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Many changes have come over the business with the onset of globalization and the digitization of the economy, including the last two years. In addition, relevant changes have been caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating the relevance of innovation management (IM) within organizations as a process to face these new realities. This article aims to present the main contributions on innovation management in small- and medium-sized enterprises (IM in SMEs). To determine the state-of-the-art innovation techniques, the study systematically reviews articles related to this subject using a bibliometric study approach between 1985 and 2019 using the Web of Science (WoS) database. The study analyzes and presents the most cited articles, the main authors, institutions, countries, and the most productive journals. Additionally, VOSviewer was used to provide a more in-depth analysis of the data obtained from the search. Among the main results, it is clear that the most productive universities and the most influential and productive authors are in the United States, leaving a relevant possibility of taking this analysis to different countries, mainly developing countries, to adjust adequate innovation processes according to the specific realities of each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer precision medicine depends on high-quality tumor biomarker tests (TBTs) for treatment selection. TBT reimbursement within the United States in the current regulatory environment is not tied to premarket evidence of clinical utility, resulting in a vicious cycle wherein low-level evidence of utility leads to poor reimbursement, thereby impeding investment in developing new, clinically valuable TBTs supported by high-level evidence. Rational, value-based TBT pricing presents many practical challenges. Precise one-to-one mapping of reimbursement to cost savings or cost effectiveness is precluded by an absence of formal cost-effectiveness analyses for many emerging TBTs, and for more established TBTs, it has become clear that such analyses may yield wildly variable, subjective estimates. To address these challenges, we propose a system of tiered reimbursement that rewards development of high-quality TBTs within specific use contexts, supported by strong evidence of analytic validity and clinical utility. We propose three use contexts of TBTs, each defined by its influence on treatment decisions relative to the current standard of care—Opt-Out, Opt-In, and the use of appropriate, alternative, effective therapies (Opt-Alt). By ensuring minimum levels of reimbursement, this system provides a return on investment to encourage and support the research and development needed to generate high levels of evidence for claims of clinical utility for TBTs by using a robust, objective, and value-based system. We believe our proposed evaluation system will serve as a practical starting point to raise the bar for TBT quality and utility, which has the potential to redirect health care dollars from futile or ineffective treatment to investment in the development of high-quality TBTs needed for safe and effective precision cancer care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile health or mHealth is expected to provide a way to revolutionize patient care through a wide range of usages. In reality, regulatory authorities have also begun approving mobile medical applications as medical devices. However, the key factors that drive innovations in mHealth, in particular, the dynamics of technological development and market creation, are unclear. To address these issues, the present study explores the key factors that drive the growth of the mHealth industry and potential innovation pathways that need to be incorporated into corporate development strategies of organizations. We analyzed the mHealth products approved by FDA to date (N = 189) in accordance with the novelty of market and/or products and found that new product development in the existing medical market formed the majority (N = 171) whereas diversification or new market development took up only a minor portion (N = 16 or 2, respectively). We also found that the present mHealth industry is being shaped by new entrants or start-ups with expertise in the field of information and communication technology, particularly in collaboration with incumbents in the pharmaceutical and medical devices industry in the cases of radical innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many pundits claim that publishers are not innovative, this paper cites dozens of recent examples of innovation in the publishing industry. The main models reviewed are: innovative projects/partnerships, investment, accelerators/incubators, public/private partnership, and grass-roots programs. Case studies are presented from HarperCollins, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Penguin Random House, and many others, based on research and the author's own experience. By following the lead of these innovative accomplishments, publishers can foster innovation at their own companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that social integration--in the sense of within-community interconnectedness--and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Using panel data on metropolitan areas in the United States from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that racial integration--in the microgeography of residential patterns--moderates the effect of venture capital, with more ethnically-integrated places benefiting more from venture capital. We provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms by demonstrating that communities with higher levels of racial integration foster the discovery of more novel and more valuable inventions and the emergence of more ethnically-diverse entrepreneurial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the status of America's patent disclosure laws as of 2016, and it mentions U.S. patent laws and the author's proposal for more dynamic patent disclosures (DPDs) involving technical information during the post-patent filing stage. According to the article, DPDs would help to effectuate the goal of promoting technological innovation in America. Patent costs and reliability are examined, along with rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court in patent law cases.

