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Emotional intelligence (EI) and wisdom are psychological capacities claimed to be important foundations for positive social interactions, thus promoting human flourishing. Prior theorizations suggest these constructs are related, but there is no empirical evidence for this. Two studies examined the relationship of EI and wisdom, and meta-cognitive and interpersonal mediators. Study 1 was conducted online (N = 99) and focused on meta-cognitive mediators. Study 2 was conducted in person (N = 150) and added interpersonal mediators. Across two studies and different populations, findings showed that only the emotional management branch of EI correlated with wise reasoning. Greater epistemic humility, need for cognition, empathic concern, and perspective taking accounted for this relationship. This suggests that competency in emotion management is important in wise reasoning – recognition of a changing world, self-transcendence, consideration of diverse perspectives, and search for compromise. The EI-wisdom relationship may occur through thoughtful, prosocial consideration of others and their perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine businesses' financial management of a rare, severe event using detailed firm‐level data collected following Hurricane Sandy in the New York area. Credit played a prominent role in financing recovery; more negatively affected firms took on debt because of Sandy (39%) than received insurance payments (15%) in our data. Negatively affected firms were frequently credit constrained after the shock. We also find that the most credit‐constrained firms after the event, younger firms, and smaller firms, were the least likely to insure before it. Our findings align with the predictions of dynamic risk management theory (Rampini and Viswanathan 2010, 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, research on racial socialization (RS) has centered on frequency, beliefs, and content of parent–child communications, with varied applications and implications across racial and ethnic subgroups. The Racial Socialization Competency Scale (RaSCS; Anderson et al., 2020) was developed to assess three dimensions of a novel construct, RS competency (confidence, skills, stress), among Black caregivers. In this article, we investigated the psychometric properties of the RaSCS across diverse ethnic–racial groups. Participants were 778 caregivers (Mage = 44.4 years) of youth between the ages of 10 and 18 recruited from across the United States. The sample was intentionally racially and ethnically diverse, with 26.1% identifying as Black, 24.2% identifying as Latinx, 24.9% identifying as Asian American, and 24.8% identifying as White. Confirmatory factor analyses replicated the previously identified structure of the RaSCS subscales, and scores were reliable. Multigroup measurement invariance analyses supported full scalar invariance across the four racial/ethnic subgroups for the Confidence, Skills, and General RS Stress subscales and partial scalar invariance for the Call to Action RS Stress subscale. These findings suggest that the RaSCS is an appropriate tool for assessing RS competency across racial and ethnic groups and that RS competency as a universal construct is relevant across groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) with its advantages continues to gain popularity among surgeons. This study analyzed the increased costs of RAS in common surgical procedures using the National Inpatient Sample.Methods: Retrospective analysis of the 2012-2014 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-NIS was performed for the following laparoscopic/robotic procedures: cholecystectomy, ventral hernia repair, right and left hemicolectomy, sigmoidectomy, abdominoperineal resection, and total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Patients with additional concurrent procedures were excluded. Costs were compared between the laparoscopic procedures and their RAS counterparts. Total costs and charges for cholecystectomy (the most common procedure in the dataset) were compared based on the payer and characteristics of hospital (region, rural/urban, bed size, and ownership).Results: A total of 91,630 surgeries (87,965 laparoscopic, 3665 robotic) were analyzed. The average cost for the laparoscopic group was $10,227 ± $4986 versus $12,340 ± $5880 for the robotic cases (p < 0.001). The overall and percentage increases for laparoscopic versus robotic for each procedure were as follows: cholecystectomy $9618 versus $10,944 (14%), ventral hernia repair $10,739 versus $13,441 (25%), right colectomy $12,516 versus $15,027 (20%), left colectomy $14,157 versus $17,493 (24%), sigmoidectomy $13,504 versus $16,652 (23%), abdominoperineal resection $17,708 versus $19,605 (11%), and TAH $9368 versus $9923 (6%). Hysterectomy was the only procedure performed primarily using RAS and it was found to have the lowest increase in costs. Increased costs were associated with even higher increases in charges, especially in investor-owned private hospitals.Conclusion: RAS is more costly when compared to conventional laparoscopic surgery. Additional costs may be lower in centers that perform a higher volume of RAS. Further analysis of long-term outcomes (including reoperations and readmissions) is needed to better compare the life-long treatment costs for both surgical approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines research conducted by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the field of share ownership. The authors outline the five major objectives of their work: gathering accurate information on the shareholders, analyzing the basic motivations behind stock trading, generating financial statistics, creating methods to help firms broaden share ownership, and understanding public attitudes towards the Exchange. They also describe an extensive study by the Brookings Institute pertaining to the first two objectives.

