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The temperance movement has had substantial public health impacts. • Impacts on individual consumption, where studied, have always been positive. • Six of the nine temperance countries continue to have national or regional government stores particularly for the sale of heavily taxed spirits, with limits as well on the accessibility of alcohol. • There have been associations with other movements - most importantly women's suffrage. • There is an historical connection between the historical temperance movements and recent developments in alcohol consumption in the relevant countries. The study aims to assess firstly, the historical (pre-2000) achievements in the control of alcohol and its adverse health consequences in the nine developed countries with mass temperance movements. Currently (post-2000), it looks at achievements in developed countries more generally, including these nine countries. The study is a policy analysis conducted within an historical timeframe. This principally involves the historical impacts on government schemes regulating alcohol as well as individual alcohol consumption and its consequences. Trends since 2000 in alcohol consumption in young people in high-income temperance cultures are also examined. Substantial alcohol-related public health impacts have occurred in almost all of the nine countries, either on relevant government schemes and/or individual alcohol consumption. Regarding government schemes, five of the nine temperance countries, and in part a sixth (the US), retain government store monopoly systems, offering heavily-taxed spirits with limits on their accessibility. Impacts on individual consumption in these countries, where studied, were positive. Consumption in young people since 2000 in high income countries is lower in temperance than non-temperance countries. It is concluded that temperance culture has had substantial and enduring governmental and individual public health impacts relating to alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that since the 1980s, both the United States and Europe have experienced a simultaneous expansion in social entrepreneurship. In the early 2000s, a new breed of social entrepreneurship emerged in Japan. A careful reflection on the movement will reveal that there were many manifestations of social entrepreneurship in premodern Japan as well. This paper analyzes the historical perspective and the current trends in social entrepreneurship in Japan. In particular, the paper presents what we call a ‘three-generation model’ of the primary drivers of social entrepreneurship in Japan, and a theoretical model of innovation to answer the following questions: (i) How has Japanese social entrepreneurship been developed and who are the primary drivers in the process of development? (ii) What are the characteristics of Japanese social entrepreneurship as compared with those in the United States and Europe, and what are the social contexts generating the differences? (iii) What are the characteristics of the innovation aspect of Japanese social entrepreneurship, and why is innovation particularly important in the institutional context of Japanese society? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights on the development of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The author states that the development of Chandra was motivated by the discovery of the first extrasolar x-ray source Scorpius X-1 by Riccardo Giacconi and colleagues. He mentions that the Technology Mirror Assembly-2 (TMA-2) reflected the potential creation of Chandra optics. He says that the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in x-ray images served as a forerunner in the discoveries made by Chandra.

The use of small portable pumps for subcutaneous infusion of IgG in patients with primary immunodeficiencies was introduced more than 20 years ago. In the US, IVIG became more popular, but in other countries, many patients use the subcutaneous route. Pharmacokinetics of IgG differ when smaller doses are given more frequently, as is commonly done with subcutaneous regimens, as compared to the large boluses given every 21–28 days in most IV regimens. Differences include lower peaks and higher troughs, which may be preferable for some patients. Advantages of the subcutaneous route include increased patient autonomy, decreased systemic adverse effects, and the lack of a requirement for vascular access. Disadvantages include limitation in the volume that can be administered at any one time, necessitating frequent dosing; and the requirement for reliability if a patient is to self or home infuse. Obstacles may be encountered because no preparation of IgG is currently licensed for subcutaneous use in the US. Subcutaneous IgG replacement may be preferable to IV infusions or IM injections for carefully selected patients. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In many industries, the contemporary context of acute environmental dislocation shows the limits of traditional organizational recipes. In direct response to environmental challenges, companies are experimenting with new organizational solutions. While flexibility, or the capacity to redefine organizational form to follow changing purposes, is undeniably a common trend, these experiments otherwise differ greatly. Diversity is such, in fact, that it is difficult to clearly identify and define a unique organizational paradigm for the future.To explore the connection between environmental dislocation and organizational transformations, we adopt a historical and comparative perspective. Our empirical base of evidence is the luxury fashion industry in three countries, France, Italy, and the United States. For many years, this industry was defined by stable environmental