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Students from marginalized religious backgrounds face myriad challenges on college and university campuses, and negative effects are especially pronounced for Muslim students. Wearing hijab can put college students at a greater risk of marginalization amidst a climate of Islamophobia. Although there is a growing body of research on Muslim college student experiences, there is a more limited exploration of hijabi students' experiences. In this exploratory online survey study (n=41), we sought to understand experiences of belonging and Islamophobia among hijabi Muslim students across the United States. We adopted a critical quantitative approach, specifically interested in the connection of hijabi students' sense of belonging, social adjustment, and experiences of microaggressions to their adherence to the Islamic dress code, membership in a Muslim student organization (MSA), and identifying with a minoritized racial group. We found that more modest dress was associated with lower perceived support from peers and faculty, while reported microaggressions were negatively related to faculty empathy. The strongest effects were involvement in MSA on social adjustment, and having a white identity on perceived faculty support. This study contributes to our understanding of the role of student affairs professionals, faculty, and higher education administrators in supporting hijabi students to succeed as their whole authentic selves.

Individual differences in understanding other people's emotions have typically been studied with recognition tests using prototypical emotional expressions. These tests have been criticized for the use of posed, prototypical displays, raising the question of whether such tests tell us anything about the ability to understand spontaneous, non-prototypical emotional expressions. Here, we employ the Emotional Accuracy Test (EAT), which uses natural emotional expressions and defines the recognition as the match between the emotion ratings of a target and a perceiver. In two preregistered studies (N[subscript total] = 231), we compared the performance on the EAT with two well-established tests of emotion recognition ability: the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test (GERT) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). We found significant overlap (r > 0.20) between individuals' performance in recognizing spontaneous emotions in naturalistic settings (EAT) and posed (or enacted) non-verbal measures of emotion recognition (GERT, RMET), even when controlling for individual differences in verbal IQ. On average, however, participants reported enjoying the EAT more than the other tasks. Thus, the current research provides a proof-of-concept validation of the EAT as a useful measure for testing the understanding of others' emotions, a crucial feature of emotional intelligence. Further, our findings indicate that emotion recognition tests using prototypical expressions are valid proxies for measuring the understanding of others' emotions in more realistic everyday contexts.

Research has linked cultural differences between a sojourner's home and host country with their cultural transformation. Nonetheless, the results of empirical studies are inconclusive due to different operationalizations of cultural differences and testing among different groups of sojourners. We extend previous investigations by examining the effects of cultural novelty (i.e., the subjective perception of cultural differences) on the experience of international students (N = 1114) in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the USA. Drawing on acculturation and social learning theories, we conceptualized a model of students' adjustment and satisfaction taking into account cultural novelty. We tested the model through multi-group structural equation modeling (SEM) and examined the various relationships across subsamples from all five countries. We determined the significant effects of cultural novelty and a range of factors impacting students' intercultural experience, such as their cultural intelligence, cultural background, second-language skills, time in the host country, and socialization with domestic students, and how the effects may vary by the host country. We discuss implications for future research and practice.

The purpose of this study was to examine state-level early learning standards specific to physical development, including fundamental motor skills and gross motor development for preschool-aged children in the United States. All standards related to motor development and specific to children ages 3-5 years were extracted from publicly available online documents from all 50 states. Upon initial review, 961 standards were extracted from all documents. Through aggregation of similar skills and elimination of duplicates across states, 48 unique skills were identified. Frequencies and proportions of states that included each skill in their standards were calculated. Descriptive results indicate that none of the 48 skills were included as a standard across all 50 states. Only three skills, running, jumping, and throwing a ball overhand were a standard in over 75% of states. Most of the skills were standards in less than 50% of states. Trends from these data show that a wide range of motor skills are included within preschool physical development standards within the United States, with large variability among states. Considering this variability, and currently low levels of motor competence among young children, additional evaluation, and future creation of best practice preschool physical development standards are warranted.

We may define and prioritize them differently, but few would deny that our human community is facing intractable problems at local, national, and global scales. The authors call on higher education institutions (HEIs) around the world to work collectively and with strategic intent and action to use sustainability as an organizing principle to focus service-learning and community engagement (SLCE) activities on the flourishing of our planet and its diverse species. While certainly not perfect and still in an emergent phase, efforts such as those being undertaken by colleges and universities described in this article are beginning to generate significant results by utilizing sustainability as an overarching institutional organizing principle and SLCE strategies as the delivery mechanisms for realizing change on their campuses and in their communities.

The Council on Social Work Education mandates that students be prepared to work competently across lines of difference. Research suggests that social work programs have inadequate curricula for preparing students to work with LGBTQ+ people, and can be unsupportive of the needs of LGBTQ+ students. Little is understood about the experiences of LGBTQ+ social work students who work to address these programmatic inadequacies. This qualitative study collected data from LGBTQ+ social work students in the US and Canada who had engaged in efforts to increase inclusion in their programs. A thematic analysis found that students used individual and collective strategies to increase programmatic inclusion of LGBTQ+ people and content. Participants also described the burden associated with doing this identity work.