The split which has existed over the past twenty years in the ranks of the American labor movement had its source and found continued nurture primarily in jurisdictional conflict among unions. Healing of the breach, soon to be brought about by merger of the AFL and CIO, is possible only because union leaders have concluded that the major goals of organized labor should not be impaired by disputes over organizational techniques for their attainment. No certain or rigid formulae exist for prevention or resolution of interunion disputes, however, as this study of British experience with jurisdictional conflict points out. Such conflict arises out of the changing conditions in a dynamic society, and devices for its solution must be flexible and rely upon the good will and voluntary cooperation of the disputants. In a comparison of British and American systems for resolution of interunion disputes, the author indicates the issues which must be solved if peaceful cooperation is to be achieved in the labor movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Many patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) have a pre-existing, permanent pacemaker (PPM) or receive one as a consequence of the procedure. We hypothesised that chronic pacing may have adverse effects on TAVI outcomes.Methods and Results: Four groups of patients undergoing TAVI in the Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial and registries were compared: prior PPM (n=586), new PPM (n=173), no PPM (n=1612), and left bundle branch block (LBBB)/no PPM (n=160). At 1 year, prior PPM, new PPM and LBBB/no PPM had higher all-cause mortality than no PPM (27.4%, 26.3%, 27.7% and 20.0%, p<0.05), and prior PPM or new PPM had higher rehospitalisation or mortality/rehospitalisation (p<0.04). By Cox regression analysis, new PPM (HR 1.38, 1.00 to 1.89, p=0.05) and prior PPM (HR 1.31, 1.08 to 1.60, p=0.006) were independently associated with 1-year mortality. Surviving prior PPM, new PPM and LBBB/no PPM patients had lower LVEF at 1 year relative to no PPM (50.5%, 55.4%, 48.9% and 57.6%, p<0.01). Prior PPM had worsened recovery of LVEF after TAVI (Δ=10.0 prior vs 19.7% no PPM for baseline LVEF <35%, p<0.0001; Δ=4.1 prior vs 7.4% no PPM for baseline LVEF 35-50%, p=0.006). Paced ECGs displayed a high prevalence of RV pacing (>88%).Conclusions: In the PARTNER trial, prior PPM, along with new PPM and chronic LBBB patients, had worsened clinical and echocardiographic outcomes relative to no PPM patients, and the presence of a PPM was independently associated with 1-year mortality. Ventricular dyssynchrony due to chronic RV pacing may be mechanistically responsible for these findings.Trial Registration Number: (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00530894). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a complete diversity federal jurisdiction requirement in relation to all of the plaintiffs and defendants in a particular lawsuit as of January 2014, focusing on parties to a legal action, diversity jurisdiction, and restricted access to federal courts in America. According to the article, America's federal judiciary was established under Article III of the U.S. Constitution (USC). Judicial power and the framers of the USC are mentioned, along with state courts.

Research on the experience of faculty of color in predominately White independent schools (PWIS) is limited. This study explored faculty of varying racial backgrounds and their initiation of, interactions with, and stress reactions to racial conflicts within the school settings using an online survey. Several measures were developed according to the Racial/Ethnic Coping Appraisal and Socialization Theory (recast) model and administered to 339 faculty participants. Using factor analytic and correlational analyses, results from the highly reliable measures found that Black faculty show significantly less trust in schools to manage racial conflict, lower sense of school membership, greater racial stress, and more racial socialization than their White counterparts do. With reliable and valid measures on the racialized experiences of faculty in PWIS, future research can ask better questions on how much racial politics influence diversity initiatives, including faculty and student recruitment and retention, supportive racial and intellectual climate, and organizational mission and professional development. Implications for the development of racially relevant measures in schools are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses hazards and disaster policy in the U.S. The authors argue that in addition to the increased frequency of billion-dollar disaster events, such as Hurricane Sandy in 2012, American society is facing challenges to its economic, sociocultural, and environmental systems, adding that changing climate conditions may result in extreme natural events becoming normal occurrences. They argue that an inability to act decisively to counteract climate change, makes the U.S. vulnerable to multitude hazards and discuss moving from reactive to proactive disaster policies, increasing U.S. resilience to hazards and disasters, and the report "Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative," by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) on ways to increase resilience.