conditions, and a craft model of organization remained dominant. We show that, over a more recent period, increasing environmental turbulence has brought about a redefinition of the rules of the game. A common response has been for organizations to move towards greater flexibility or modularity and to experiment with network forms. However, we also show that the paths or trajectories leading to organizational flexibility have varied significantly across countries, reflecting historical legacies and institutional constraints. We identify in fact three different network forms in that industry, which represent national ideal types--the "umbrella holding" company in France, the "flexible embedded network" in Italy, and the "virtual organization" in the United States.We argue that the process of change in the luxury fashion industry has been one of coevolution, where environmental transformation and organizational change have fed upon each other through time. Pioneer firms in the luxury fashion industry originally devised organizational solutions within the bounds set by nationally defined constraints and opportunities. Becoming institutionalized, these early solutions in turn shaped the environment for individual organizations and organizational populations, creating new sets of opportunities and constraints. In a path-dependent manner, different models of organization and national competitiveness thus emerged. In conclusion, we are brought to question the likelihood of full and stable convergence towards a unique organizational form or paradigm. There appears to be, in each national context, a process of construction of new organizational solutions that starts from local foundations. Embedded as they are in powerful historical and institutional legacies, organizational differences are there to stay, we believe, beyond the period of transition and acute environmental dislocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discipline of children is a major topic of concern in our society. This paper places discipline in a historical perspective by briefly tracing disciplinary practices from the 1600s to the present day in the United States. Four primary trends are then delineated. These include the following: movement from strict discipline to lax discipline to mixed messages concerning discipline; determinants of discipline changing from Puritan religious beliefs to ‘experts’ in fields such as psychology; the increasing role of legislative efforts focusing on children's rights; and the changing role of fathers in child rearing in general and discipline in particular. Viewed against such a historical account, implications for mental health professionals in shaping disciplinary practices are offered. These include generating data to provide needed answers and assuming an active role in setting policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the evolution of solid organ kidney and liver transplantation and expounds on the challenges and successes that the early transplant researchers and clinicians encountered. The article highlights the surgical pioneers, delves into the milestones of enhanced immunosuppression protocols, discusses key federal legislative and policy changes, and expounds on the ongoing disparities of organ supply and demand and the need for extended criteria and live donor organs to combat these shortages. Finally, recent changes in organ allocation and distribution policies are discussed. The authors also spotlight novel interventions that will further revolutionize abdominal transplantation in the next 50 years., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abstract: Imaging spectrometry, or hyperspectral imaging as it is now called, has had a long history of development and measured acceptance by the scientific community. The impetus for the development of imaging spectrometry came in the 1970''s from field spectral measurements in support of Landsat-1 data analysis. Progress required developments in electronics, computing and software throughout the 1980''s and into the 1990''s before a larger segment of the Earth observation community would embrace the technique. The hardware development took place at NASA/JPL beginning with the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) in 1983. The airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) followed in 1987 and has proved to this day to be the prime provider of high-quality hyperspectral data for the scientific community. Other critical elements for the exploitation of this data source have been software, primarily ENVI, and field spectrometers such as those produced by Analytical Spectral Devices Inc. In addition, atmospheric correction algorithms have made it possible to reduce sensor radiance to spectral reflectance, the quantity required in all remote sensing applications. The applications cover the gambit of disciplines in Earth observations of the land and water. The further exploitation of hyperspectral imaging on a global basis awaits the launch of a high performance imaging spectrometer and more researchers with sufficient resources to take advantage of the vast information content inherent in the data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Some studies of the recent neighborhood planning movement suggest that its origins can be traced to the reform fervor of the 1960's. In fact, the idea of "neighborhood" and of planning its character has been an enduring component of American social thought for at least the past hundred years. Reveals the complicated lineage of the contemporary neighborhood movement. The recent successes of the neighborhood movement must be measured not merely in terms of a two-decade struggle but in light of nearly a hundred years of planning and reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]