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This article explores how the sorting and separating of pupils into entangled categories of social/cultural disadvantage and disability in the 1960s through the 1980s created populations of concern. Even though the United States and Germany are typically contrasted in their approaches to inclusive education, a new scientisation of the "social" had similar effects in both countries. While inclusion is usually presumed as the opposite of segregation, we examine how distinct curricula -- often administered in separate classrooms or schools -- became deemed essential to prepare target populations for eventual inclusion. In the United States, demands for desegregation and mainstreaming were met in part with the design of curricula and instructional strategies for populations marked by categories of disability and/or cultural disadvantage. In West Germany, similar pedagogies appeared in materials designed for special and lower-track schools aimed at pupils classified as learning disabled and/or socio-culturally disadvantaged. Drawing on archival analysis of research journals, reports, and curricular materials from both countries, we examine how science pedagogies constituted social/cultural disadvantage and/or disability as a type of learner with limited experiences requiring compensation and emotional needs requiring affective calibration. Similar practices produced these populations of concern, enclosing them in a pre-scholastic intervention space and prescribing targeted strategies as necessary for their integration as healthy, responsible citizens. At stake is understanding how curricular differentiation directed to previously excluded groups can generate new subdivisions of the social -- authorising separate (and unequally positioned) instruction in the name of inclusion.

Background: The primary purpose of this retrospective case series was to describe the prevalence and outcomes of single-stage hip arthroplasty in patients who were previously treated for septic arthritis of the native hip at our institution over a 20-year period. This study also examined rates of persistent or recurrent infection, reoperation, and mortality for septic arthritis of the native hip. Methods: Adult patients treated for septic arthritis of the native hip at our institution from 1995 to 2015 were retrospectively identified. Exclusion criteria included age <18 years, missing or incomplete medical records, treatment at an outside institution, and prior surgery of the hip. Results: 97 patients were included in this study. 3 patients (3.1%) who were previously treated for septic arthritis of the native hip underwent single-stage hip arthroplasty an average of 40 ± 25 months from the date of infection. 3 of the 18 (16.7%) patients who were treated with resection arthroplasty underwent second-stage joint reconstruction. There were no cases of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). 1 patient who underwent single-stage arthroplasty experienced implant-induced metallosis, necessitating removal of the implant. There were no other cases of revision arthroplasty. Conclusions: The prevalence of single-stage hip arthroplasty in patients with a history of septic arthritis of the native hip joint was 3.1%, which is higher than the prevalence of hip arthroplasty in the United States general population, suggesting that a history of septic arthritis may increase the risk of requiring hip arthroplasty. In the small number of patients who went on to receive a hip replacement, there were no reported cases of PJI. This study suggests that hip arthroplasty is a viable option for patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis and a history of septic arthritis of their hip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data documenting period product insecurity, or an inability to access products, in the United States have recently emerged. With multiple years of data now available, we assessed trends in period product insecurity among two nationally representative samples of U.S. adults. Materials and Methods: Data from nationally representative, cross-sectional online surveys conducted in January 2018 and April 2021 were used to run weighted logistic regressions. Those aged 18–49 years and who had menstruated in the past year (n = 922 in 2018; n = 1037 in 2021) were included. Results: In 2021, 59% experienced period product insecurity compared with 53% in 2018. In 2018 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.91, confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.29–2.83) and 2021 (aOR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.06–2.21), Hispanic respondents were more likely to find products unaffordable. Some college attainment was associated with finding products unaffordable in 2018 (aOR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.00–2.34) and 2021 (aOR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.35–2.88). Participants struggling to purchase products had higher odds of experiencing period product insecurity in 2018 (aOR 11.78, 95% CI: 8.07–17.20) and 2021 (aOR 7.71, 95% CI: 5.44–10.93). Conclusions: Hispanic ethnicity, lower educational attainment, and struggling to purchase period products were strong predictors of finding products unaffordable and experiencing product insecurity in both 2018 and 2021. Policies that improve access to or affordability of period products in the United States are needed to help those most vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents commentary on state standards for menstrual hygiene education in U.S. schools. Topics include refer to a lack of resources, education, and products needed to maintain healthy habits around menstruation; and Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is a more comprehensive term and using clean menstrual management material to absorb or collect menstrual blood.

