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We examined relations of U.S. teachers' perceptions of mastery and performance goal structures to violence perpetrated against them before and during COVID-19. We hypothesized that perceptions of an instructional emphasis on mastery (i.e. mastery goal structure) would be related to lower levels of victimization, whereas perceptions of an emphasis on performance (i.e. performance goal structure) would be related to greater victimization. Using a sample of 9,363 teachers, we conducted negative binomial regression analyses, controlling for teacher and school characteristics. Perceptions of a performance goal structure were related to higher levels of teacher-directed violence, whereas perceptions of a mastery goal structure were related to lower levels of violence. Results underscore the benefits of school mastery versus performance goal structures for bolstering student motivation and teacher safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organ transplant shortage is a national public-health crisis leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Xenotransplantation, a procedure that involves the transplantation of animal organs, may be the most feasible solution to this issue. However, many unique risks are involved with xenotransplantation, namely the transmission of infectious diseases, known as xenozoonosis. Unknown risks, including the potential transmissions of infectious diseases unique to the procedure, pose potential violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. To proceed with xenotransplantation trials, patients would need to give a "higher level" of informed consent for long-term surveillance, sample retrieval, quarantine, prohibitions on donating bodily tissues and fluids, and autopsies, among other restrictions. This Comment will discuss the issues and tensions of obtaining informed consent in xenotrans-plantation operations, consider how these issues can be addressed, and propose potential guidelines to obtain constitutional consent. This Comment will assert that despite constitutional challenges, informed consent can be obtained to enable the progression of xen-otransplantation as a potential solution to the organ shortage crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tumor, nodes and metastasis (TNM) classification and stage grouping have been updated in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging manual. However, restaging all the previous cases are not recommended.Aims: The aims of the study were to investigate the necessity of restaging Korean melanoma patients staged by the previous edition of the AJCC manual.Methods: Differences in the staging criteria of the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC manual were identified. The staging of 276 primary melanomas from January 2011 to December 2018 was classified by both 7th and 8th editions of the manual and their differences were compared.Results: Staging by 7th and 8th edition of the AJCC manual differed in 64 cases (23.2%). The pathological prognostic staging changed in 35 (12.7%), and 29 (10.5%) had changes in only TNM classification but not the pathological staging. None of the patients needed additional sentinel lymph node biopsy or systemic treatment as a result of restaging. Additional counseling was needed for the patients, because melanoma-specific survival was increased in the 8th edition.Limitations: This is a retrospective study with relatively small number of patients at a single tertiary center in Korea.Conclusion: Assessment of the need for additional sentinel lymph node biopsy or systemic treatment is recommended because of the latest changes in the AJCC melanoma staging manual. Although the restaging of previously staged melanomas is not significantly needed in our patients, still the differences in TNM classification and/or pathological prognostic staging suggest the need to separately recognize the patients previously staged by 7th edition and recently staged by 8th edition. Careful counseling about melanoma-specific survival is needed for Asian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The applicability of DSSC BIPV window to office buildings was presented. • Energy performance was analyzed using energy consumption and power generation. • 3 lighting control methods and 4 climate zones were selected for the analysis. • 4 climate zones, the Linear/off lighting control method consumed the least energy. • The marginal power generation efficiency was proposed for each climate zone. This study was aimed at analyzing the total energy consumption associated with different lighting control methods when dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) windows were installed in office buildings in various climate zones. The total energy consumption and power generation efficiency of the DSSCs were analyzed to determine the power generation efficiency standards that could facilitate energy conservation within a target building. Notably, the energy required for heating, cooling, and lighting and power generation efficiency of DSSCs can be influenced by the climate. Thus, four climate zones in the United States were considered to perform a comparative analysis. The total energy consumption of the buildings was analyzed using DesignBuilder, a computer simulation program, and three window types were compared: Low-E, DSSC-R, and DSSC-Y. In general, DSSCs consume a considerable amount of lighting energy because of their low visible light transmittance. To decrease the lighting energy consumption, three lighting control methods were considered, and the corresponding total energy consumption was analyzed. The energy consumption can be minimized using the linear/off lighting control method. The energy consumption associated with Low-E can be further decreased by enhancing the power generation performance of the DSSCs. Specifically, when the power generation efficiency of DSSC-R is more than 13%, the overall energy consumption is lower than that of Low-E in all climates. The presented findings can guide the development of power generation efficiency standards for DSSC BIPV windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 1,305 ticks were collected from wild rodents captured monthly, except July and August, during 2008 at three US-ROK operated military training sites and three US military installations in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, the Republic of Korea (ROK). Ixodes nipponensis was the most frequently collected tick (n = 1,299, 99.5 %), followed by Ixodes pomerantzevi (n = 6, 0.5 %). The ticks were pooled (1-15/sample) and tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) for spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae with primer sets targeting the outer membrane protein B ( ompB), citrate synthase ( gltA), and 17-kDa antigen gene loci. A total of 115/197 (58.4 %) pools were positive by nPCR for the outer membrane protein ompB. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 105/115 (91.3 %) ompB targeted nPCR positive products showed a high degree of similarity to Rickettsia monacensis (99.3-100 %, n = 87) and R. japonica (99.5-100 %, n = 18). From the 87 positive samples demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis, 15 were selected and analyzed by nPCR for gltA and the 17-kDa genes. A total of 12/15 pooled samples were positive for by nPCR for gltA, with amplicons demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis (99.3-99.7 %). A total of 13/15 pooled samples were positive by nPCR for the 17-kDa gene, with amplicons demonstrating a high degree of similarity to R. monacensis (99.4-100 %). These findings demonstrate that R. monacensis is distributed throughout Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces in the ROK. Furthermore, data suggest a relative high prevalence of R. monacensis in the tick, I. nipponensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]