Abstract: This article presents what the authors consider to be among the top 20 practice innovations since the inception of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control in 1992. The innovations embody various characteristics of successful public health programs and have contributed to declines in violence, motor vehicle, residential fire, and other injury rates over the past 20years. Taken together, these innovations have reduced the burden of violence and injury and have influenced current practice and practitioners in the United States and worldwide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents an overview of the energy consumption and utilization of the U.S. It mentions the total energy consumption of the country in terms of joules and per capita. Moreover, it presents the best sources of energy used in the country such as oil, coal, natural gas, firewood, wind and uranium.

This article describes a Mapmark standard setting procedure, developed under contract with the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB). The procedure enhances the bookmark method with spatially representative item maps, holistic feedback, and an emphasis on independent judgment. A rationale for these enhancements, and the bookmark method, is presented, followed by a detailed description of the materials and procedures used in a meeting to set standards for the 2005 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) in Grade 12 mathematics. The use of difficulty-ordered content domains to provide holistic feedback is a particularly novel feature of the method. Process evaluation results comparing Mapmark to Anghoff-based methods previously used for NAEP standard setting are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on the efficacy and side-effects of first generation antipsychotics (FGA) and second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) in the U.S. The author mentions that FGA produces severe anticholinergic toxicities, autonomic side effects and disproportionate prolactin elevations, while SGA has no evidence for superior efficacy, but has several metabolic side effects. Those individuals with severe mental illnesses are advised to have long-acting injected antipsychotic preparation.

The article describes the significance of the new growth references by the World Health Organization (WHO) to calculate nationwide incidence of acute malnutrition and performance of feeding programs in Darfur, Sudan from 2005-2007. It states that data analysis for children aged 6-59 months by the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that the use of the measuring indicators would have increased cases of both global acute and severe acute malnutrition.

The present study investigated the predictive influence of students' reactive emotional coping and racial socialization experiences on teachers' perceptions of classroom behavior adjustment problems. Participants were 148 African American male youth attending a secondary school in a large northeastern city. Behavioral outcomes included teacher ratings of student behavioral overactivity in different classroom situations. Results using hierarchical regression analyses show that measures of social rejection sensitivity, anger expression, and racial socialization predict teacher-observed behavioral overactivity, with overt anger expression being the most powerful predictor. Findings suggest that racial socialization and particular styles of emotional coping are important determinants for teachers' impressions of classroom behavior for some African American adolescent males. Implications for future research and interventions with African American male youth in urban secondary schools are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the impact in clinical outcomes of pediatric idiopathic intussusceptions from hospital experience and designation as children''s hospitals (CH) and non–children''s hospitals (NCH) in the US. Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 1263 children with idiopathic intussusception, 2 months to 3 years of age in 2000 and 2003 by extracting data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kid''s Inpatient Database. Main outcome measures were utilizations of operation and radiologic reduction. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05. Results: The median hospital volume of intussusceptions was higher at CH (2.5 vs 0.5 cases per year, P < .001) compared to NCH. Children treated at CH had lower risk of operation (55 vs 68%, P < .001) and higher likelihood of radiologic reduction (39 vs 26%, P < .001) compared to NCH. Multivariate regression analysis showed a 17% reduction of operative utilization at CH vs NCH. Outcomes were positively related to experience as high-volume hospitals reduced operative utilization by 19%. Rates of successful radiologic reduction were similar between hospital types, which was 85% nationally. Conclusion: Children with intussusception have decreased likelihood of operation when treated at CH compared to NCH. This decreased operative utilization can be attributed to the increased experience and utilization of radiologic reduction at these specialty hospitals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a three-year analysis of treatment efficacy, cosmetic results and toxicities for patients enrolled on the American Society of Breast Surgeons MammoSite Breast Brachytherapy Registry Trial. It notes that accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is explored as an alternative option to deliver adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) after lumpectomy in breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving therapy (BCT). It concludes that treatment efficacy, cosmesis and toxicity after treatment with APBI using MammoSite device are good.