Objectives: To examine the associations of two measures of minority stress, non-affirmation minority stress and internalized transphobia, with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) veterans. Method: We administered a cross-sectional survey from September 2022 to July 2023 to TGD veterans. The final analytic sample included 3,152 TGD veterans aged ≥45 years. We used a generalized linear model with quasi-Poisson distribution to calculate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) measuring the relationship between non-affirmation minority stress and internalized transphobia and past-year SCD. Results: The mean age was 61.3 years (SD = 9.7) and the majority (70%) identified as trans women or women. Overall, 27.2% (n = 857) reported SCD. Adjusted models revealed that TGD veterans who reported experiencing non-affirmation minority stress or internalized transphobia had greater risk of past-year SCD compared to those who did not report either stressor (aPR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15; aPR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.12–1.27). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that proximal and distal processes of stigma are associated with SCD among TGD veterans and underscore the need for addressing multiple types of discrimination. Above all, these results indicate the lasting sequelae of transphobia and need for systemic changes to prioritize the safety and welfare of TGD people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long Acting Injectable (LAI) therapy to treat HIV is an alternative to daily oral medications. The success of early roll-out of LAI to eligible patients requires a better understanding of patients' awareness and interest in this novel therapy. We administered an electronic survey to patients attending an urban HIV clinic in the US South. Eligible participants were 18 + years old with a most recent HIV-1 viral load < 200 copies/ml, without any evidence of genotypic resistance to LAI components or chronic hepatitis B. Survey recipients were asked about current treatment, engagement in care, and knowledge of LAI. Between January-April 2023, 480 patients were screened; 319 were eligible, and 155 (49%) completed the survey. The majority (119, 77%) were aware of, and 87 (56%) were interested in LAI. In regression analysis, only age was associated with interest in LAI (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92,0.99). Among proposed benefits of injectables, ease of travel without pills, lack of daily pill-taking, and fewer medication interactions were most appealing. Among proposed concerns with injectables, higher cost and insurance coverage of the new medicine were most worrisome. A large majority of people with HIV (PWH) are aware of the newest treatment available, and just over half of our sample expressed interest in LAI. Older age was associated with lower interest in LAI. LAI is appealing for its convenience, privacy, and avoidance of drug interactions, while the increased costs associated with LAI need to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This case series examines the use of a multimodal wound matrix (MWM) trialled in a selection of clinical practice settings and on a variety of hard-to-heal wounds. The objective was to evaluate the effects of MWM and its performance in managing such wounds, regardless of clinical setting and ulcer type. Method: Treatment of the MWM was conducted by independent wound care practitioners on wounds that were of >4 weeks duration. Treatment was once a week. Assessment was taken after four weeks and at week 12 of the study to assess percentage area reduction (PAR) compared to baseline measurements taken at the first treatment visit. Complete (100%) re-epithelialisation was also recorded. Results: A total of 63 wounds were treated with MWM, and ulcer types were grouped as: diabetic foot ulcers (n=21); venous leg ulcers (n=18); pressure injuries (n=10); and others (n=14). Of the wounds, 78% had 100% re-epithelialisation, with an average PAR of 57% at four weeks and 86% at 12 weeks. The average time to resolution for those wounds that closed was 7.9 weeks. Conclusion: Results from this series of independent case studies support the application of MWM to potentially benefit healing in hard-to-heal wounds of different aetiologies of any duration and in a variety of clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marching band is both a sport and a performance art. Organized athletics like American football, soccer, and cheerleading all have established epidemiologic trends of injury, including stigmata from head trauma. Despite the potential for mild to severe injury, there is a paucity of data on marching band-related morbidity. We examined the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 2012 to 2021 to describe demographic information and injury patterns. There were an estimated 20 335 marching band injuries (95% confidence interval: 12 892-27 777). The majority of injuries occurred in females (70%), and those aged 14 to 18 years (85%). Fifty percent of all injuries occurred in the lower extremity, and soft tissue injuries were the most frequently observed diagnosis (49%). Mild traumatic brain injury accounted for 6% of all injuries. Of marching band injury, 98% did not require escalation of care. Based on these findings, we suggest targeted public health intervention by sports medicine teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse TSA (rTSA) being fundamentally different procedures, and indicated in different pathologies (rTSA for rotator cuff deficiency [RCD] and proximal humeral fractures [PHFx] and anatomic TSA [aTSA] for glenohumeral osteoarthritis [GHOA]), they have the same Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code (23472). This paper's aim is to investigate differences in operative time and work-related value units (wRVUs) per hour among these pathologies, and ultimately determine if there is a need to assign separate CPTs for aTSA and rTSA. A retrospective cohort of data from the American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was collected, all patients who underwent aTSA or rTSA (CPT: 23472) between the years of 2006 and 2019 for diagnoses of GHOA, RCD, and PHFx were included. Data collected included patient age, body mass index, operative time, and wRVUs per hour. Compared to GHOA (reference group), the average operative time for the RCD cohort was 12.242 minutes shorter (P <.001), while the wRVUs were higher by 1.627 (P <.001). The average operative time for rTSAs in the PHFx cohort were 17.615 minutes longer (P <.001), while the wRVUs were lower by 2.205 (P <.001). The average operative time for rTSAs for both RCDs and PHFx were longer than that for aTSAs for GHOA. Additionally, wRVUs were lower for rTSAs for RCD and PHFx compared to aTSAs for GHOA. This elucidates inconsistency in reimbursement structure for the procedures, which should be revisited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Because of the importance of genetics and genomics for health care, efforts to promote inclusion of genetics and genomics in undergraduate nursing programs has increased in the past 20 years. However, the success of these efforts has not been measured recently. Method: Information from Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education accredited 4-year baccalaureate nursing programs in the United States was searched, and program administrators were surveyed regarding inclusion of genetics and genomics in program requirements. Results: More than half (57%) of 711 programs analyzed included genetics and genomics in their curriculum, with <6% of programs requiring a standalone course. Although 43% of programs did not mention genetics and genomics in their curriculum, some programs that did not specifically identify genetics and genomics in course descriptions may incorporate these topics. Conclusion: Despite the growing importance of genetics and genomics in health care, many prelicensure baccalaureate nursing programs include little instruction on these topics. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(9):613–618.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite disproportionate rates of mental ill-health compared with non-Indigenous populations, few programs have been tailored to the unique health, social, and cultural needs and preferences of young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. This paper describes the process of culturally adapting the US-based Young Black Men, Masculinities, and Mental Health (YBMen) Project to suit the needs, preferences, culture, and circumstances of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males aged 16–25 years in the Northern Territory, Australia. YBMen is an evidence-based social media-based education and support program designed to promote mental health, expand understandings of gender and cultural identities, and enhance social support in college-aged Black men. Methods: Our adaptation followed an Extended Stages of Cultural Adaptation model. First, we established a rationale for adaptation that included assessing the appropriateness of YBMen's core components for the target population. We then investigated important and appropriate models to underpin the adapted program and conducted a non-linear, iterative process of gathering information from key sources, including young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males, to inform program curriculum and delivery. Results: To maintain program fidelity, we retained the core curriculum components of mental health, healthy masculinities, and social connection and kept the small cohort, private social media group delivery but developed two models: 'online only' (the original online delivery format) and 'hybrid in-person/online' (combining online delivery with weekly in-person group sessions). Adaptations made included using an overarching Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing framework and socio-cultural strengths-based approach; inclusion of modules on health and wellbeing, positive Indigenous masculinities, and respectful relationships; use of Indigenous designs and colours; and prominent placement of images of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male sportspeople, musicians, activists, and local role models. Conclusions: This process resulted in a culturally responsive mental health, masculinities, and social support health promotion program for young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males. Next steps will involve pilot testing to investigate the adapted program's acceptability and feasibility and inform further refinement. Keywords: Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, Indigenous, Australia, male, cultural adaptation, social media, mental health, masculinities, social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increasing incidence of fragility fractures has spurred development of protocols, largely focused on peri-operative care, with numerous proven benefits. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate outcomes of our hip fracture treatment program regarding successful protocol implementation, compliance, effect on subsequent fracture rates, and mortality during the first decade of adoption. Methods: A retrospective review identified patients >65 years old with fragility hip fractures between 2010 and 2022. The HiROC (+) cohort consisted of patients who received a "High-Risk Osteoporosis Clinic" (HiROC) referral for bone health evaluation and bisphosphonate initiation as indicated. Additional fracture rates and mortality at 3 years were calculated. Protocol implementation and compliance over the first 10 years was analyzed in the four identified cohorts. Results: A total of 1671 fragility hip fractures were identified, with 386 excluded due to insufficient follow-up, with an average age of 81.6 years and a median follow-up of 36.4 months. Of the 1280 included cases, 56% (n = 717) had a HiROC referral placed. HiROC(+) groups had lower subsequent fracture rates at two years, compared to those without referral (28% vs 13%, P < 0.0001) and those completing more steps of the protocol had lower subsequent fracture rates (28% vs 15% vs 13% vs 5%, P < 0.0001). No statistically significant difference was observed between the cohorts for anatomic site of subsequent fractures. Discussion: Greater than half of all eligible patients were successfully captured by the protocol. Patients completing more steps of the protocol had lower subsequent fracture rates. Captured patients demonstrated reduced mortality rates when compared to current literature. Conclusion: Successful implementation of this geriatric hip fracture protocol was associated with reduced additional fractures and mortality rates. Identifying steps of process failures in the protocol can provide opportunities for increased compliance and reduction in future fracture occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing a referent of a to-be-remembered word often results in better recognition and recall of this word relative to a control task in which the word is written, a pattern dubbed the drawing effect. Although this effect is not always found in pure lists, we report three experiments in which the drawing effect emerged in both pure- and mixed-lists on recognition and recall tests, though the effect was larger in mixed lists. Our experiments then compared drawing effects on memory between pure- and mixed-list contexts to determine whether the larger mixed-list drawing effect reflected a benefit to draw items, a cost to write items, or a combination. In delayed recognition and free-recall tests, a mixed-list benefit emerged for draw items in which memory for mixed-list draw items was greater than pure-list draw items. This mixed-list drawing benefit was accompanied by a mixed-list writing cost compared to pure-list write items, indicating that the mixed-list drawing effect does not operate cost-free. Our findings of a pure-list drawing effect are consistent with a memory strength account, however, the larger drawing effect in mixed lists suggest that participants may also deploy a distinctiveness heuristic to aid retrieval of drawn items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rotator cuff tears are rare injuries in professional athletes who participate in contact sports, and limited data exist to guide players and team physicians regarding outcomes after surgical management. Purpose: To report the outcomes and return-to-play rates of professional contact sport athletes who underwent arthroscopic management of rotator cuff tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All professional athletes of contact sports who underwent arthroscopic management of a rotator cuff tear between 2002 and 2019 at the institution were identified. Patient information collected were age, sport, position, date of injury, date of surgery, and time to return to play; surgical data included tear size, acuity, pattern, and procedure performed. The primary outcome measure was the ability to return to play and the number of games played after surgery. Results: Overall, 10 rotator cuff tears in 9 professional athletes (8 tears in football players and 2 tears in hockey players) were identified; 9 of the tears were full-thickness tears that underwent arthroscopic single-row repair, while 1 was a partial tear that was debrided. Of the 9 athletes, 8 were able to return to play at the same level, at a mean time of 9.5 ± 4.3 months. The mean playing time after surgery was 32 ± 25 games (2.7 ± 2 seasons) for the football players and 22 games (1 season) for the hockey player who returned. Postoperative imaging was available in 8 of the 10 tears, and 7 of 8 (88%) demonstrated a healed repair. One football player and 1 hockey player with large (>3 cm) full-thickness tears did not return to play. The mean age of these players was 34.5 years and both had >10 years of professional playing experience.