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The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated catastrophic job loss, unprecedented unemployment rates, and severe economic hardship in renter households. As a result, housing precarity and the risk of eviction increased and worsened during the pandemic, especially among people of color and low-income populations. This paper considers the implications of this eviction crisis for health and health inequity, and the need for eviction prevention policies during the pandemic. Eviction and housing displacement are particularly threatening to individual and public health during a pandemic. Eviction is likely to increase COVID-19 infection rates because it results in overcrowded living environments, doubling up, transiency, limited access to healthcare, and a decreased ability to comply with pandemic mitigation strategies (e.g., social distancing, self-quarantine, and hygiene practices). Indeed, recent studies suggest that eviction may increase the spread of COVID-19 and that the absence or lifting of eviction moratoria may be associated with an increased rate of COVID-19 infection and death. Eviction is also a driver of health inequity as historic trends, and recent data demonstrate that people of color are more likely to face eviction and associated comorbidities. Black people have had less confidence in their ability to pay rent and are dying at 2.1 times the rate of non-Hispanic Whites. Indigenous Americans and Hispanic/Latinx people face an infection rate almost 3 times the rate of non-Hispanic whites. Disproportionate rates of both COVID-19 and eviction in communities of color compound negative health effects make eviction prevention a critical intervention to address racial health inequity. In light of the undisputed connection between eviction and health outcomes, eviction prevention, through moratoria and other supportive measures, is a key component of pandemic control strategies to mitigate COVID-19 spread and death.

Health justice as a movement incorporates research about how to more effectively leverage law, policy, and institutions to dismantle inequitable power distributions and accompanying patterns of marginalization that are root causes of health inequity. Legal advocacy is key to health justice because it addresses patients' health-harming legal needs in housing, public benefits, employment, education, immigration, domestic violence, and other areas of law. In medical-legal partnerships, lawyers and clinicians are uniquely positioned to jointly identify and remove legal barriers to patients' health, advocate for structural reform, and build community power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The screening process for social determinants of health (SDoH) includes questions regarding life circumstances and barriers to accessing health care. For patients, these questions may be intrusive, biased, and potentially risky. This article describes human-centered design methods to engage birthing parents and health care team members around SDoH screening and referral in maternity care. Methods: Three phases of qualitative research with birthing parents, health care teams, and hospital administrators were conducted in the United States. Shadowing, interviews, focus groups, and participatory workshops addressed the explicit and tacit concerns of the stakeholders regarding SDoH during maternity care. Results: Birthing parents wanted to be informed of the purpose of the clinic collecting SDoH information and how this information is used. Health care teams want to feel they are providing reliable and quality resources to their patients. They would like greater transparency that administrators are acting on SDoH data and the information is reaching people that can assist patients. Conclusion: As clinics implement patient-centered strategies for addressing SDoH in maternity care, it is important to include patients' perspectives. This human-centered design approach advances understanding of knowledge and emotional needs around SDoH and offers insights to meaningful engagement around sensitive health data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic provides a naturalistic test of whether pandemic-related disruptions weaken habits and undermine behavior stability. We hypothesized that better capacity to effortfully guide behavior (self-regulation) would buffer this effect and be associated with behavior stability and development of new habits to accomplish daily behaviors. A cross-sectional study of 416 MTurk workers recruited in April 2020 (M age = 34.60, SD = 11.51) indicated that pandemic-related disruptions generally exceeded people's capacity to effortfully modify their behavior. Self-regulation related to the development of new habits and to lower likelihood that work productivity decreased. Self-regulation also protected against the effect of disruption on the likelihood that substance use increased. Besides these associations, self-regulation was largely unrelated to health-related behaviors and, in some instances, associated with poorer outcomes. These findings underscore the need to appreciate the impact of contextual disruptions in interpreting and promoting change in health-related behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsThere need to be sweeping changes to medical school curricula that addresses structural racism in medicine and how to attend to this in medical practice.The Liaison Committee on Medical Education should develop and promulgate specific learning objectives and curricular offerings that require medical schools to teach about structural racism and antiracist medical practice in ways that are robust and standardized.The federal government, through the Health Resources and Services Administration, should prioritize support for antiracism education