Interpersonal violence represents a serious health risk for African American male adolescents, especially those in urban environments. Given the nature of potentially high-stress inner-city contexts, perhaps it is not surprising that many young Black males engage in hypermasculine behavior, particularly aggression, to cope and earn respect from peers. Using theoretical frameworks that appreciate cultural, developmental, and gender differences, this study examines relationships between the hypervulnerable qualities of depression, rejection sensitivity, and fear and the hypermasculine outcome of aggression among young Black males in a remedial disciplinary context. Results suggested that depression and rejection sensitivity significantly correlated with anger- and aggression-related responses and can be argued to be potential exacerbators of aggression among these youth. Implications for anti-aggression intervention efforts with young Black males in urban contexts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on ageism in connection with the United States' legal system. It reflects that the present data shows an increases in the numbers of older people directly involved in the legal systems such as judges, lawyers, litigants, witnesses, law enforcers and legislators, which will continue to improve. It views ageism as a commonly understood malign mechanism doing harm to the old. It also explains it as a process of systematic stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old. Based on this back ground the article analyzes the role of old people in a legal system. It comments that regarding the performance in the legal system it is important as a starting point to note that people of different age groups differ in discernible ways on at least some issues including the use of drugs, the death penalty, trust in governmental officials and abortion. The article draws attention to the fact that the courts regularly have rejected the contention regarding the proposal of age-diverse juries to correlate different views in the jury room.

We present a rationale for the inclusion of culture-based parenting practices (i.e., racial socialization) in the design and implementation of empirically based parenting programs with African American families. We begin with a discussion of the limitations of the current parent training literature related to cultural considerations. Second, we examine the cultural and racial contexts of parenting for African Americans, review the literature on racial socialization, and discuss empirical support for considering its inclusion in parent training programs. Third, we examine the extent to which racial socialization operates in low-income African American families by presenting the findings from a qualitative pilot. We conclude by discussing how findings from the qualitative pilot might inform intervention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses intellectual property doctrines that affect inventive processes in the United States. Three invention protection norms; Protection of patents and copyrights; Trade secret laws and contracts; Activities of importance when inventions are made available over networked communications.

Objective: To develop a hierarchical approach to cardiac risk stratification after treadmill testing.Patients: Clinical and treadmill test data were used to identify a patient population that may be candidates for further risk stratification with stress tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging. A prospective series of 3, 620 medically treated patients (42% female, mean age 63 years) with a 2.5% mortality was identified (follow-up 2.5 +/- SD 1.5 years).Measurements and Main Results: A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate a patient's likelihood of cardiac death. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate time to cardiac death by nuclear test results. Annual rates of cardiac death were 0. 4% (n = 921), 1% (n = 2,498), and 1% (n = 201) for patients with low, intermediate, and high Duke treadmill scores (DTS). For patients with an intermediate DTS, multivariate estimators of cardiac death included the number of ischemic vascular territories (relative risk per defect 1.4, p =.01), the number of infarcted vascular territories (relative risk per defect 2.4, p =.00001), and the DTS (relative risk per unit 0.97, p =.00001), following adjustment for a patient's pretest risk of coronary disease. For patients with an intermediate DTS, the presence of no, one or two, and three vascular territories with defects was associated with annual rates of cardiac death of 0.5%, 1.4%, and 2.5%, respectively (p <.0001). Kaplan-Meier survival curves exhibited a statistically worsening survival for patients with defects by 1 year after treadmill exercise.Conclusions: For symptomatic patients with an intermediate treadmill test score, the exercise myocardial perfusion scan may be used to stratify their risk of cardiac death over 3 years of follow-up. Patient management may be efficiently guided by further outcome assessment, with an exercise nuclear scan for patients whose treadmill test score is intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the psychological effects of living in a racially hostile context on African American youth. Gender perspective on racial identity erasure; Mediational role of racial socialization for racial identity; Technique used in measuring the different aspects of racial socialization; Relation of Global Racial Socialization (GRS) on the specific features of depression; Proactive and protective racial socialization and psychological adjustment.