≥ Conclusion: The study findings demonstrated that the majority (80%; n = 8) of the professional athletes in contact sports in this series were able to return to play at the same level after arthroscopic management of a symptomatic rotator cuff tear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hospital- onset bacteraemia and fungaemia (HOB) is being explored as a surveillance and quality metric. The objectives of the current study were to determine sources and preventability of HOB in hospitalised patients in the USA and to identify factors associated with perceived preventability. Methods We conducted a cross- sectional study of HOB events at 10 academic and three community hospitals using structured chart review. HOB was defined as a blood culture on or after hospital day 4 with growth of one or more bacterial or fungal organisms. HOB events were stratified by commensal and non- commensal organisms. Medical resident physicians, infectious disease fellows or infection preventionists reviewed charts to determine HOB source, and infectious disease physicians with training in infection prevention/hospital epidemiology rated preventability from 1 to 6 (1=definitely preventable to 6=definitely not preventable) using a structured guide. Ratings of 1--3 were collectively considered 'potentially preventable' and 4--6 'potentially not preventable'. Results Among 1789 HOB events with noncommensal organisms, gastrointestinal (including neutropenic translocation) (35%) and endovascular (32%) were the most common sources. Overall, 636/1789 (36%) non- commensal and 238/320 (74%) commensal HOB events were rated potentially preventable. In logistic regression analysis among non- commensal HOB events, events attributed to intravascular catheter- related infection, indwelling urinary catheter- related infection and surgical site infection had higher odds of being rated preventable while events with neutropenia, immunosuppression, gastrointestinal sources, polymicrobial cultures and Discussion Factors identified as associated with higher or lower preventability should be used to guide inclusion, exclusion and risk adjustment for an HOB- related quality metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Efforts to understand how pollinating insect diversity is distributed across large geographic areas are rare despite the importance of such work for conserving regional diversity. We sought to relate the diversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), and butterflies (Lepidoptera) to ecoregion, landscape context, canopy openness, and forest composition across southeastern U.S. forests. Location: Nineteen experimental forests across nine states in the southeastern U.S. Methods: We established 5–7 plots on each experimental forest. In each, we sampled pollinators monthly (March–September) using coloured pan traps, and collected data on local forest characteristics. We used the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) to quantify surrounding landcover at different spatial scales. Results: Bee richness was negatively correlated with both the amount of conifer (pine) forest and the extent of wetlands in the surrounding landscape but was positively correlated with canopy openness. Hover flies and butterflies were less sensitive to landscape context and stand conditions. Pollinator communities differed considerably among ecoregions, with those of the Central Appalachian and Coastal Plain ecoregions being particularly distinct. Bee richness and abundance peaked 2 months earlier in Central Appalachia than in the Coastal Plain and Southeastern Mixed Forest ecoregions. Main Conclusions: Our findings reveal ecoregional differences in pollinator communities across the southeastern U.S. and highlight the importance of landscape context and local forest conditions to this diverse fauna. The closed broadleaf forests of Appalachia and the open conifer‐dominated forests of the Coastal Plain support particularly distinct pollinator communities with contrasting seasonality. Our results suggest pine forests may reduce pollinator diversity in regions historically dominated by broadleaf forests. However, efforts to create more open canopies can help improve conditions for pollinators in planted pine forests. Research exploring associations between forest pollinators and different broadleaf tree taxa is needed to better anticipate the impacts of various management activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We utilized national claims-based data to identify the change in odds of diagnosis of ALS following possible-ALS-symptoms-and whether the change varies in urban/rural areas. Insurance claims were obtained from the Merative MarketScan databases, 2001–2021 in the United States. Individuals with incident ALS were identified and matched on age, sex, and enrollment period to individuals without ALS. For all individuals, claims for 8 possible-ALS-symptoms in the time before any ALS diagnosis were identified. We then used conditional logistic regression to estimate the odds of being diagnosed with ALS following these symptoms and whether the association varied by urban/rural location. 19,226 individuals with ALS were matched to 96,126 controls. Patients with ALS were more likely to live in an urban area (87.0% vs 84.5%). Of those with ALS 84% had 1+ of our 8 possible-ALS-symptom compared to 51% of controls. After adjustment for confounders, having possible-ALS-symptoms increased the odds of a future ALS diagnosis by nearly 5-fold. A dose-response pattern was present with increasing odds as the number of symptoms increased. In all models, urban areas were associated with increased odds of diagnosis with ALS while the effect of having a symptom was smaller in urban places. Urban cases of ALS are diagnosed at younger ages. These results suggest symptoms may appear and be noted years before the diagnosis of ALS. Additionally, rural patients are diagnosed at later ages with a greater dependence on symptoms than urban patients. These results highlight potential improvements for screening for ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter describes an effort to internationalize a foreign language education initial teacher certification program through a Quality Enhancement Plan (QEP) grant project that was funded by Valdosta State University. The purpose of the QEP grant was to foster discipline-specific inquiry skills among undergraduate students and to promote the development of global competence. With the guidance of faculty, the teacher candidates who participated in the project conducted a research study that examined teacher beliefs and practices between 18 foreign language teachers from the U.S. and 15 foreign and second language teachers from Spain. The results revealed that both teacher groups share many similar beliefs; however, they diverge in the areas of knowledge and application of language learning standards and the amount of instruction delivered in the target language. The teachers from Spain demonstrated greater knowledge and application of language learning standards, and they also reported spending more time teaching in the target language compared to their U.S. counterparts. Through this research project that took place at home and abroad, the teacher candidates met four global competency learning goals: (1) students investigate the world beyond their immediate environment, (2) students recognize their own and others' perspectives, (3) students communicate their ideas effectively with diverse audiences, and (4) students translate their ideas into appropriate actions to improve conditions (U.S. DOE International Strategy, 2012-2016, p. 6).