in medical schools, residency, and continuing medical education in similar ways and with similar effort in scale and scope to its support for primary care, providing technical assistance and grants for programs across the educational spectrum that provide antiracist training.State governments should mandate, as part of continuing education requirements for physicians, 2 or more hours per recertification cycle of antiracist training. Context: Since the beginning of COVID‐19 and the rise of social justice movements sparked by the murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor in the summer of 2020, many medical schools have made public statements committing themselves to become antiracist institutions. The notions that US society generally, and medicine, are rife with structural racism no longer seems as controversial in the academic community. Challenges remain, however, in how this basic understanding gets translated into medical education practice. Understanding where the profession must go should start with understanding where we currently are. Methods: Prior to the events of 2020, in the spring of 2018, we conducted nine key informant interviews to learn about the challenges and best practices from schools deemed to be positive deviants in teaching about structural racism. Findings: Our interviews showed that even those schools deemed positive deviants in the amount of teaching done about structural racism faced significant barriers in providing a robust education. Conclusions: Significant structural change, perhaps far beyond what most schools consider themselves willing and able to engage in, will be necessary if future US physicians are to fully understand and address structural racism as it affects their profession, their practice, and their patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Access to stable and affordable housing is an important social determinant of health in the United States. However, research addressing housing and cancer care, diagnosis, and outcomes has not been synthesized. Methods We conducted a systematic review of studies examining associations of housing and cancer care and outcomes using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL. Included studies were conducted in the United States and published in English between 1980 and 2021. Study characteristics and key findings were abstracted and qualitatively synthesized. Results A total of 31 studies were identified. Housing-related measures were reported at the individual level in 20 studies (65%) and area level in 11 studies (35%). Study populations and housing measures were heterogeneous. The most common housing measures were area-level housing discrimination (8 studies, 26%), individual-level housing status (8 studies, 26%), and individual-level housing concerns (7 studies, 23%). The most common cancer outcomes were screening (12 studies, 39%) and mortality (9 studies, 29%). Few studies assessed multiple dimensions of housing. Most studies found that exposure to housing insecurity was statistically significantly associated with worse cancer care (11 studies) or outcomes (10 studies). Conclusions Housing insecurity is adversely associated with cancer care and outcomes, underscoring the importance of screening for housing needs and supporting systemic changes to advance equitable access to care. Additional research is needed to develop and test provider- and policy-level housing interventions that can effectively address the needs of individuals throughout the cancer care continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous women in the United States are among the most vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV), which has reached endemic levels. The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to understand contextual factors and barriers to becoming liberated from violence. Reconstructive analysis of data from a critical ethnography with a sample of 231 women across two tribes who described IPV relationships identified the following themes: controlling relationships, losing sense of priorities, using children, socioeconomic stress, family pressures, and restricting relationships. Results revealed these tactics, which parallel those used in the patriarchal colonialism of historical oppression, impeded women's liberation from relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated economic crisis have placed millions of US households at risk of eviction. Evictions may accelerate COVID-19 transmission by decreasing individuals' ability to socially distance. We leveraged variation in the expiration of eviction moratoriums in US states to test for associations between evictions and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. The study included 44 US states that instituted eviction moratoriums, followed from March 13 to September 3, 2020. We modeled associations using a difference-in-difference approach with an event-study specification. Negative binomial regression models of cases and deaths included fixed effects for state and week and controlled for time-varying indicators of testing, stay-at-home orders, school closures, and mask mandates. COVID-19 incidence and mortality increased steadily in states after eviction moratoriums expired, and expiration was associated with a doubling of COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.9) and a 5-fold increase in COVID-19 mortality (mortality rate ratio = 5.4; CI: 3.1, 9.3) 16 weeks after moratoriums lapsed. These results imply an estimated 433,700 excess cases (CI: 365,200, 502,200) and 10,700 excess deaths (CI: 8,900, 12,500) nationally by September 3, 2020. The expiration of eviction moratoriums was associated with increased COVID-19 incidence and mortality, supporting the public-health rationale for eviction prevention to limit COVID-19 cases and deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living with a rare disease can present unique challenges not shared by individuals with common diseases. A content analysis explored which challenges, in participants' own words, are most prevalent across a sample of individuals (n = 1157) with diverse rare diseases in the United States. Symptoms, activity limitations, treatments, uncertainty, and companionship support were mentioned most. Differences across the most frequently mentioned codes were found among disease types, gender, income, years since diagnosis, and symptom duration. Results suggest a need for improved medical care to reduce activity limitations, increased awareness, social support, and access to information for people with rare diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family caregivers of persons with dementia often feel unprepared for end-of-life and preparedness predicts caregiver outcomes in bereavement. Existing questionnaires assessing preparedness have limitations. A multi-dimensional questionnaire assessing family caregiver preparedness for the end-of-life of persons with dementia is needed to identify caregivers at risk for negative outcomes in bereavement and evaluate the quality of strategies within a palliative approach. Aim: To develop a multi-dimensional questionnaire titled 'Caring Ahead' to assess feelings of preparedness for end-of-life in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Design: A mixed methods, sequential design employed semi-structured interviews, a Delphi-survey and pilot-testing of the questionnaire, June 2018 to July 2019. Setting/population: Participants included five current and 16 bereaved family caregivers of persons with symptoms advanced dementia from long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada; and 12 professional experts from clinical and academic settings in Canada, Europe, United States. Results: Interviews generated three core concepts and 114 indicators of preparedness sampling cognitive, affective and behavioural traits in four domains (i.e., medical, psychosocial, spiritual, practical). Indicators were translated and reduced to a pool of 73 potential questionnaire items. 30-items were selected to create the 'Caring Ahead' preparedness questionnaire through a Delphi-survey. Items were revised through a pilot-test with cognitive interviewing. Conclusions: Family caregivers' feelings of preparedness for end-of-life need to be assessed and the quality of strategies within a palliative approach evaluated. Future psychometric testing of the Caring Ahead questionnaire will evaluate evidence for validity and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the landscape of needs for housing assistance among people with HIV (PWH) and availability of Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) funding with respect to housing service needs, nationally and for 17 US jurisdictions., Design: The CDC Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is an annual, cross-sectional survey designed to report nationally and locally representative estimates of characteristics and outcomes among adults with diagnosed HIV in the United States., Methods: We analyzed 2015-2020 data from MMP and 2019 funding data from HOPWA. Weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for national and jurisdiction-level estimates were reported., Results: Nationally, 1 in 4 (27.7%) PWH had shelter or housing service needs. Among those who needed housing services, 2 in 5 (40.4%) did not receive them (range: 21.3% in New York to 62.3% in Georgia). Reasons for unmet needs were multifactorial and varied by jurisdiction. Available 2019 HOPWA funding per person in need would cover up to 1.24 months of rent per person nationally (range: 0.53 months in Virginia to 9.54 months in Puerto Rico), and may not have matched housing assistance needs among PWH in certain jurisdictions., Conclusion: Addressing housing service needs necessitates a multipronged approach at the provider, jurisdiction, and national level. Locally, jurisdictions should work with their partners to understand and address housing service needs among PWH. Nationally, distribution of HOPWA funding for housing services should be aligned according to local needs; the funding formula could be modified to improve access to housing services among PWH., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

This autoethnography explores a fictional character known as "Sarah" who represents the Black woman's leadership experience in the U.S. federal government. Sarah is professional, loyal, and passionate in her pursuit of authentic leadership. Yet, she continues to struggle to find acceptance in her authentic identity and leadership style amongst her peers. Sarah has learned to create a balance of personal harmony and professional success and seeks to pass this wisdom on to the next generation. This paper contributes to the field of qualitative inquiry by providing poetic musings and insight into the work culture, race, and gender barriers that often impact Black women. Black women's voices were silenced during slavery, and they continue to seek a platform from which they can speak, be heard, and be equally included in modern conversations. Sarah's story seeks to provide voice, wisdom, and a unique forum to share four women's leadership journeys, in a palatable manner, to all audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a reparation-based approach to remedy the cancellation by the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump in 2019 of the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) of Haitians in the country. Topics include the lawsuits against the TPS cancellation like Ramos v. Nielsen and Saget v. Trump and the history of exclusionary racism within U.S. immigration law, particularly against Haiti and Haitians.

