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Simple Summary: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes 5% of cancers and is the main cause of oropharyngeal cancer in the United States and of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV proteins induce DNA damage and exploit and hijack the host DNA damage response. The HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 induce chromosomal instability (CIN), or chromosome missegregation during mitosis, which also causes DNA damage and can lead to profound genetic alterations in the host cell. Though these features are known to contribute to HPV-induced carcinogenesis, how this affects tumor cell response to DNA damaging treatments is not well understood. Here, we review how HPV induces DNA damage and activates the DNA damage response and how the HPV-induced CIN likely exacerbates this. We then discuss how this viral protein-mediated DNA damage may affect the efficacy of chemoradiation therapy. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the main cause of cervical, oropharyngeal, and anogenital cancers, which are all treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy when locally advanced. HPV proteins are known to exploit the host DNA damage response to enable viral replication and the epithelial differentiation protocol. This has far-reaching consequences for the host genome, as the DNA damage response is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability. HPV+ cells therefore have increased DNA damage, leading to widespread genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer, which can contribute to tumorigenesis. Following transformation, high-risk HPV oncoproteins induce chromosomal instability, or chromosome missegregation during mitosis, which is associated with a further increase in DNA damage, particularly due to micronuclei and double-strand break formation. Thus, HPV induces significant DNA damage and activation of the DNA damage response in multiple contexts, which likely affects radiation sensitivity and efficacy. Here, we review how HPV activates the DNA damage response, how it induces chromosome missegregation and micronuclei formation, and discuss how these factors may affect radiation response. Understanding how HPV affects the DNA damage response in the context of radiation therapy may help determine potential mechanisms to improve therapeutic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to 2011 data, nearly one in four women and one in seven men in the United States experience severe physical violence by an intimate partner, creating a public health burden requiring population-level solutions. To prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) before it occurs, the CDC developed Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancements and Leadership Through Alliances, Focusing on Outcomes for Communities United with States to identify promising community- and societal-level prevention strategies to prevent IPV. The program funds 10 state domestic violence coalitions for 5 years to implement and evaluate programs and policies to prevent IPV by influencing the environments and conditions in which people live, work, and play. The program evaluation goals are to promote IPV prevention by identifying promising prevention strategies and describing those strategies using case studies, thereby creating a foundation for building practice-based evidence with a health equity approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]