NIK genes with allograft survival or acute rejection. Among non-genetic factors, we found that the use of tacrolimus, a deceased donor, delayed graft function and acute rejection were associated with allograft failure., Conclusion: The result of present study suggests that NF-κB1 gene polymorphisms may determine the incidence of acute rejection or graft survival among Hispanic allograft recipients., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Medical school surveys of pre-doctoral curriculum hours in the somnology, the study of sleep, and its application in sleep medicine/sleep disorders (SM) show slow progress. Limited information is available regarding dentist training. This study assessed current pre-doctoral dental education in the field of somnology with the hypothesis that increased curriculum hours are being devoted to SM but that competencies are still lacking., Materials and Methods: The 58 US dental schools were surveyed for curriculum offered in SM in the 2008/2009 academic year using an eight-topic, 52-item questionnaire mailed to the deans. Two new dental schools with interim accreditation had not graduated a class and were not included. Responses were received from 49 of 56 (87.5%) of the remaining schools., Results and Conclusions: Results showed 75.5% of responding US dental schools reported some teaching time in SM in their pre-doctoral dental program with curriculum hours ranging from 0 to 15 h: 12 schools spent 0 h (24.5%), 26 schools 1-3 h, 5 schools 4-6 h, 3 schools 7-10 h, and 3 schools >10 h. The average number of educational hours was 3.92 h for the schools with curriculum time in SM, (2.96 across all 49 responding schools). The most frequently covered topics included sleep-related breathing disorders (32 schools) and sleep bruxism (31 schools). Although 3.92 h is an improvement from the mean 2.5 h last reported, the absolute number of curriculum hours given the epidemic scope of sleep problems still appears insufficient in most schools to achieve any competency in screening for SRBD, or sufficient foundation for future involvement in treatment.

Background: Antibodies produced in response to infection with any of the four serotypes of dengue virus generally provide homotypic immunity. However, prior infection or circulating maternal antibodies can also mediate a non-protective antibody response that can enhance the course of disease in a subsequent heterotypic infection. Naturally occurring human monoclonal antibodies can help us understand the protective and pathogenic roles of the humoral immune system in dengue virus infection., Results: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) transformation of B cells isolated from the peripheral blood of a human subject with previous dengue infection was performed. B cell cultures were screened by ELISA for antibodies to dengue (DENV) envelope (E) protein. ELISA positive cultures were cloned by limiting dilution. Three IgG1 human monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) were purified and their binding specificity to E protein was verified by ELISA and biolayer interferometry. Neutralization and enhancement assays were conducted in epithelial and macrophage-like cell lines, respectively. All three HMAbs bound to E from at least two of the four DENV serotypes, one of the HMAbs was neutralizing, and all were able to enhance DENV infection., Conclusions: HMAbs against DENV can be successfully generated by EBV transformation of B cells from patients at least two years after naturally acquired DENV infections. These antibodies show different patterns of cross-reactivity, neutralizing, and enhancement activity.

A pilot study was conducted to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of behavioral activation (BA) therapy for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Eleven veterans seeking treatment at a Veterans Administration outpatient PTSD clinic were enrolled in the study protocol, consisting of 16-weekly individual sessions of BA. Nine veterans completed the protocol, one participant completed 15 sessions, and one dropped out after one session. Clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity showed significant pre- to posttreatment improvement and was associated with a moderate effect size. A number of participants also were improved on measures of depression and quality of life, but changes did not reach statistical significance. Findings suggest that BA is a well-tolerated, potentially beneficial intervention for veterans with chronic symptoms of PTSD.

The relationships between hope, bereavement-related rumination, and finding meaning (making sense and benefit finding) were examined in 158 college students who experienced the death of a loved one within the latter half of their lives. Greater rumination was related significantly to lessened psychological well-being, and it mediated the relationship between being able to make sense of the death and superior well-being. Finding benefits in bereavement was associated with positive adjustment for those who recently experienced the death of a loved one, whereas it was related to negative adjustment for those who experienced the death longer ago. Higher hope predicted greater well-being, but it was not related to rumination or finding meaning.