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Currently, Black men in the United States are greater than 1.5 times as likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer and more than twice as likely to succumb to the disease. While racial disparities in prostate cancer have been well documented, we must analyze these disparities in the correct context. Discussion of these disparities without correctly describing race as a social construct and acknowledging the impact of structural racism is insufficient. This article reviews the disparities seen in screening, treatment, outcomes, and clinical trial participation. We conclude by outlining future steps to help understand and study disparities, as we strive toward equitable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the correlations between the components of the Objective Grading System developed by the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) and smile esthetics. Materials and Methods: The clinical photographs of 48 orthodontically treated patients were rated by a panel of 25 experienced orthodontists (15 men and 10 women) and 20 parents of orthodontic patients (eight men and 12 women). One of the investigators, a director of the ABO, scored the posttreatment dental casts and panoramic radiographs of all patients according to the guidelines of the Objective Grading System. The relationship between the occlusal outcome and perceived smile attractiveness of the subjects were evaluated by a Pearson product-moment correlation. Logistic regression was used to determine whether the individual component or total combined scores of the ABO Grading System could predict whether a smile would be considered "attractive" or "unattractive" by the panel of raters. Results: Extremely weak relationships were found among all factors of the ABO Objective Grading System and perceived smile attractiveness (r values ranging from -0.11 to 0.14; P > .05). As derived from logistic regression equations, neither total scores nor individual components of the ABO Grading system could predict attractive or unattractive smiles. Conclusions: This study suggests that additional criteria might be incorporated into the assessment of overall orthodontic treatment outcomes, including variables evaluating the smile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if race was associated with 5-year cause-specific survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma., Materials and Methods: Outcomes were investigated using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database with data from 13 states between the years 2007-2015. Covariates included age, sex, insurance, marital status, and tumor stage at diagnosis. Patients <18 years old or with missing data for race, survival time or insurance status were excluded. Cox regression models were used to determine associations through hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and to adjust for covariates., Results: A total of 8421 subjects were included in the analysis. After adjustment, there was no association between race and 5-year cause-specific survival in patients with ccRCC (Black- HR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.83,1.12; American Indian/Alaskan- HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.75,1.36; Asian Pacific Islander- HR: 0.99, 95%CI: 0.82,1.12). Older individuals and those with regional or distant tumors showed an increased hazard of death, while females and insured patients showed decreased hazard., Conclusion: Our study found that race was not associated with 5-year cause-specific survival from clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However inferior overall survival in Blacks with RCC has been well demonstrated in the literature. Our findings suggest that differences in survival may not be driven by cause-specific factors such as renal cell carcinoma, but rather social determinants of health which disproportionality affect Black patients. Further studies with more power that incorporate information on income, comorbidities, education status, and access to care are therefore necessary., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A 4-year collaborative project between the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) and 15 American orthodontic graduate programs concluded at the ABO Clinical Examination in February 2006., Methods: Fifty recent graduates (the pilot study group) presented cases that were treated in their graduate programs as partial fulfillment of the requirements for ABO certification. The examinees were tested by calibrated ABO examiners and required to satisfy traditional ABO standards. They presented appropriate case reports that contained the ABO's 3 measurement instruments. Thirty-nine practicing orthodontists (the control group) presented cases according to the traditional ABO Clinical Examination process., Results: Ninety percent of the pilot study group and 85% of the control group successfully accomplished ABO certification. There was a difference of 2.38 points between the 2 groups for the mean total scores of the cases that passed. The pilot study group presented cases that met the historic averages for case complexity (discrepancy index)., Conclusions: Residents in orthodontic programs are able to treat cases to ABO standards of quality.