Context: Unaffordable or insecure housing is associated with poor health in children and adults. Tenant-based housing voucher programs (voucher programs) limit rent to 30% or less of household income to help households with low income obtain safe and affordable housing., Objective: To determine the effectiveness of voucher programs in improving housing, health, and other health-related outcomes for households with low income., Design: Community Guide systematic review methods were used to assess intervention effectiveness and threats to validity. An updated systematic search based on a previous Community Guide review was conducted for literature published from 1999 to July 2019 using electronic databases. Reference lists of included studies were also searched., Eligibility Criteria: Studies were included if they assessed voucher programs in the United States, had concurrent comparison populations, assessed outcomes of interest, were written in English, and published in peer-reviewed journals or government reports., Main Outcome Measures: Housing quality and stability, neighborhood opportunity (safety and poverty), education, income, employment, physical and mental health, health care use, and risky health behavior., Results: Seven studies met inclusion criteria. Compared with low-income households not offered vouchers, voucher-using households reported increased housing quality (7.9 percentage points [pct pts]), decreased housing insecurity or homelessness (-22.4 pct pts), and decreased neighborhood poverty (-5.2 pct pts).Adults in voucher-using households had improved health care access and physical and mental health. Female youth experienced better physical and mental health but not male youth. Children who entered the voucher programs under 13 years of age had improved educational attainment, employment, and income in their adulthood; children's gains in these outcomes were inversely related to their age at program entry., Conclusion: Voucher programs improved health and several health-related outcomes for voucher-using households, particularly young children. Research is still needed to better understand household's experiences and contextual factors that influence achievement of desired outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The article discusses two examples of theories and frameworks that can improve the advocacy for Latinx children's rights and their healing for trauma. Topics discussed include the estimated number of U.S. citizen children who experienced detention or deportation of a parent from 2011 to 2013, information about historical trauma, and the role of school social workers in ensuring their psychological and emotional safety in the school setting.

Nineteen scholars, writers, and friends remember Annette Michelson (1922–2018), cofounder of October. Written tributes by Giuliana Bruno, Scott Bukatman, Enrico Camporesi, Edward Dimendberg, Jean-Michel Frodon, Amos Gitai, Vivian Gornick, Gertrud Koch, Antonia Lant, Stuart Liebman, Anne McCarthy, Tony Pipolo, Robert Polidori, Yvonne Rainer, Ethan Taubes, Allen S. Weiss, and Federico Windhausen, and a series of photographs by Babette Mangolte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Streetworkers are front‐line workers employed to engage at‐risk youth and prevent, intervene, and respond to incidents of community youth violence. Streetworkers are often exposed to violence and its aftermath, though little is known about the specific types of trauma to which streetworkers are exposed. Methods: This study seeks to explore this question via in‐depth, semistructured interviews with 37 streetworkers from a large city in the United States. Results: The qualitative results revealed that the streetworkers in this sample experienced a range of types of trauma. Streetworkers were less likely to be directly exposed to traumatic events in the context of their jobs, yet were more likely to witness, learn about, or experience repeated exposure to aversive details of traumatic events. Conclusions: Despite their exposure to trauma, very few participants described seeking psychological treatment, self‐care, or new vocation. We discuss our findings and make recommendations to bolster support for streetworkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of a kidney transplant on a recipient extends beyond the restoration of kidney function. However, there is limited qualitative analysis of recipient perspectives on life following transplantation, particularly in the United States. To understand the full patient experience, it is necessary to understand recipient views on life adjustments after kidney transplantation, medical management, and quality of life. This could lead to improvements in recipient care and sense of well-being.Methods: We conducted a paper-based survey from March 23 to October 1, 2015 of 476 kidney transplant recipients at the University of Michigan Health System in Ann Arbor, Michigan. We analyzed their open-ended responses using qualitative research methods. This is a companion analysis to a previous quantitative report on the closed-ended responses to that survey.Results: Common themes relating to changes following transplantation included: improvements in quality of life, a return to normalcy, better health and more energy. Concerns included: duration of graft survival, fears about one day returning to dialysis or needing to undergo another kidney transplant, comorbidities, future quality of life, and the cost and quality of their healthcare. Many recipients were grateful for their transplant, but some were anxious about the burdens transplantation placed on their loved ones.Conclusions: While most recipients reported meaningful improvements in health and lifestyle after kidney transplantation, a minority of participants experienced declines in energy or health status. Worries about how long the transplant will function, future health, and cost and quality of healthcare are prevalent. Future research could study the effects of providing additional information, programs, and interventions following transplantation that target these concerns. This may better prepare and support kidney recipients and lead to improvements in the patient experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 1819 U.S. Supreme Court case "M'Culloch v. Maryland" in which the judgment went against Maryland's attempt to tax the Second Bank of the U.S., including Chief Justice John Marshall's and Baltimore branch of the bank's roles in this regard. It discusses the relationship between U.S. Congress and state power.