There is fierce regional competition to grow "innovation clusters" in the United States. Many commentators worry that states and cities are overspending on innovation rather than focusing on more immediate problems like improving basic infrastructure. For the first time, the federal government is beginning to take action to reduce the costs of regional cluster competition through various national cluster programs run by agencies like the Economic Development Administration and the Small Business Administration. Drawing on patent law theory, I argue these programs represent an innovative way to "manage" local investments in innovation. Instead of granting regions exclusive rights over particular clusters, the federal government provides grants for regions that design and disclose winning cluster strategies. In theory, this encourages regions to specialize in areas where they have a real comparative advantage--such as efficient energy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania or 3-D printing in Youngstown, Ohio--rather than wasting money in a race to be winners in the same technology fields. In addition, federal involvement may change the types of innovation in which regions invest, making "high-spillover" research that benefits other places more attractive through the promise of federal subsidy. Lastly, Congress has authorized creation of a new database containing information and analysis of regional cluster activity, to be shared with other state and local actors. Despite its advantages, this strategy also faces a serious challenge. As in patent law, where inventors may spend more on research due to the prospect of getting a patent, regions may engage in more rather than less wasteful spending on innovation due to the opportunity for federal grants. Therefore, I argue the "carrot" of federal subsidy should be accompanied by the "stick" of preemption in certain circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy entrepreneurship is often used to explain agenda setting through reference to the behavior of individual 'change agents.' But there are still gaps in our understanding of what motivates entrepreneurs. Rational choice theory emphasizes the importance of material and nonmaterial incentives; however, it remains unclear what role institutions play. This article aims to empirically examine the relationship between incentives and institutional encouragement of innovation. Using a case study of the federal government of Canada, I find evidence that incentives matter. Government agencies with many incentives are more likely to encourage innovation than agencies with few incentives. These results underscore the importance of institutions in determining the motivations of policy entrepreneurs, and suggest future research should focus on the interplay among individual, political, and institutional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about implementing innovations which are designed to improve public health preparedness and response (PHPR) communications in America, and it mentions evidence-based PHPR and the PERRCoLate (Preparedness and Emergency Response Research and Learning) Project. Public health agencies in Washington State are examined, along with online surveys, Web sites, and semistructured interviews.

An essay is presented which addresses economist Joseph A. Schumpeter's views about capitalism and the efforts to promote innovation as of 2015, and it provides a comparative examination of the competition and intellectual property laws in the U.S. and the European Union (EU). Schumpeter's competition policy is mentioned, along with American antitrust laws and Schumeter's book "Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy." Unilateral conduct cases, creative destruction, and U.S. mergers are examined.

The article discusses the legal aspects of patent experimentalism in America, and it mentions U.S. patent laws and a second-order question about what policies should be adopted "to promote innovation about promoting innovation." Uniformity and local control are mentioned, along with information about patent examiners and judges. Uncertainty and patent law costs are examined, as well as regulated patent federalism and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

