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Information on popular music in Algeria from chapter 5 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World" is presented. Information regarding Algeria's traditional music and the emergence of modern urban music are given. The impact of Anglo-American rock music and French variétés on Algerian music is discussed, as well as the most renowned form of Algerian popular music.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in the U.S. It discusses the relationship of the nation's demographic history with the evolution of the music scene. The effects of cultural practices, particularly under industrialization and commercialization, on popular music were also highlighted.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Columbia is presented. It was established as the Columbia Phonograph Company in 1888 in Washington, D.C. as part of the North American Phonograph Company owned by J. P. Lippincott. The first-ever catalog of recordings issued by the record label in 1889 contained ten pages of cylinder recordings of marches and dance tunes. It considered Latin America as an extension of its own market.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Seattle, Washington. The city had a thriving popular music culture throughout the twentieth century despite a continuing puritanical tendency among its lawmakers and enforcement agencies.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Saint Louis, Missouri. Over 20 million people attended the World's Fair in the city in 1904 and the song "Meet Me in St. Louis, Louis" became a national hit.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A music culture developed during the eighteenth century with public concerts and performances of European opera despite opposition from the Quaker puritan establishment.

A section of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World," is presented. It explores the development of popular music in California. Major factors that affect the state's musical heritage are the heterogeneous national and regional cultures of the diasporic immigrant communities and the dominant presence of U.S. film and music recording industries in the state. Several popular musicians from California were also mentioned.

An encyclopedia entry for musicians' unions is presented. Unions were established by musicians to protect their employment or to seek higher payment and better working conditions. Many musicians' unions are affiliated with the International Federation of Musicians (FIM). The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) is considered the largest and most powerful of present-day musicians' unions in the U.S.

An encyclopedia entry for radio shows is presented. Radio shows are scheduled programs that are broadcast regularly and centered around music. The earliest stations in the U.S. relied on volunteers from local communities to present talks or musical performances. A number of stations moved their studios to hotels to easily assemble a live audience. Barn dance shows are the most outstanding examples of regular radio programs with a changing cast of bands and singers.

Chapter 3 of the book "Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: North America," volume IV, edited by John Shepherd, David Horn and Dave Laing, is presented. The section focuses on the history of popular music in Haight Ashburry, San Francisco Bay Area, California. Several rock bands were formed and lived in Haight Ashbury in the 1960s. The Charlatans, led by graphic designer George Hunter, was the first.

An encyclopedia entry for quartet, which is an ensemble made up of four musicians, four singers or a mixture of instrumentalists and singers, is presented. In the U.S., male vocal quartets have a long history in both secular and religious popular music. Vocal groups have been less formally organized in the commercial mainstream of U.S. popular music. In the 1950s, jazz quartets became widespread following the rise of bebop as a small ensemble genre.

An encyclopedia entry for groups in popular music is presented. The term group in popular music denotes an ensemble of vocalists or instrumentalists, or a combination of the two. The appellation group in the U.S. has been widely used from the 1930s onward for vocal ensembles such as the Ink Spots and the Mills Brothers. In the 1960s, the Beatles and other English ensembles have been widely known as beat groups.

A definition of the term "Sleeve Notes" is presented. They refer to the texts that appeared on the reverse of the cover of long-playing (LP) records from the early 1950s onward. Sleeve-note writing became a minor literary form in the U.S. during the 1950s. Jazz albums contained short essays composed by critics such as Nat Hentoff and Leonard Feather. The miniaturization of later prerecorded music formats, such as the tape cassette and the compact disc, led to the disappearance of sleeve notes.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Capricorn is presented. It was founded by Phil Walden in the state of Georgia in 1969. It specialized in Southern boogie rock music. Walden served as the manager of musician Otis Redding and signed the Allman Brothers Band following the death of Redding. The record label suffered bankruptcy in the late 1970s due to the recession in the music industry.

An encyclopedia entry for the U.S. record label Arista Records is presented. The record label was founded in 1975 as the successor label to Bell Records. Clive Davis served as its president between 1975 and 2000. It was purchased by the German conglomerate Bertelsmann in 1980 and RCA Records was appointed as its U.S. distributor.

An encyclopedia entry for the managers of popular music artists is presented. The managers have frequently played a major function in the history of the music industry, particularly in the field of post-rock 'n' roll pop music. In particular, the present-day concept that a manager should not have any other professional involvement with the act because of a potential conflict of interest was not widely held in the past. The issue of conflict of interest started in Britain and the U.S. through disputes involving Gilbert O'Sullivan and the Eagles.