The article discusses a right to privacy in America in relation to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 2018 case Carpenter v. United States which deals with search and seizure law and the Fourth Amendment to America's Constitution. Judicial opinions, cell phone location tracking, and digital data are assessed. The relationship between law and technology is addressed, along with search warrants and the legal aspects of cell phones seized incident to arrests.

The article discusses the challenges of science education especially in terms of decline of federal financial support for research and development in the U.S. The author cited the prediction of John T. Wilson, deputy director of the National Science Foundation, on possible impact of government's decreased budget allocation on science education. Government officials are urging college administrators to start planning for operating within an expenditure limitation. In addition, there are administrators who are challenged to keep science projects and to stop filling positions and ordering equipment.

Objective: Increasing evidence documents fathers' influential role in their children's eating, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB). We aimed to expand limited existing research examining fathers' influence in these areas by exploring Latino fathers' beliefs, attitudes and practices related to eating, PA and SB of their young children.Design: Seven focus group discussions were conducted in Spanish with Latino fathers (n 28) of children aged 2-8 years. Audio recordings were transcribed and translated verbatim without identifiers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify key concepts and themes using NVivo 11 software.Results: Fathers expressed positive beliefs and attitudes about the importance of healthy eating for their young children, themselves and their families. Nevertheless, the majority reported familial practices including eating out, getting take-out, etc. that have been linked to increased obesity risk among Latino children. Fathers were more involved and engaged in children's PA than eating and feeding. However, several fathers reported engaging predominantly in sedentary activities with their children, appeared permissive of children's sedentary habits and struggled to set limits on children's screen-time.Conclusions: We provide new information on Latino fathers' beliefs and child feeding and PA practices that may provide important targets for interventions aimed at promoting healthful eating and PA behaviours of Latino children. Future research should further quantify the influence of Latino fathers' parenting styles and practices on development of children's eating, PA and SB. This information is needed to identify risk factors amenable to interventions and to design culturally appropriate parenting and family-based interventions targeting Latino children's home environment and designed to meet this ethnic group's specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the different sensory experience between American civilians and those in war zones of the World War II, in which civilians became engaged through reading stories of death and destruction in newspapers and magazines, and saw terrible photographs. It highlights the media coverage of the war, through war correspondent Ernie Pyle, photographer George Strock, historian Mark Smith, and other writers. The author claims war breaks social life into categories, fracture time itself, and breaks human communities into groups with different experiences and sensibilities, such as allies and enemies, and soldiers and civilians. It mentions the call for unity of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose administration allowed and promoted gruesome images of American casualties.