Nudging is increasingly used in public health interventions in Western societies to produced health-promoting behavior changes; however, there is lack of clarity as to what constitutes a nudge, scant knowledge of the effectiveness of nudging techniques in public health lifestyle interventions and a number of ethical and value-based concerns. The aim of this review is to address these research lacunae and identify the characteristics of nudges in empirical research on public health interventions intended to induce healthy lifestyle changes, including whether they are effective. We conducted systematic searches for relevant articles published between January 2008 and April 2019 in three databases, PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO, and combined this with a metasynthesis to construct interpretative explanations. A total of 66 original studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings of the systematic review showed that most nudging interventions involved diet/nutrition, most were carried out as single experiments, and the majority had the intended effects. Specific nudging techniques were identified with respect to the broader nudging categories of accessibility, presentation, using messages and pictures, technology-supported information, financial incentives, affecting the senses, and cognitive loading; several studies included more than one nudging technique. Although many nudging techniques had the intended effects, it is unclear whether they would work outside the study setting. The synthesis revealed that the studies lacked critical reflection on the assumptions about health that were implicit in nudging interventions, the cultural acceptability of nudges, the context-free assumptions of nudging theory, and the implications of these aspects for the public health context.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of secondary organizational socialization on how physical education teacher education program coordinators execute their administrative roles and responsibilities. Two female program coordinators located within the United States were individually interviewed and provided documentation for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using analytic induction and constant comparison techniques. Both participants acted as customizers, persuaders, and interpreters. The factors influencing the socialization of physical education teacher education coordinators were department faculty, college administration, student enrollment data, and cooperating teacher feedback. Although working at very different institutions, the roles, responsibilities, and socialization influences for both participants were similar. In addition, and despite the prevalence of low enrollments and the educative teacher performance assessment, program coordinators appeared to negate these issues and were effective in executing their administrative roles and responsibilities. These findings would be of interest to those interested in and/or currently maintaining administrative positions in physical education teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As globalization lessens the distance between peoples and diversifies the common classroom, teacher education programs lag behind in producing globally-minded educators. One approach used by some teacher education programs to remedy this issue is to offer international student teaching experiences. While the literature related to these programs is rather positive, information related to why students choose to participate in international student teaching experiences and the challenges they encounter while abroad is limited. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Drawing on interview and documentation data from current (n = 3) and former (n = 2) participants, as well as two program administrators, this multiple-case study utilizes a cross-case analysis to draw conclusions within and between the cases. Programmatic recommendations that are applicable to both faculty members and study abroad professionals are included.

This report introduces the "WorkFORCE"™ Assessment for Job Fit, a personality assessment utilizing the "FACETS"™ core capability, which is based on innovations in forced-choice assessment and computer adaptive testing. The instrument is derived from the fivefactor model (FFM) of personality and encompasses a broad spectrum of personality assessment. This document provides an overview of the assessment, beginning with detailing evidence-based practices for personality measurement and modeling its relationship to workplace outcomes.We address the validity and fairness of this assessment, the creation of composite scores, and the generalizability of the assessment across languages and job types. We conclude with recommendations on the use of this capability for workforce applications and guidelines for future research.

To determine whether the developing semantic lexicon varies with culture, we examined the animal and food naming of children from three communities distinguished by language, cultural heritage, and population density. The children were fve- and seven-year-olds from Australia (n = 197), Taiwan (n = 456), and the US (n = 172). Naming patterns revealed hierarchical and fexible organization of the semantic lexicon. The content of the lexicon, particularly food names, varied with cultural heritage. In all three communities, wild mammals were predominant during animal naming, a likely infuence of children's media. The infuence of the Chinese zodiac was evident in the clustering of animal names in the Taiwanese sample. There was no apparent infuence of population density and little infuence of language, except that the Taiwanese children more frequently named foods at the superordinate level, a possible infuence of the structure of Mandarin. Children develop their lexicons in response to culture as experienced frst-hand or through media.