The age of Big Data is upon us. The analysis of personal data is generating greater opportunities for privacy breaches as well as innovative progress. Governments worldwide are striving to establish a proper response to the ongoing practices of personal-data collection, analysis, and usage. This regulatory discourse immediately leads to a discussion of the relation between privacy rules and the broad and complex concept of innovation. Privacy laws could either enable or impede the flow of personal data. Availability and access to such data can either enhance or undermine innovation. The overarching debate on the relation between privacy and innovation is constantly heating, especially in the political and policy world. In addition, the link between privacy and innovation raises a variety of complicated analytical questions, hence calls for a nuanced academic and theoretical discussion. This Article introduces the first attempt to compressively map out and evaluate the various ways in which the relationship between privacy and innovation could be articulated. In Part II, the Article launches the discussion by providing foundational working definitions of the concepts of privacy and innovation. Thereafter, it maps out five possible links between privacy and innovation. This Part concludes that among the different arguments, the "privacy-versus-innovation " theme is of greatest interest and relevance to the current academic and policy discourse. Part III scrutinizes this latter theme closely. At first blush the "privacy-versus-innovation" argument seems absurd or intentionally manipulative. Yet a deeper examination shows that it might rely on the argument that peripheral privacy rights are potentially uncertain or overbroad. Part TV strives briefly and cautiously to move the "privacy-versusinnovation " argument, and the cross-Atlantic policy debate it involves, to the empirical realm. Here the Article confronts the possible linkage between lenient privacy laws in the United States and the success of U.S. firms in the internet/ICT environment, as opposed to strict privacy and relative failure in Europe. This Part strives to properly frame the meaning of this linkage in the underlying privacy--innovation discussion. In addition, Part TV carefully examines the policy implications of recognizing a causal relationship, as opposed to mere linkage, between privacy and innovation in the United States and the EU. One course of action would be to change the existing EU data-protection scheme and to assure the persistence of lenient privacy laws in the United States. However, other theories and policy steps, which account for the way laws shape technologies in a global setting, might recommend the adoption of a global, strict privacy regime. The Article concludes by alluding to the most recent trends and transactions in global ICT markets, which might indicate a new direction for privacy, innovation, and the interaction between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic model with dynamic conditional correlation and leverage effect (DCC-GJR-GARCH) for modelling financial time series data is considered. For robustness it is helpful to assume a multivariate Student-tdistribution for the innovation terms. This paper proposes a new modified multivariatet-distribution which is a robustifying distribution and offers independent marginal Student-tdistributions with different degrees of freedom, thereby highlighting the relationship among different assets. A Bayesian approach with adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo methods is used for statistical inference. A simulation experiment illustrates good performance in estimation over reasonable sample sizes. In the empirical studies, the pairwise relationship between the Australian stock market and foreign exchange market, and between the US stock market and crude oil market are investigated, including out-of-sample volatility forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

