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This article discusses the opinions published by José Martí in the Spanish-American press regarding European and Asian immigration in the United States in the 1880s. After settling in New York in 1880, Martí began to publish chronicles and articles discussing the difficulties immigrants faced in the U.S. and observed that immigrants were excluded by the Anglo-American democracy. His critiques focused on the political framework of reforms, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which gave continuity and defined racial relations in the country after the abolition of slavery. Although some of his texts suggested Martí was influenced by the critical atmosphere towards immigrants, his deliberations took on a form of denunciation that notice the persecution and attacks against Asian immigrants, who had been banned from entering the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trip to the United States involved Martí in a journey to another language. To adapt himself to the new space that welcomed his long exile in the U.S., he had to acquire the language that he had once called "barbaric," English. This article explores not only the translations José Martí made of those who, either as precursors, founders or followers were linked to the Transcendentalist circle, but also their thoughts about the mechanisms involved in the translation process. From his definition, in the sense that translating is transpensar a paper, it is that Martí's translation style and the new perspective that it brings to the original work are considered. Finally, the study of those translations is essential to set up a thinking network among Martí, Emerson and Whitman and, thus, to complicate and reconsider the influence that a tradition of Anglo-Saxon origin had on the development of Martí's literature and thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes Jose Marti's conceptions around the immigration phenomenon in the United States in the late 19th century, a central problem in the Western World at the time. It deals with Marti's particular vision of social minorities and heterogeneity in his North American Scenes, specially those scenes centered in the labor world. It focuses on the last chronicle published in La Nación Buenos Aires newspaper -The Italians' Murder-, in which it is possible to notice the narrative, descriptive and argumentative strategies used by the journalist to report a xenophobic event. Likewise, this piece of work examines the complex integration of Chinese workers into the North American society and the kaleidoscope of images that the writer provides of the migratory group; such a vision is oriented to untie social and cultural prejudices. Marti's concerns around minorities in the United States are read in accordance with the heterogeneous social composition of Cuban context in the colonial framework at the turn of the century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Cuba is one of conquest and rebellion. Since the arrival of Columbus, it has had two colonial masters: Spain and the United States. Spain, after the collapse of its empire, ceased to be a threat to the peoples of America. Now, the Spanish are among the principal investors in Cuba, and make up a high percentage of tourists to the island. The United States, engaged in empire-building as sole superpower and continuing to pursue a half-century-old policy of regime change in Cuba, is still seen by the Cubans as the greatest threat to their independence and sovereignty. This article reviews the history of relations between the two countries, seeking to contextualize their social origins and political evolution, concluding that an improvement in relations is unlikely absent a profound change in the political economy of either country, or of both, a change that could occur internally or be caused by external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]