Background: In randomized clinical trials, treatment effects may vary, and this possibility is referred to as heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE). One way to quantify HTE is to partition participants into subgroups based on individual's risk of experiencing an outcome, then measuring treatment effect by subgroup. Given the limited availability of externally validated outcome risk prediction models, internal models (created using the same dataset in which heterogeneity of treatment analyses also will be performed) are commonly developed for subgroup identification. We aim to compare different methods for generating internally developed outcome risk prediction models for subject partitioning in HTE analysis. Methods: Three approaches were selected for generating subgroups for the 2,441 participants from the United States enrolled in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) randomized controlled trial. An extant proportional hazards-based outcomes predictive risk model developed on the overall ASPREE cohort of 19,114 participants was identified and was used to partition United States' participants by risk of experiencing a composite outcome of death, dementia, or persistent physical disability. Next, two supervised non-parametric machine learning outcome classifiers, decision trees and random forests, were used to develop multivariable risk prediction models and partition participants into subgroups with varied risks of experiencing the composite outcome. Then, we assessed how the partitioning from the proportional hazard model compared to those generated by the machine learning models in an HTE analysis of the 5-year absolute risk reduction (ARR) and hazard ratio for aspirin vs. placebo in each subgroup. Cochran's Q test was used to detect if ARR varied significantly by subgroup. Results: The proportional hazard model was used to generate 5 subgroups using the quintiles of the estimated risk scores; the decision tree model was used to generate 6 subgroups (6 automatically determined tree leaves); and the random forest model was used to generate 5 subgroups using the quintiles of the prediction probability as risk scores. Using the semi-parametric proportional hazards model, the ARR at 5 years was 15.1% (95% CI 4.0–26.3%) for participants with the highest 20% of predicted risk. Using the random forest model, the ARR at 5 years was 13.7% (95% CI 3.1–24.4%) for participants with the highest 20% of predicted risk. The highest outcome risk group in the decision tree model also exhibited a risk reduction, but the confidence interval was wider (5-year ARR = 17.0%, 95% CI= -5.4–39.4%). Cochran's Q test indicated ARR varied significantly only by subgroups created using the proportional hazards model. The hazard ratio for aspirin vs. placebo therapy did not significantly vary by subgroup in any of the models. The highest risk groups for the proportional hazards model and random forest model contained 230 participants each, while the highest risk group in the decision tree model contained 41 participants. Conclusions: The choice of technique for internally developed models for outcome risk subgroups influences HTE analyses. The rationale for the use of a particular subgroup determination model in HTE analyses needs to be explicitly defined based on desired levels of explainability (with features importance), uncertainty of prediction, chances of overfitting, and assumptions regarding the underlying data structure. Replication of these analyses using data from other mid-size clinical trials may help to establish guidance for selecting an outcomes risk prediction modelling technique for HTE analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) and Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are similarly tasked with managing the health of their local community, yet they each face unique challenges in their ability to do so. Integrating AMCs and FQHCs into novel care delivery models can leverage both organizations strengths, providing care in a comprehensive and sustainable fashion. Johns Hopkins Medicine (JHM) implemented this model with a large East Baltimore medical center, creating an AMC-FQHC collaboration focused on providing care to the East Baltimore patient population. This system provided various improvements in care delivery, including increased staffing, new wraparound services, improved access to funding dollars, and decreased out of pocket costs for patients qualifying for financial assistance. The academic missions of research and training were preserved, serving as the primary continuity clinic for several residency programs and as a community site for research. These changes resulted in more robust care for patients while improving the financial standing of the clinic. Through AMC and FQHC partnership, progress can be made toward providing holistic and financially sustainable primary care services in underserved areas while preserving the tripartite mission of academic medicine, with significant pedagogical and research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The prognosis for patients with relapsed neuroblastoma is poor, and novel treatment options for these patients are needed. Some relapsed neuroblastoma tumors harbor activating mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathway. In prior studies, single agent MEK or IGF1R inhibitors induced transient responses as single agents in neuroblastoma models. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a combination of the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the IGF1R inhibitor ganitumab in RAS-mutated neuroblastoma models. While the trametinib/ganitumab combination decreased cell viability and tumor growth, the combination did not prevent metastasis of RAS-mutated neuroblastoma. Therefore, further studies on the effect of trametinib and ganitumab on neuroblastoma metastasis are necessary before initiating clinical trials of this combination of targeted agents in patients with relapsed neuroblastoma. Activating mutations in the RAS/MAPK pathway are observed in relapsed neuroblastoma. Preclinical studies indicate that these tumors have an increased sensitivity to inhibitors of the RAS/MAPK pathway, such as MEK inhibitors. MEK inhibitors do not induce durable responses as single agents, indicating a need to identify synergistic combinations of targeted agents to provide therapeutic benefit. We previously showed preclinical therapeutic synergy between a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, and a monoclonal antibody specific for IGF1R, ganitumab in RAS-mutated rhabdomyosarcoma. Neuroblastoma cells, like rhabdomyosarcoma cells, are sensitive to the inhibition of the RAS/MAPK and IGF1R/AKT/mTOR pathways. We hypothesized that the combination of trametinib and ganitumab would be effective in RAS-mutated neuroblastoma. In this study, trametinib and ganitumab synergistically suppressed neuroblastoma cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in cell culture. We also observed a delay in tumor initiation and prolongation of survival in heterotopic and orthotopic xenograft models treated with trametinib and ganitumab. However, the growth of both primary and metastatic tumors was observed in animals receiving the combination of trametinib and ganitumab. Therefore, more preclinical work is necessary before testing this combination in patients with relapsed or refractory RAS-mutated neuroblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