This study compares severity of case disposition for Anglo, black and Mexican origin burglary and robbery defendants in two metropolitan jurisdictions in the southwestern United States. Both the additive effects of the race variables and their interactions with other determinants of sentence severity were considered. Substantial evidence of discrimination in both additive and interactive models was obtained for one jurisdiction, but the evidence of discrimination was considerably weaker for the other. Jurisdictional differences which may explain this contrast are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that United States public employees' reckless false statement of fact should be held per se unprotected by the First Amendment, provided their recklessness and falsity are established by clear and convincing evidence. Analysis of the US Supreme Court's treatment of recklessly false statements in the context of the defamation law; Defamation law and its applicability in public-employment.

The article examines the effects of a 1975 felony plea bargaining ban in the Texas district courts in El Paso. It is well known that the vast majority of criminal adjudications in the United States result from guilty pleas and that these dispositions are commonly arrived at through plea negotiations. Yet few criminal justice policies are as controversial as plea bargaining. Some critics maintain that defendants are deprived of constitutional due process guarantees because such negotiations occur outside the bounds of formal legal procedure. Despite the pervasiveness of the belief that plea negotiations are essential for controlling dockets, empirical studies provide little support for such a caseload pressure hypothesis. One problem is simply that too few jurisdictions have been studied to permit any generalizations in regard to the issue. Certainly it is unlikely that the few localities researchers chose independently for their research comprise a representative sample of the population of jurisdictions in the United States. A second and perhaps mere important concern with respect to generalization is a function of the research designs employed previously. Most recent empirical studies examine the effects of policies that reduce court caseloads via jurisdictional change.

This article focuses on racial socialization in African American families. Today in the U.S., a specter of racial intolerance continues to loom over our educational and psychological services systems. Nevertheless, discussions about the cultural relevance of psychological services seldom mention the problems of discrimination and racism. Race relations continue to be strained and superficial in this country because there is an eerie silence from every sector of society about the problems of cross-racial interaction. The reasons for this silence can be subsumed under the heading of "fear." Several social psychologists have identified the lengthy and slow process of change in prejudicial attitudes toward those who are culturally different. Much like young children who have not yet developed object constancy and who believe that a thing disappears once the eyes are closed, many helping professionals engage in magical thinking and pretend that racism is not there.

Looks at problems relating to teenage pregnancies in the African-American community in the United States. Need of prevention and education programs; Application of biblical and spiritual values as it relates to teenage pregnancies; What the African-American church must do in an effort to face this problem.

Presents a discussion which may provide assistance in explaining who are the people regulating the employee benefits matters in Washington District of Columbia. A congressional overview of development of employee benefits; Two primary committees with jurisdiction over benefits issues in the House of Representatives; The senate in employee benefits; Composition of the Joint committee on taxation; Agencies governing employee's benefits; Conclusion.

Examines the authority of the bankruptcy courts to enter orders that affects the legal relations of the nondebtors in the United States. Proposals to evaluate the related jurisdiction of the court; Discussion of criteria to guide the court's exercise of its injunctive powers; Role of equitable considerations in the analysis of power of the court.

This article focuses on the social responsibility of business corporations in the U.S. Some people are strongly opposed to the idea of corporate social responsibility. One of the most quoted, Milton Friedman, believes that when businessmen talk about social conscience, providing employment, eliminating discrimination or pollution, they are in fact preaching socialism. Friedman claims that value priorities and the allocation of goods and services in the country should only be decided by the free market and certainly not by a private management oligarchy. Curiously enough, socialist Michael Harrington has the same view since he distrusts business motives. Managers are acting in equal employment not only as individuals but as corporate agents. They are undertaking some socially motivated actions not required by law or external pressures. They are going beyond traditional philanthropy to work with more complex interrelationships between their firms and society. In varying degrees they are sometimes exceeding the requirements of federal agencies and the Civil Rights Act.

Examines the relationship between agricultural commodity prices and real interest rates in the United States. Influence of interest rates on general economic activity; Views on economic activity; Impact of high real interest rates on agricultural commodity prices.