An encyclopedia entry for Music Television (MTV) is presented. The company was founded in the U.S. and became the largest provider of specialist cable and satellite channels featuring popular music. Its launch came at a time when cable operators were looking for new formats to attract younger viewers and when record companies were frustrated by the radio stations' unwillingness to play songs by new artists. The shift from one monolithic channel to several alternatives was reflected in the company's overseas programming activity.

An encyclopedia entry for resistance and protest is presented. Both of these terms were used in popular songs in the U.S. in the 1930s. "The Cutty Wren" is an example of a Anglophone protest song. Particular focus is given to the emergence of an important Spanish-language protest song movement in the 1960s. Protest songs can be defined as explicit statements of opposition to the political, economic or social status quo.

An encyclopedia entry for "backup singers" is presented. Also called backing vocalists, backup singers provide vocal accompaniment for the featured singer in a band or a singing group while in a live performance or while on a record. Backup singers to a lead voice may have originated in choral music. The practice became institutionalized in the field of popular music in the U.S. during the era of big bands and close harmony vocal groups.

An encyclopedia entry for unions in the music industry is presented. Singers who do not qualify for membership of musicians' unions that admit only instrumentalists may join the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) and the Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (ACTRA). Workers in the distribution, retail and instrument manufacturing sectors are also allowed to be unionized.

An encyclopedia entry about Word, a U.S. record company in the Christian and gospel music sector, is presented. Founded in 1950, the company subsequently signed both white and black artists to the Word label, as well as distributing releases from other labels like Light, Reunion, Myrrh and Marantha. Classic gospel singers who have signed with Word included Shirley Caesar and Reverend Milton Brunson.

An encyclopedia entry for U.S. record label LaFace is presented. The company was founded in 1991 and operated by leading U.S. black music songwriters and producers Babyface and L.A. It is based in Atlanta, Georgia and is financed and distributed by Arista, a division of BMG. Some of the most successful artists in the company include Toni Braxton, Usher and the female vocal group TLC.

An encyclopedia entry for British record company Jive is presented. The company is a leading outlet for both white and black popular music in Great Britain and the U.S. It is part of the Zomba group of companies established in London, England in 1975 by South African-born music publishers Clive Calder and Ralph Simon.

An encyclopedia entry about Fania, a Latin music recording company in the U.S. is presented. The company is known for commercializing salsa music. Band leader Johnny Pacheco and lawyer Jerry Masucci founded the label in 1964 in New York. Some of the popular Puerto Rican and Caribbean musicians who worked for Fania include Celia Cruz, Rubén Blades and the Fania All-Stars.

An encyclopedia entry for the Japanese record label CBS-Sony is presented. A Japanese subsidiary was set up by the U.S. record company CBS in partnership with the Sony Corporation in 1968. The record label distributed recordings by both Japanese foreign artists as the leading record companies in the country. The CBS Records Group was purchased by the Sony Corporation in 1988. Among the top-selling artists of the label were Dreams Come True and Judy and Mary.

An encyclopedia entry for the Japanese record label Avex Trax is presented. It was set up in 1988 to import compact disc (CD) compilations of dance music from European and U.S. independent labels. It is headed by Tom Yoda and is a contemporary Japanese pop and dance music label. The record label also established a recording studio near Tokyo, Japan to record foreign artists specially for Japanese dance audiences.

An encyclopedia entry for A&M is presented. A&M was an artist-owned label that had became one of the leading record companies in the U.S. in the 1970s and 1980s. The record label was named after its Los Angeles-based founders, trumpeter Herb Alpert and record industry promotion man Jerry Moss. A&M first release was "The Lonely Bull" by Alpert and his Tijuana Brass, a million-seller in 1962.

A definition of the term "rack jobber" is presented. It refers to an individual or company that rents space from retailers to install racks of cassettes or CDs and is responsible for replenishing the stocks. Such form of retailing typically occurs in non-traditional outlets, such as gas stations and grocery stores. Rack jobbing began in the U.S. with the Music Dealers Service, which from the 1930s operated sheet music racks. In, 1952, Elliott Wexler of Philadelphia was the first rack jobber of discs.

An encyclopedia entry for one-stop is presented. One-stop is a form of record distribution in which a metropolitan or regional distributor or wholesaler offers releases from a large number of record companies to local retailers and jukebox operators, who can therefore order all the records they need from one place instead of from numerous record companies. The term and the practise emerged in the U.S. in the 1930s when one-stops served the jukebox business only.

An encyclopedia entry for catalog is presented. The word 'catalog' has come to be used in a metaphorical sense to describe the totality of songs controlled by a music publisher or of recordings owned by a record company but its origins lie in the issuing of printed lists or catalogs of available recordings by the early record companies in the U.S. and elsewhere. In 1891, the first-ever catalog of recordings was issued by Columbia, mainly for coin-in-the-slot jukeboxes at fairgrounds and exhibitions.