College students' individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey (N = 309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students' risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students' individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the United States, this real-world study compared the effectiveness of dupilumab, benralizumab, and mepolizumab in reducing exacerbations and systemic corticosteroid (SCS) prescriptions among patients with asthma. Methods: Patients (≥12 years old) who initiated dupilumab, benralizumab, or mepolizumab (index) between November 2018 and September 2020 were identified by using electronic medical record data. Subjects were included if they had ≥ 12 months of data before and after the index date and two or more severe asthma–related exacerbations before the index date. Differences in baseline characteristics were addressed by using inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). Pairwise comparisons between dupilumab and benralizumab, or mepolizumab were conducted by using negative binomial regression, adjusting for baseline rates and unbalance characteristics (≥10% standardized differences) after IPTW. Results: Overall, a total of 1737 subjects met all criteria: 825 dupilumab, 461 benralizumab, and 451 mepolizumab initiators. In the postindex period, dupilumab was associated with a 24% and 28% significant reduction in the risk of severe asthma exacerbations versus benralizumab (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.76 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.67–0.86)] and mepolizumab (IRR 0.72 [95% CI, 0.63–0.82]), respectively. In addition, dupilumab treatment significantly reduced SCS prescriptions by 16% and 25% versus benralizumab and mepolizumab, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study represents one of the largest real-world comparisons of biologics (dupilumab, benralizumab, and mepolizumab) for asthma in the United States to date. This analysis shows that the use of dupilumab was associated with a significantly greater reduction in both severe asthma exacerbations and SCS prescriptions compared with benralizumab and mepolizumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We sought to examine the relationship between perceived message effectiveness (PME) and actual message effectiveness (AME) in a 3-week randomized trial of vaping prevention advertisements. Participants were US adolescents (n = 1,514) recruited in 2021. We randomly assigned them to view The Real Cost vaping prevention ads or control videos online. Participants viewed three videos at Visit 1, again at Visits 2 and 3, and completed a survey at each visit that assessed AME (susceptibility to vaping) and two types of PME – effects perceptions (potential for behavioral impact) and message perceptions (potential for message processing). At Visit 4, AME was measured. Compared to control, The Real Cost ads led to improved AME (lower susceptibility to vaping at Visit 4, p <.001). This was anticipated by The Real Cost ads eliciting higher PME ratings (higher effects and message perceptions at Visit 1, both p <.001). Furthermore, PME (both effects and message perceptions) at Visit 1 predicted susceptibility to vaping at Visits 1, 2, 3, and 4 (all p <.001). Finally, effects perceptions fully mediated the impact of The Real Cost ads on susceptibility to vaping (β = −.30; p <.001), while message perceptions only partially mediated the effect (β = −.04; p =.001). Our findings indicate a relationship between PME and AME, especially effects perceptions, and suggest that PME may be useful in message pre-testing to select messages with greater behavior change potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One manifestation of systemic inequities in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) is the chronic underreporting and underrepresentation of sex, gender, race, and ethnicity in research. The present study characterized recent demographic reporting practices and representation of participants across CSD research. Method: We systematically reviewed and extracted key reporting and participant data from empirical studies conducted in the United States with human participants published in the year 2020 in journals by the American Speech- Language-Hearing Association (ASHA; 407 articles comprising a total of 80,058 research participants, search completed in November 2021). Sex, gender, race, and ethnicity were operationalized per National Institutes of Health guidelines. Results: Sex or gender was reported in 85.5% of included studies; race in 33.7%; and ethnicity in 13.8%. Sex and gender were clearly differentiated in 3.4% of relevant studies. Where reported, median proportions for race and ethnicity were significantly different from the U.S. population, with underrepresentation noted for all non-White racial groups and Hispanic participants. Moreover, 64.7% of studies that reported sex or gender and 67.2% of studies that reported race or ethnicity did not consider these respective variables in analyses or discussions. Conclusions: At present, research published in ASHA journals frequently fails to report key demographic data summarizing the characteristics of participants. Moreover, apparent gaps in the representation of minoritized racial and ethnic groups threaten the external validity of CSD research and broader health care equity endeavors in the United States. Although our study is limited to a single year and publisher, our results point to several steps for readers that may bring greater accountability, consistency, and diversity to the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities in health outcomes between Black and White Americans are well-documented, including sleep quality, and disparities in sleep may lead to disparities in health over the life course. A meta-model indicates that cognitive processes may underly the connection between race and poor sleep quality, and ultimately, health disparities. That is, there are race-specific stressors that disproportionately affect Black Americans, which are associated with poor health through biological, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms (e.g., sleep). Among these race-specific stressors is discrimination, which has been linked to poor sleep quality, and there is a body of literature connecting perseverative cognition (e.g., rumination and worry or vigilance) to poor sleep. Microaggressions, a more subtle but pervasive form of discrimination, are another race-specific stressor. Although less research has considered the connection of microaggressions to perseverative cognition, there are some studies linking microaggressions to health outcomes and sleep. Therefore, using a cross-sectional survey, we tested the following hypotheses: racism-related vigilance and rumination would mediate the relationship between discrimination and poor sleep as well as between microaggressions and poor sleep among Black Americans (N = 223; mean age = 35.77 years, 53.8% men, 86% employed, 66.8% with college degree or higher education). Results of seven parallel mediation models showed that neither rumination nor racism-related vigilance mediated a relationship between discrimination and poor sleep quality. However, rumination partially mediated relationships between the six microaggression sub-scales and poor sleep quality: there were significant indirect effects for Foreigner/Not Belonging (β =.13, SE = 0.03, 95% CI 0.08, 0.20), Criminality (β =.11, SE = 0.03, 95% CI 0.05, 0.17), Sexualization (β =.10, SE = 0.03, 95% CI 0.05, 0.17), Low-Achieving/Undesirable (β =.10, SE = 0.03, 95% CI 0.05, 0.15), Invisibility (β =.15, SE = 0.04, 95% CI 0.08, 0.23), and Environmental Invalidations (β =.15, SE = 0.04, 95% CI 0.08, 0.23). Overall, these findings indicate support for the meta-model, demonstrating a specific pathway from racial microstressors to poor sleep quality. Furthermore, these results suggest the importance of developing clinical and community approaches to address the impact of microaggressions on Black Americans' sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) requires the