The article focuses on the development of community-based AIDS education and prevention services and research in minority communities. African-Americans and Latinos are represented among persons with AIDS. The problems of AIDS transmission become more difficult with ongoing social problems. A questionnaire was developed based on the relevant theoretical and experimental literature on AIDS prevention among various ethnocultural groups. The research shows that most of the respondents were administrators of AIDS programs working in minority communities in major cities across the U.S. and their experience level was equally divided among new, moderately experienced, and veteran workers. Another way to understand the barriers to effective AIDS service provision is to understand which approaches work well and which do not. There were more myths/beliefs about immunity from AIDS as compared to myths/beliefs of how it is contracted or how it originated. Most of the persons in the research stated that their job duties were manifold and they were unable to focus their efforts on any one particular aspect of AIDS programming.

The article presents information on the findings of a study investigating the impact of culturally sensitive AIDS video education on the AIDS risk knowledge of African-American adolescents. The participants in the study were 121 African-American adolescents who were randomly assigned classes in one of two treatment groups, culturally similar video (CSV) AIDS education and culturally dissimilar video AIDS education. The study found that there is a misconception that AIDS education is widely promoted and has reached all socioeconomic segments of American society. It was found that a higher than expected percentage of teenagers from both treatment groups reported receiving no AIDS education. Another finding was that some black adolescents are at risk when they exaggerate their knowledge of AIDS information. One major limitation of this experiment is in the lack of a no-treatment control group and the variability in defining a reasonable domain of AIDS knowledge for adolescents is extreme. The comments from the adolescents of the eight focus groups were interesting and may be useful for further research efforts. Criticisms of the CSV video included that it was too short and the plot left the audience wondering whether the main characters had actually contracted HIV.

This article examines the sufficiency of alternative loss development horizons in measuring reserve errors and the precision of reserve error measurements taken over the loss development horizon. We find that no single development horizon is adequate in all circumstances. Short development horizons are adequate for tests of significance involving the aggregate error in a sample of insurers. Substantially longer developments must be used when precise measurements of error, taken MI individual insurers, are required. This study also provides evidence of statistically significant reserving errors during the years 1977 through 1987. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imported fire ant entered the United States through the port of Mobile around the turn of the century. Within a span of approximately fifty years. it has become a serious economic pest, infesting an estimated 115,360,000 acres in the South. Farmers, urban residents, and animals are all affected by the ant's sting and high, hard crusted mounds. There is a strong demand from local inhabitants to eradicate the thoroughly acclimated and entrenched pest, but anti-insecticide groups and conservationists oppose the use of pesticides. Hence, in recent years, control and containment has been the USDA policy. It is anticipated that Mirex bait and a well-planned eradication program will bring relief and perhaps eradication within the next twelve to fifteen year. without harmful side effects in the nine infested southern states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technique for successful and consistent cannulation of extremity veins of neonates using a plastic catheter with inner needle stylet has Been used in over 150 neonates for surgical and postoperative management at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and has all but eliminated the use of the incisional "cut-down." Advantages of this method over the incisional "cut-down" include: ease of changing insertion sites, preservation of function and subsequent use usefulness of the veins, the ability to use larger caliber cannulas, increased duration of function without phlebitis, and the elimination of the unsightly" cutdown" scars. Although meticulous attention to the details insertion and immobilization are essential for success with this technique, it has been easily taught to our rotating junior level surgical residents and to many of the pediatric interns and pediatric residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the post-conviction due process regarding insanity claim prior to execution. The extent to which the trial procedure concept of due process is applicable to procedures after conviction has been re-examined by the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Solesbee v. Balkcom. The petitioner was fairly tried and convicted of first degree murder in a Georgia state court. While awaiting execution, he petitioned the Governor for a stay, alleging that he had become insane. In accordance with state statute, the Governor appointed three physicians who conducted an examination and declared the petitioner sane. Thereupon Solesbee instituted habeas corpus action in a Superior County Court of Georgia, claiming that the method and manner of the inquiry as to his sanity constituted a violation of rights guaranteed him by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution. Reviewing the case on appeal, the Supreme Court found that the Georgia statute providing for the handling insanity claims by convicted prisoners was not violative of due process of law. Due process requires that the defendant have notice of the charges and an opportunity to offer evidence at the trial, but the convict need not have like protections in a hearing which results in a parole revocation.