Aim: To analyze the cost impact of cesarean versus vaginal delivery in the United States on the development of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods: We compared average cost of delivery method to the lifetime risk and cost of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) in women < 65 years. Costs of maternal care, obtained from the MarketScan® database, included those incurred at delivery and 3 months post‐partum. Future costs of PFDs included those incurred after delivery up to 65 years. Previously reported data on the prevalence of POP and SUI following cesarean and vaginal delivery was used to calculate attributable risk. An incremental cost of illness model was used to estimate costs for SUI. Direct surgical and ambulatory care costs were used to determine cost of POP. Results: Average estimated cost was $7089 for vaginal delivery and $9905 for cesarean delivery. The absolute risks for SUI and POP were estimated as 7% and 5%, respectively, following cesarean delivery, and 13% and 14%, respectively, following vaginal delivery. For SUI, average direct cost was $5642, indirect cost was $4208, and personal cost was $750. Average direct cost of POP surgery was $4658, and nonsurgical cost was $2220. The potential savings for reduced prevalence of SUI and POP in women who underwent cesarean delivery is estimated at $1255, but they incur an additional $2816 maternal care cost over vaginal delivery. Conclusions: Although elective cesarean is associated with reduced prevalence of PFDs, the increased initial cost of cesarean delivery does not offset future cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To assess the menstrual hygiene needs of low-income women in St. Louis, Missouri. METHODS: Using an exploratory, cross-sectional design, women 18 years of age and older were recruited from a purposive sample of 10 not-for-profit community organizations that serve low-income women in St. Louis. From July 2017 to March 2018, 183 interviewer-administered surveys and three focus group discussions were conducted. Surveys and focus groups identified where and how women access menstrual hygiene products and what they do when they cannot afford to buy them. Using a snowball sampling strategy, 18 community organizations were also surveyed electronically to assess what services and supplies they provide for menstrual hygiene. RESULTS: All women invited to participate in the interviews and the focus groups agreed to do so. Nearly two thirds (64%) of women were unable to afford needed menstrual hygiene supplies during the previous year. Approximately one fifth of women (21%) experienced this monthly. Many women make do with cloth, rags, tissues, or toilet paper; some even use children's diapers or paper towels taken from public bathrooms. Nearly half of women (46%) could not afford to buy both food and menstrual hygiene products during the past year. There was no difference in menstrual hygiene needs by age. Two thirds of organizations indicated that menstrual hygiene was a need of their clients. Thirteen provide menstrual hygiene supplies to their clients; two provide menstrual hygiene education. CONCLUSION: Menstrual hygiene supplies are a basic necessity that many low-income women lack. We document the extent to which low-income women in a major metropolitan area in the United States are unable to afford these basic necessities and what they do to cope. Women's health care providers should advocate for improved access to menstrual hygiene supplies for low-income females across the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We examine the fiscal consequences of sustained population loss in American cities. We find the starkest difference between growing and declining cities in their levels of social and economic distress: Declining cities have higher rates of poverty and crime. Our evidence also suggests that shrinking cities have less fiscal capacity than growing cities, although this relationship is complicated by an apparent nonlinearity: Shrinking and rapidly growing cities both have less fiscal capacity than high-demand cities that grow slowly. Lastly, both high distress and low fiscal capacity appear to predict further population loss. Together, our evidence suggests that population loss may both increase social problems and decrease the resources available to solve them, and that declining cities may enter vicious cycles that perpetuate further decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antitrust laws stand to protect consumers of health care services from conduct that would raise prices, lower quality, and decrease innovation by lessening competition. Importantly, though, vigorous antitrust enforcement does not impede accountable care organizations (ACOs) and similar collaborations that advance these same goals of better and more efficient care; in fact, by fostering competitive markets, the antitrust laws encourage such initiatives. This article summarizes the legal framework that the federal antitrust agencies--the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice--use to analyze ACOs and other collaborations among health care providers. It outlines the guidance provided by the federal antitrust agencies concerning when ACOs and other provider collaborations likely would harm competition and consumers. In addition, it reviews common antitrust issues that can arise with ACOs and provides examples of enforcement actions that have prevented health care providers from taking or continuing anticompetitive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A predominant problem in the US as well as in Europe is the imminent capacity shortage of major hub airports: Air traffic is assumed to increase significantly worldwide, while further runway extensions of airports are difficult because of residents' resistance and limited land space availability. However, the increasing market