Automobility and aeromobility have largely been treated as separate systems in work on the social and cultural aspects of transportation and movement. To the extent that scholars have considered the two together, it has generally been in terms of accessing one of multiple airports within large metropolitan areas. However, for travelers from the smaller cities that are spokes in the North American hub-and-spoke network, the long-distance air journey inevitably involves consideration of the automobile. Based on interviews with ‘spoke travelers’ from four small cities around Chicago, this paper demonstrates the hybrid system of aero-automobility as a form of long-distance travel. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years workers in the United States have become increasingly vulnerable to spells of long-term unemployment, which are often accompanied by self-devaluation and the internalization of stigma. The existing literature consistently finds that dominant self-help career support institutions activate individualistic cultural narratives that obscure the shared and structural determinants of career challenges and often intensify the self-stigmatization and emotional toll of long-term unemployment. This paper examines an alternative approach to support based on sociologically-informed discourses and practices. Drawing on in-depth interviews of long-term unemployed white-collar workers who received such support we explore whether and how sociologically-informed support practices can reduce self-stigmatization and help workers confront the challenges posed by long-term unemployment. We show that self-stigmatization is not an inevitable outcome of unemployment in the American cultural context, and that the application of a sociologically-informed approach to support can activate narratives focused on the shared and structural roots of unemployment. The activation of such narratives counteracts the debilitating internalization of stigma and generates what we call a 're-valuation' of the self. Beyond long-term unemployment, the findings in this paper suggest broader benefits to American workers from institutions that foster a sociological imagination for contextualizing employment-related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This first-person narrative reviews the resistance to the first year of the Trump Administration. The author recalls a trip to Washington DC to disrupt the peaceful transfer of power in Washington DC, as well as three other trips to fight the assault on social policy by the Trump Administration and the Republican controlled congress, getting arrested each time. Back in New York, the author worked with his union and and engaged in civil disobedience fighting for the homeless with Voices of Community Activists and Leaders (VOCAL). The author reviews debates about strategies and tactics, as well as the efforts of groups such as ADAPT, Rise and Resist, Housing Works, Center for Popular Democracy, ACT UP, New Sanctuary Coalition, and VOCAL. He considers the friendships which support such efforts to renew democracy from the bottom up, while fighting the war on the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New benchmark estimates of Black-White income ratios for 1870, 1900, and 1940 are combined with standard post-World War census data. The resulting time series reveals that the pace of racial income convergence has generally been steady but slow, quickening only during the 1940s and the modern Civil Rights era. I explore the interpretation of the time series with a model of intergenerational transmission of inequality in which racial differences in causal factors that determine income are very large just after the Civil War and which erode slowly across subsequent generations.“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.” —W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies of wives and young children of migrants to the USA highlight implications of migration for family members who remain behind. This emerging research on transnational families is beginning to address multiple perspectives within the family system, especially beyond the nuclear family. The current phenomenological study explores the perceptions of adapting to familial transnationalism of: parents of migrants, spouses of migrants and return migrants in Mexico. Ten focus groups (N = 51) were conducted focusing on the experiences of transnational families. An inductive, comparative method was used to analyse the data and identify emerging themes. Within the global theme of interpersonal dynamics, three salient subthemes emerged: cohesion, disclosure and criticism. Findings highlight the importance of examining multiple perspectives surrounding familial transnationalism including during and after migration, those who migrate and those who stay behind, as well as immediate and extended family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial research on the consequences of parental divorce, no studies have investigated offspring discourse about parents’ influences. This study draws on a sample of university students and uses a grounded theory approach to identify four types of socialization narratives. These narratives include (a) fear of unintentional modeling, (b) absence of effective modeling, (c) determination to avoid parental mistakes, and (d) fear of self- or partner change. For the first three types, young adults link perceptions of relationship socialization to a specific parental trait or relationship pattern. The fourth type reflects generalized conclusions about human change over the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the letters between Johannes Hoeber in Philadelphia, U.S. and his wife, Elfriede, in Düsseldorf, Germany. Topics covered are the financial difficulties of the Hoeber family in Philadelphia, the rejection of Elfriede's application for visa by the American Consul in Stuttgart questioning the Hoebers' capability to provide financial support and the Nazi's closure of their daughter's school.

The article presents a speech by attorney Kelly Shackelford entitled "Mary Beth Tinker and John Tinker and Tinker v. Des Moines: Opening the Schoolhouse Gates to First Amendment Freedom," delivered at the U.S. Supreme Court. She discusses the 1969 U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines, Iowa political activists Mary Beth Tinker and John Tinker and their protest of the Vietnam War, and the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. She discusses the case's progress through the appeals process, the oral arguments in the U.S. Supreme Court, and the decision written by U.S. Supreme Court justice Abe Fortas.