High growth and progressive regions possess a culture that promotes innovation. In-novation depends on a region's ability to use its own existing knowledge and knowledge generated elsewhere. This paper demonstrates the importance of the ability to absorb external knowledge in ex-plaining innovation productivity for 106 U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a spatial interaction model of patent citation flows with origin and destination dependence, the destination fixed-effects coefficients provides a measure of a region's absorptive capacity. We identify local conditions that shape a region's absorptive capacity and demonstrate it has a positive and significant impact on innovation productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within changing value networks, the profits and competitive advantages of participation reside dynamically at control points that are the positions of greatest value and/or power. The enterprises that hold these positions have a great deal of control over how the network operates, how the benefits are redistributed, and how this influences the execution of a digital business strategy. This article is based on a field study that provides preliminary, yet promising, empirical evidence that sheds light on the dynamic cycle of value creation and value capture points in digitally enabled networks in response to triggers related to technology and business strategy. The context used is that of the European and U.S. broadcasting industry. Specifically, the paper illustrates how incremental innovations may shift value networks from static, vertically integrated networks to more loosely coupled networks, and how cross-boundary industry disruptions may then, in turn, shift those to two-sided markets. Based on the analysis, insights and implications for digital business strategy research and practice are then provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes how the time allocation decisions of tenured and tenure-track academic scientists in U.S. research universities affect the odds of being engaged in the creation, transfer, and commercialization of novel technologies with one or more industrial partners. Academic scientists are making time allocation decisions across three types of activities typically associated with the academic profession: teaching, research, and service. In a representative sample of 1543 scientists, the empirical results show that those scientists spending more time on research funded by federal grants and industrial contracts have higher propensity of being engaged in technology commercialization efforts than those who spent less time on this type of research. In contrast, scientists spending more time on research that is not funded by grants or industry contracts have significantly lower chances of being involved in technology commercialization. Surprisingly, spending more time on either teaching undergraduate or graduate students does not affect scientists’ chances for technology commercialization. Scientists doing more paid consulting also have a higher likelihood of being involved in technology commercialization. Finally, we found complementary and substituting effects between certain types of research and time spent on teaching undergraduate students and their impact on being involved in technology commercialization. We discuss the implications for policy and academic entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Despite the increasing use of electronically mediated communication when team members are not collocated, research continues to underline the importance of face-to-face (F2F) communication for the successful accomplishment of complex team tasks. Although a crucial aspect of F2F communication is the physical proximity of participants, studies that have explored the relationship between the design of the physical workplace and F2F communication have produced conflicting findings. The results of this field study conducted at two R&D sites of a large Midwestern U.S. pharmaceutical company suggest that the typical space planning solution of simply moving people from closed offices to open cubicles does not, in and of itself, increase F2F communication. We found that the visibility of the work environment and the amount of collaboration opportunity, defined as formal and informal space available for meetings and collaboration, are related to F2F communication. The implications of our findings for theory, future research, and management practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This Article presents a case study in how complexity arising from the evolution and proliferation of a financial innovation can increase systemic risk The subject of the case study is the securitization of home loans, an innovation which played a critical and still not fully understood role in the 2007-2009 financial crisis. The Article introduces the term "fragmentation node" for these transaction structures, and it shows how specific sources of complexity inherent in fragmentation nodes limited transparency and flexibility in ways that undermined the stability of the financial system. In addition to shedding new light on the processes through which financial innovations become so complex and how that complexity contributes to new sources of systemic risk, the Article considers the tools regulators will need to tackle these sources of systemic risk The policy analysis shows that disclosure, a tool commonly used in financial regulation, will not suffice. At times, regulators should target these new sources of systemic risk directly by seeking to reduce the length and complexity of the chain connecting investor and investment. The Article suggests some modest steps regulators could have taken prior to the 2007-2009 financial crisis, such as a transaction tax targeting serial fragmentation nodes, to illustrate how such reforms might work in practice. It also explains why the dynamics revealed in this case study are almost certain to arise again, even if in slightly different form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the origins of two technological trajectories in the contemporary history of wind power technology: the American Smith-Putnam Wind Turbine and the Danish Gedser Wind Turbine. Describing the two wind turbine projects in terms of their technical design characteristics, the professional background of the individuals involved, the organizational features of the technological knowledge production, and the historical context, the paper builds on the notion of technological trajectories in the making as a means of identifying emerging selection mechanisms for possible engineering problem solutions, scientific methods, material artifacts, and financial assessment techniques. Conceived during the Great Depression and World War II, respectively, both projects promoted the idea that wind power could make a cost-effective contribution to the existing electric utility system. The two projects resulted in distinctive wind turbine innovations that paved the way for two technological trajectories in the contemporary history of wind power. Studying the emergence of technological trajectories, it is argued, requires the historian of technology to attend to well-known features of technological design and its cultural context that in retrospect appear to be significant, but also to tackle the creation of novelty and the inevitability of technological uncertainties about which the logic of trajectories has little to say. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundaries of technology-intensive firms are determined not only by economic considerations, but also by legal constraints. The law plays a dual role: First, by granting property right protection to certain types of information and withholding such protection from others, the law determines which innovations will be organized under a property-rights-based model and which will be organized by means of access control and restrictions on employee mobility. When information is protected by property rights, the optimal organization of innovation answers the question, "Who should own the innovation?" When information is not protected by property rights, this basic question becomes meaningless, and other sources of control--like access to the innovation and contractual restrictions on employee mobility--come to the fore. This brings us to the second role that law plays in drawing the boundaries of technology-intensive firms. In the absence. of property rights in the innovation, covenants not to compete (GNGs) become critical in determining incentives and overall efficiency. The law imposes substantial restrictions on the scope and substance of CNCs. In some cases it is legal doctrine, rather than economic considerations, that determines the organization of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the phenomena of virtualization and networked simulation in the context of the audiovisual media culture. The impact of research and development (R&D) conducted by the military industrial complex during the Cold War on electronic commerce is explored. Topics include computer graphics-based spaces within interactive entertainment, video games and online virtual worlds in which people conduct business, and the military pedigree of the computer age. Also discussed is state-funded military research in the U.S.