size also provides a potential for new aircraft concepts. What type of aircraft will meet best the future market requirements is a question arising. We show that currently discussed solutions to airport capacity problems are mostly not in line with market requirements and have therefore not the potential to alleviate the increasing capacity problems. We analyse to what extend an aeroplane with extreme short takeoff and landing (ESTOL) capability might be able to overcome these capacity problems and discuss resulting technical requirements. Subsequently we present some of the current technological challenges in this area of research and give an overview on ESTOL regional jet concepts that are currently investigated at Bauhaus Luftfahrt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe lags far behind Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA in terms of implementing regulatory procedures for the import and release of invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs). A number of standards, documents and guidelines have been produced over recent years in an attempt to harmonize regulation of IBCA introduction into Europe. Despite these efforts, the number of member countries implementing any form of IBCA regulation remains low, with many industries, biological practitioners and regulators fearing that a regulatory system would render the process of approval for IBCA introduction into a country costly and time consuming. Europe’s priority is therefore to formulate a regulatory system that will be readily approved of and adopted by all member countries. In this paper we review the current regulatory processes operating in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA. There is potential for Europe to benefit from the years of experience that these countries have in IBCA regulation. We therefore propose recommendations based on features of the regulatory processes in each of the four countries that work well and that could be adopted to generate a workable Europe-wide regulatory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosimilars, or similar biological medicinal products, are large, complex molecules manufactured using living cells. Unlike their small-molecule counterparts, identical copies of the originator product are nearly impossible to manufacture. Biosimilars require an extensive manufacturing process that is open to variation at a number of stages and as such requires very careful regulation and monitoring. With the patents on a number of biologically engineered proteins nearing their end, increased interest has arisen regarding how the development of biosimilars should be regulated. The EU is currently adopting guidelines that address a number of issues surrounding the generation of biosimilars, including the nonclinical and clinical aspects of comparing the biosimilar with a reference product. However, questions such as the choice of the reference product, the level of postmarketing surveillance and even the name of the biosimilar, all have still to be addressed. In contrast, the US has yet to agree on guidelines for the introduction of biosimilars and it would appear that these are still a little way off. While some believe that adequate measures are already in place to safeguard against the introduction of biosimilars with unproven safety and efficacy profiles, previous experience would suggest otherwise. Data from various interferon preparations have shown that the immunogenic potential, i.e. the ability of the product to induce the production of neutralising antibodies, varies according to formulation and place of manufacture. In addition, the increased incidence of pure red cell aplasia with a certain preparation of epoetin alfa after the formulation was changed has demonstrated that relatively small changes in the preparation of even established biopharmaceuticals can have serious implications for the patient. Therefore, it is vital that regulatory guidelines, as much as is reasonably possible, ensure that biosimilars will be safe and effective in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lygus hesperus Knight is native to the western United States and is a perennial pest of numerous crops in California. It is responsible for triggering the early season application of insecticides on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and strawberries, Fragaria L. Despite several surveys conducted in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in central California, nymphal parasitoids associated with L. hesperus and L. elisus have not been found. Two exotic parasitoids were released into California beginning in 1998. Peristenus relictus (Ruhte), formerly P. stygicus Loan, and P. digoneutis Loan were collected from several locations in southern Europe and released at up to six locations over a 6-year period. At the original release site in Sacramento, a 0.25-ha plot of alfalfa, parasitism by P. digoneutis and P. relictus combined increased from zero to 90%, 3 years after the last releases were made. Parasitoids have been recovered from vacant fields of weedy annuals within 2 km of this site. Recoveries at more southerly release sites in central California have been poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conveys the humanness and rawness of classroom interactions and the ultimately rewarding nature of teaching prisoners in the U.S. The author gives an insight into the complex challenges facing educators who take their courses into prisons. She notes that the retrenchment from prisoner rehabilitation has left the educational programs for convicts in a shambles. But, the author observes, the draconian methods for dealing with prisoners have also impacted their own ability to engage with educators. Thus, she points out the multitude of contradictions she and her students must navigate, and offers some suggestions for future prison pedagogy.

