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Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, black people in New York City encountered white violence, especially police brutality in Manhattan. The black community used various strategies to curtail white mob violence and police brutality, one of which was self-defense. This article examines blacks’ response to violence, specifically the debate concerning police brutality and self-defense in Harlem during the 1920s. While historians have examined race riots, blacks’ everyday encounters with police violence in the North have received inadequate treatment. By approaching everyday violence and black responses—self-defense, legal redress, and journalists’ remonstrations—as a process of political development, this article argues that the systematic violence perpetrated by the police both mobilized and politicized blacks individually and collectively to defend their community, but also contributed to a community consciousness that established police brutality as a legitimate issue for black protest. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on the application of initial interest confusion analysis to metatag use in the Brookfield Communications Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp. case by the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal. Technical background of metatags and search engine; Function of trademark law; Inapplicability of the initial interest confusion to metatag use.