identification of T-cell epitopes affecting host immunogenicity. In this computational study, we explored the CD8+ epitope diversity estimated in 27 of the most common HLA-A and HLA-B alleles, representing most of the United States population. Analysis of 16 SARS-CoV-2 variants [B.1, Alpha (B.1.1.7), five Delta (AY.100, AY.25, AY.3, AY.3.1, AY.44), and nine Omicron (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BQ.1, BQ.1.1, XBB.1, XBB.1.5)] in analyzedMHC class I alleles revealed that SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ epitope conservation was estimated at 87.6%-96.5% in spike (S), 92.5%-99.6% in membrane (M), and 94.6%-99% in nucleocapsid (N). As the virus mutated, an increasing proportion of S epitopes experienced reduced predicted binding affinity: 70% of Omicron BQ.1-XBB.1.5 S epitopes experienced decreased predicted binding, as compared with ~3% and ~15% in the earlier strains Delta AY.100-AY.44 and Omicron BA.1-BA.5, respectively. Additionally, we identified several novel candidate HLA alleles thatmay be more susceptible to severe disease, notably HLA-A*32:01, HLA-A*26:01, and HLA-B*53:01, and relatively protected from disease, such as HLA-A*31:01, HLAB* 40:01, HLA-B*44:03, and HLA-B*57:01. Our findings support the hypothesis that viral genetic variation affecting CD8 T-cell epitope immunogenicity contributes to determining the clinical severity of acute COVID-19. Achieving long-term COVID-19 immunity will require an understanding of the relationship between T cells, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and host MHC class I genetics. This project is one of the first to explore the SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ epitope diversity that putatively impacts much of the United States population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of risk for oropharyngeal cancer from oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is low among men in the United States. This pilot study tested messages communicating oral HPV and oropharyngeal cancer risk among a sample of U.S. young adult men (aged 18–26). Six oral HPV and cancer risk messages were tested in an online survey. Participants (N = 68) were randomly assigned to one of two message sets, each containing three unique text-based messages. Participants evaluated messages separately based on various measures (e.g., perceived message effectiveness [PME], novelty). One-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess evaluation differences within message sets. Participants provided open-ended feedback about each message, which were synthesized into overarching themes. Participants were receptive to the risk messages, rating them high on PME (mean range = 3.72–4.25 out of 5) and other measures. Analyses identified three high-performing messages. For example, participants rated a message about HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancer risk rates in men versus women higher on attention and novelty than two other messages in the same set (both p s <.05). Participants were shown three messages (instead of all six) in each message set to minimize survey fatigue. Common themes from open-ended feedback were that participants liked the short-form structure of the messages and that the messages used gender-tailored language. In conclusion, oral HPV and oropharyngeal cancer risk messages may be useful for increasing risk awareness among men in the U.S. Further work should test such messages in rigorous experimental contexts to assess their efficacy in modifying other health outcomes, such as HPV vaccination behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data have long been considered a key factor in organizational decision-making (Simon, 1955; Lindblom & Cohen, 1979). Data offer perspective, guidance, and insights that inform policy and practice (Newell & Simon, 1972; Kennedy, 1984). Recently, education policymakers have invested in the use of data for organizational improvement in states and districts with such initiatives as Race to The Top (United States Department of Education, 2010) and the development of statewide longitudinal data systems (Institute for Education Sciences, 2010). These and other initiatives focus attention on how data can be used to foster learning and improvement. In other fields, including economics and business, much work has been done to identify leading indicators that predict organizational outcomes. In this paper, we conceptualize how leading indicators might be used in education, using examples from a small sample of school districts with reputations as strong users of data. We define leading indicators as systematically collected data on an activity or condition that is related to a subsequent and valued outcome, as well as the processes surrounding the investigation of those data and the associated responses. Identifying leading indicators often prompts improvements in a district's system of supports. To develop this concept, we describe four examples of how districts identified and used key indicators to anticipate learning problems and improve student outcomes. We also describe the infrastructure and other supports that districts need to sustain this ambitious form of data use. We conclude by discussing how leading indicators can bring about more intelligent use of data in education.

In world regions receiving direct foreign aid, beneficiaries of aid often lack the education required to remove themselves from poverty. Micro-lending refers to the initiation of small loans to the neediest of borrowers who are unable to secure traditional financing from financial intermediaries. In order for micro-lending to thrive as a viable alternative to traditional government aid, borrowers must not only receive a loan, but also an education in business to fully equip borrowers with necessary resources to establish and operate a prosperous business entity. The authors will argue for the provision of increased educational resources and discuss the disparities between the US model of education and that of third-world nations. Furthermore, the authors will prescribe steps to develop educational materials and train micro-credit borrowers to better guarantee the viability of microfinance.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether models based on pre-admission testing, including performance on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), performance on required courses in the medical school curriculum, or a combination of both could accurately predict performance of medical students on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Steps 1 and 2. Models were produced using stepwise linear regression and feed forward neural networks. Notable accuracy in predicting Step 1 and Step 2 scores were achieved from models integrating pre-admission variables with medical school coursework grades. Of interest, the coursework grades contributed far greater to these models than the pre-admission variables except the MCAT. (Contains 2 tables.)

This research project describes an attempt to move towards a more student centered and participatory approach on learning through problem-based storyboards (themes/scenarios) and a unique opportunity for students to have an academic cross-cultural exchange. The purpose of the study was to analyze students' conceptions of this approach on learning through storyboards, experiential learning and the evolution of assessment methods that reflect and further student capabilities. While student satisfaction with the aims of the course was high and technology facilitated a unique cross-cultural opportunity, the challenges of maintaining reliable technology and matching student expectations proved challenging. Despite critical comments, the overwhelming outcome was positive. (Contains 3 figures and 6 footnotes.)