This article focuses on the ecological theory, which asserts that the climate of a region exerts top-down control on regional ecosystem patterns and processes, across space and time. Ecological processes may respond differently to climatic variation at each of these scales, depending on the region and ecosystem. Climate affects ecological processes both directly and indirectly, and complex-lagging patterns may exist. For example, interannual to decadal-scale changes in climatic regimes and ecosystem responses affect the demographic patterns of forests and meadows. Fire regimes in semiarid forests and woodlands in the southwestern U.S., in Colorado, and in Patagonia, Argentina, appear to be sensitive to climatic regimes characterized by interannual switching from wet to dry conditions on time scales of about two to four years. This wet/dry switching and low/high fire activity is often in phase with the ENSO and may be related to the importance of fine fuel for example growth, accumulation, and moisture content. In contrast, interannual switching from wet to dry is apparently less important in more productive pine forests of eastern Oregon than in the Southwest, but multiyear drought conditions may be more important to fire frequency patterns.

Mortality rates among hemodialysis patients differ greatly among the United States, Europe, and Japan and it has been hypothesized that this is mainly due to differences in practice patterns. Results from the international DOPPS study, however, indicate that differences in practice patterns among the United States, Japan, and Europe are small and not alone explanatory for the differences in mortality rates. Ethnic variability in predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the general population may lead to significant differences in background cardiovascular mortality in the United States, Japan, and Europe. It is our hypothesis that cardiovascular mortality in dialysis patients is to a great extent dependent on cardiovascular background mortality of the general population. We are currently studying the relationship between all-cause and cardiovascular death rates in countries worldwide using the WHO database. Preliminary data from 35 countries show that all-cause and cardiovascular death rates differ significantly among regions, with Eastern European countries reporting four- to sevenfold higher death rates than Asian countries. A strong linear relationship between cardiovascular and all-cause death rates is observed among these countries. The next step of our study will be to compare country-specific cardiovascular death rates of dialysis populations with those of the respective general populations. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality may be explained by genetic variability based upon polymorphism of genes involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the use of a computerized reservation system for managing revenues in the U.S. airline industry. Establishment of primary points for interconnecting passengers; Concept of revenue management; Elements of route profitability.

Presents a study which compared injuries to front seat occupants in tow-away crashes in Charlottesville, Virginia for one year before and one year after the implementation of the seat belt use law in the state. Methods; Results; Conclusions.

The object of this article is to discuss the relative number of the existing feeble-minded in the U.S. that are at present found in the institutions for the feeble-minded, the reformatories, the poor houses, the public schools, and that are at large and unaccounted for. A second effort is to show how the distribution among these several institutions is affected by the grade of feeble-mindedness, age, sex and legislation. The relative number of the feeble-minded cared for in special institutions varies widely in the different states. It is affected by legislation, by the personnel and policies of the different institutions, and undoubtedly by a number of other factors. The percentage of reformatory inmates that are feeble-minded has lately been a subject of much discussion and considerable investigation. Opinions and estimates vary from only a few percent to over seventy-five per cent. The social importance of whether a feeble-minded person is specially provided for depends on the grade of feeble-mindedness, age, sex, and a miscellaneous group of physical and mental peculiarities.

The article presents the reports made by the American Association on Mental Association's Committee on Statistics including, statistical manual, definition of the term mental deficiency, statistics relating to paroled patients, compilation of statistics of mental defectives living outside of institutions, additional items to be placed on the statistical schedules relating to admissions.

The article reports on developments concerning the American Association on Mental Deficiency's Program Committee. It highlights the Committee's meeting in New York. A tentative program was arranged during the meeting which was discussed with the Association president. The final program was finally printed on May 1, 1941.

Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) exists as several distinct strains based on symptomatology, vector specificity, and host range. Originally characterized Japanese isolates of SbDV were specifically transmitted by Aulacorthum solani. More recently, additional Japanese isolates and endemic U.S. isolates have been shown to be transmitted by several different aphid species. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, the only aphid that colonizes soybean, has been shown to be a very inefficient vector of some SbDV isolates from Japan and the United States. Transmission experiments have shown that the soybean aphid can transmit certain isolates of SbDV from soybean to soybean and clover species and from clover to clover and soybean with long acquisition and inoculation access periods. Although transmission of SbDV by the soybean aphid is very inefficient, the large soybean aphid populations that develop on soybean may have epidemiological potential to produce serious SbDV-induced yield losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV), first identified as an agricultural problem in Japan, has emerged as a growing problem in the Midwestern United States. The majority of research on SbDV had been limited to four lab maintained strains from Japan. SbDV had been found in clover in the eastern United States, but these isolates rarely emerged into soybeans. These isolates were analyzed by multiplex PCR and sequencing, revealing that some were infections of both Y and D components, including a recombinant subisolate. Phylogenetic analyses for the US isolates revealed a broad diversity of SbDV, with selection pressure greater on the movement protein than the coat protein. The field isolates from the Eastern United States showed differences in symptoms, aphid transmission and host range, demonstrating that a study of field isolates is an important complement to laboratory maintained strains in understanding the biology and evolution of plant viruses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]