The article presents a report of the committee on academic freedom and academic tenure. The term "academic freedom" has traditionally had two applications--to the freedom of the teacher and to that of the student. Academic freedom comprises three elements: freedom of inquiry and research; freedom of teaching within the university or college; and freedom of extra-mural utterance and action. An adequate discussion of academic freedom must necessarily consider three matters: the scope and basis of the power exercised by those bodies having ultimate legal authority in academic affairs; the nature of the academic calling; the function of the academic institution or university. The ends to be accomplished are chiefly three: Firstly, to safeguard freedom of inquiry and of teaching against both covert and overt attacks. Secondly, to protect college executives and governing boards against unjust charges of infringement of academic freedom. Thirdly, to render the profession more attractive to men of high ability and strong personality by insuring the dignity.

The article focuses on community organization and participation of people in a democratic society. It informs that for almost two centuries, Americans have been living in the midst of the largest scale political experiment ever conducted. Its foundation is the premise that the individual man has definite rights and privileges and responsibilities. That freedoms offered by democracy, have been taken for granted by most Americans. Democracy depends upon an intelligent, ever-watchful citizenry, intelligent enough to recognize the political charlatan, intelligent enough to weigh and evaluate ideas in terms of their worth to themselves and their fellow citizens. Adult education in a democracy should point to broadening the horizons of its citizens in social, cultural, vocational, and physical areas in order to maintain and further develop: an intelligent electorate, a healthy and happy citizenry, vocationally competent workers, a broader cultural base for all, an understanding of our rights and responsibilities and those of our fellow men.

This article focuses on some of the problems in achieving equal employment opportunity in the United States. Because of many years of discrimination and rejection, many minority individuals are very poorly prepared educationally and even psychologically to accept their new role. In 1961, the then President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925, which ruled that government contracts could be cancelled if a company were found to discriminate in its employment practices. Soon after the issuance of the order, a number of employees at the Lockheed Martin Corp. plant in Marietta, Georgia, filed complaints claiming discrimination. An Atlanta attorney, a member of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, was assigned to discuss the situation with Lockheed officials. The company's Plan for Progress stated that minority applicants would be actively recruited through contacts with community organizations, schools, state employment offices, private recruiting agencies, and minority newspapers. The qualifications of all present employees were reviewed to see if any were underemployed.

In the article, the author focuses on stockholders, considered to be the minority group in business enterprises in the U.S. Stockholders are minor capitalists whose livelihood depends largely on the prudent and profitable investment of their limited savings. This group has now shrunk in numbers and diminished in importance. This group enjoys neither the security of a liberally-financed corporate pension plan, nor the beneficence of social-welfare hand-outs to the indigent. The author presents his thesis that the individual saver or the private accumulator of small amounts of capital is unduly disadvantaged by present-day conditions in the business sector. A stockholder faces a task of extraordinary difficulty in selecting and safeguarding his investments which stems from the neglect of his interests by those best situated to keep him properly informed namely, the independent accountants who certify to the financial statements of enterprises to which he commits his funds. For them, he is in truth the forgotten man.

This article presents information on the accounting. Accounting as an art, accounting as a public service, and accounting as a social force, have undergone great changes during the past four decades. The place of accounting in business was very different from the one it occupies today. In the earlier era, most people thought of accounting as an individual and personal record of accomplishment and position, designed exclusively for the enterprisers concerned. The problem of the accountant was how to best meet the needs of owners and managers. The corporation accountant was a little like an actor, playing a part for the benefit of a small and select audience. For many years, public accountants denied the necessity of a code of principles or standards, formulated by anyone. The entire business and financial community took a long time to become accustomed to the new order, which was then coming into being. The New Deal, for all the egregious follies and iniquities of its implementation, did signalize the emergence of a social conscience with respect to the conduct and reporting of business affairs.

The Executive Committee of the American Accounting Association has presented a tentative statement of principles, which deals with these questionable points. Everything that appears in this list could be definitely disposed of by every accountant if those principles, or rules, or standards, or conventions, or whatever you want to call them, were universally observed. But, if the universal observance of those particular rules and conventions and standards is not most desirable, then it behaves the accounting profession and those who are teachers and research workers in this field to decide what rules should apply. If qualifications and exceptions are necessary in connection with them, then the problem is to state them. It is a difficult, complicated task, but it is not impossible. Only our diffidence, our preoccupation with other matters, a certain degree of inertia in tackling these things, prevents our getting this job done in some satisfactory fashion. in some satisfactory fashion.