The article discusses the global financial crisis, examining the contributing factors to the crisis, then discussing policies that the author feels would have prevented the economic crisis. According to the author, three factors contributed to the crisis including U.S. monetary policy from 2001-2004, the adoption of innovations used in investment instruments such as auction-rate securities, derivatives, and securitization, and the market collapse of the auction rate security financial instrument.

El artículo discurre sobre el estado actual del empleo en esta era de nuevas tecnologías. El autor comenta sobre la creación de nuevos puestos laborales como consecuencia de estas tecnologías y describe su impacto en el sector de servicios. También se considera la desigualdad en el mercado de trabajo en países como los Estados Unidos.

The aim of this study is the analysis of a sort of document and scientific and technological result: the patent. Proposing a group of specific indicators to this source to go deeper in the discovery of technological knowledge in big data bases and also from the analysis of their results; a greater international cover for innovative decision making in business, industry and academy. The Cuban patents issued in the United States in the last ten years are taken as study case in order to validate the proposal and its intentions and from that information the most important producer and dealers of technologies in Cuba, the most productive research centers and researchers, as well as the most innovative provinces or regions, also obtaining the cooperation between institutional sectors and researchers, the most innovative subjects and so on; this allows a greater number of indicators, a greater discovery of technological knowledge and the comprehensive description of the innovative activity in the analyzed domain; at the same time this allows to count on greater number of possibilities when making strategic decisions. This kind of analysis provides more reliable and consensual criteria which are also more advantageous for decision making in relation to innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines strategic capabilities as drivers of the development and launch of radical innovations. We construct a theoretical framework relating five strategic capabilities (mar- keting, market linking, technology, information technology, and management-related capabilities) to radical innovation. From this framework, we derive hypotheses concerning a division's propensity to engage in radical innovation. Using empirical data derived from a research study of 376 firms in the United States, Japan, and China, we apply analysis of variance and negative binomial distribution (NBD) regression techniques to test our hypotheses. We find evidence that, overall, technology and information technology capabilities are significantly and positively related to radical product innovation. We also find some significant differences among the three country samples concerning drivers of radical innovation. Marketing capability is more significantly and positively related to radical innovation in the United States than in Japan; and, in China, the only capability that is significantly and positively related to radical innovation is technology. All of the findings completely or partially support our research hypotheses. We conclude with a discussion of the managerial implications of our findings, and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article verifies the relation that exists between human capital and organizational capital and quality, customer service, and innovation strategies developed and implemented in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Thus, using a resource-based view (RBV), it analyzes the importance that the elements that comprise human capital and organizational capital have in strategy formulation processes. To contextualize the above, some characteristics of SMEs in Mexico are described and a survey made, the results of which are compared to the results obtained in a prior study conducted in the United States. The article concludes that organizational capital is important to quality, customer service, and innovation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about the American Emergency Law Inventory (ELI) and direct engagements with stakeholders in the emergency management volunteer workforce. According to the article, stakeholder engagement is expected to promote innovation and sustainability in disaster planning. Public health readiness-based legal principles are assessed, along with U.S. Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) units.

The authors discuss strategies for health system innovation in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the case Gobeille v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company which deals with America's Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and self-insured health plans in Vermont. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is addressed, as well as an effort to expand health insurance coverage and reduce health care costs in America. Data sharing agreements are also assessed.