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Background: Limited data are available to predict the occurrence of hyperkalemia. Risk assessment is complicated by the lack of consistency of definition between trials. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD to evaluate the incidence of hyperkalemia and the value of several baseline characteristics as predictors of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Results: The incidence of hyperkalemia was 6.0% and 1.1% using a definition of ≥5.5 and ≥6.0 mmol/L, respectively. Independent predictors of hyperkalemia (≥5.5 mmol/L) were randomization to enalapril, baseline serum creatinine, serum potassium, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, a history of diabetes, and atrial fibrillation (all P < .05). The use of loop diuretics was also associated with an increased risk of hyperkalemia but only in patients included in the SOLVD prevention trial. Similar results were obtained when renal function was evaluated using the estimated creatinine clearance. Conclusions: The definition of hyperkalemia is important when evaluating its incidence in clinical trials. Renal dysfunction, baseline serum potassium, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, New York Heart Association functional class, and treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor are factors associated with the development of hyperkalemia in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. More specifically, our results suggests that before initiating drugs that can cause hyperkalemia in patients with heart failure, a strong consideration should be given to calculate creatinine clearance and that patients with a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min should undergo a close monitoring of their serum potassium to prevent the development of hyperkalemia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Despite amiodarone's established safety profile in the setting of heart failure, it is unknown whether its impact on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation is modulated by left ventricular function., Methods and Results: A pooled analysis of 3,307 patients (age 68.0 ± 0.2 years; 31.1% female) enrolled in AFFIRM and AF-CHF trials was conducted to assess the effect of rhythm control with amiodarone on cardiovascular outcomes, according to left ventricular systolic function. In amiodarone-treated patients (N = 1,107), freedom from recurrent atrial fibrillation was 84% and 45% at 1 and 5 years, respectively, with no differences according to left ventricular function (P = 0.8754). Similarly, the adjusted proportion of time spent in atrial fibrillation (15.0 ± 1.8%) did not vary according to ventricular function (P = 0.6094). Over 40.0 ± 0.3 months of follow-up, 1,963 (59.4%) patients required at least one hospitalization, 1,401 (42.6%) of whom had cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. Adjusted all-cause and cardiovascular hospitalization rates were similar with amiodarone versus rate control in all patients and in subgroups with and without severe left ventricular dysfunction. A total of 729 (22.0%) patients died, 498 (15.1%) from cardiovascular causes. Adjusted all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were similar with amiodarone versus rate control overall and in subgroups with and without severe left ventricular dysfunction., Conclusion: Amiodarone's efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm and reducing the burden of atrial fibrillation is similar in the presence or absence of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Rhythm control with amiodarone is associated with comparable hospitalization and mortality rates to rate control in patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)