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This paper raises two questions. Do donors to nonprofit organizations care about whether nonprofit organizations pursue commercial activities? Do donors more approve commercial activities that are related to or advance the mission of a nonprofit organization than those commercial activities that do not? The paper uses data collected from donors and volunteers with one human services nonprofit organization in the United States. The principal conclusions are two. Most donors and volunteers have little interest in the sources of nonprofit organizations' funds. Among the relatively small percentage of donors and volunteers who attend to use of commercial activities, the use of activities that are consistent with or advance the organization's mission is approved, and the use of commercial activities that do not advance the mission is relatively disapproved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of various urban driving conditions on automobile fuel consumption was studied in an experiment involving 383 km of driving in the Detroit metropolitan area. The detailed speed, acceleration, and fuel consumption records were analyzed by multi-variate statistical techniques. The objective of the study was to identify pertinent measures of traffic related speed-time characteristics that influence fuel consumption in urban driving. The results showed that average trip time per unit distance was the single most important factor in explaining the variability of fuel consumption. The results can be explained in terms of the physical properties of the engine-vehicle system and the interrelationships among the traffic related variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-lapse aerial photography over the Central Business Districts (CBD) of Austin and Dallas, Texas, has been employed to determine the averages of concentration, speed and fraction of vehicles stopped and to examine the relations among such network-wide averages including the flow which was measured on the ground simultaneously. The results have indicated that the average flow in a street network may indeed be expressed as the product of the space mean speed and concentration. Simultaneous ground experiments have also been conducted in the Austin CBD to investigate the reasonableness of the assumptions of the "two-fluid model," a curvilinear relation between the trip time and stop time per unit distance, which may be used in characterizing the quality of traffic service in urban street networks. As a result of these simultaneous ground experiments and aerial observations, the assumptions of the model have been verified. Moreover, relations between the fraction of vehicles stopped and concentration as well as between speed and concentration have allowed the two-fluid model to be used to compare the quality of traffic service in various street networks under the same level of concentration. The two-fluid model may then be used to predict, for a given change in vehicular concentration in a street network, the resulting changes in the averages of speed, fraction of vehicles stopped, flow, etc. This is particularly useful as a performance model in urban planning where for a given concentration it is desirable to predict the resulting traffic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple linear relation between fuel consumption per unit distance, φ and trip time per unit distance T, φ = k⊃1 + k⊃2T is established for the fuel data collected in Austin and Dallas, Texas,and Matadors, Mexico. The qualities of traffic service in these cities are compared through the study of the spread of the data points along the φ, T trend, showing that the Matamoros data in general have higher φ and T values. The fuel consumption modelφ = k⊃1 + k⊃2T is improved by the addition of a term proportional to ΔN[sup8](T), the deviation of the number of stops for a given datumpoint from the average number of stops associated with the triptime interval into which the datum point falls. It is shown in the resulting new model, φ = k⊃1 + k⊃2T + k⊃3ΔN[sup8], that since T andΔN[sup8] are virtually uncorrelated, the values of k⊃1 and k⊃2 in the simpler model remain unchanged. A discussion of the physical interpretation of the model parameters is presented. In addition,an analysis of data obtained in central London shows that k⊃1 depends almost entirely on vehicle mass. It is also shown that the value of the parameter k⊃3 is approximately given by the product of the warmed-up idle fuel flow and the average stop duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of vehicular traffic experiments conducted in Austin, Texas, shows the reasonableness of the two assumptions in the two-fluid (moving and stopped vehicles) model of town traffic. The observational data support the assumption that the average speed in an urban street network is proportional to the fraction of the vehicles moving raised to a power and is also in agreement with the supposition that during relatively uniform periods the traffic is ergodic. An important consequence is that the average of the fraction of time stopped for a test vehicle circulating in a street network is approximately equal to the average fraction of the vehicles stopped in the system during the same test period. The parameters of the two-fluid model and the observed ranges of trip time and stop time per unit distance have been shown to be effective in assessing or rank ordering the relative quality of traffic service in a number of Texas cities; comparisons are made with various cities around the world. The two-fluid methodology appears to be useful in a preliminary "before"/after" study during which signal timing changes were made. Finally, a preliminary analysis of aerial photographic data in two cities allows the determination of an additional two-fluid model parameter, p, in the relation stating that the fraction of vehicles stopped is given by the ratio of concentration to the jam or maximum concentration raised to a power, p. It is suggested that this parameter may be useful in describing the relative quality of various traffic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the management of nonprofit organizations. The increasingly public nature of charitable, nonprofit organizations and the changing relationships between governments and nonprofit organizations are discussed in the article. Resource dependence theory provides a major orienting perspective for understanding the finding of chief executive centrality and the importance of board-centered leadership. Recently, nonprofit organizations have had to adapt to dramatic changes in their political and funding environments. From the late 1960s into the early 1980s, nonprofit organizations, particularly in the human services sector, grew increasingly dependent upon tax revenue for their funding, primarily through grants or sale of services to governments. Public policies programs and services were and continue to be realized through a variety of voluntary and nonprofit organizations, creating a larger role for nonprofit organizations in delivering social services. Such agencies derived over 40 percent of their support from government, the single largest category of support and that over 30 percent of public funds in a sample of 16 cities were spent through nonprofit organizations. INSETS: Methodology.;Tests for interrater reliability..

The article presents information on the Community Service Council of Hastings-on-Hudson and the public schools in the U.S. These are two agencies which are integrating their programs for community growth and organization. The Community Service Council is an outgrowth of factors of social disorganization on the one hand and on the other hand an attitude of responsibility on the part of socially minded people in the community. A group of these citizens interested the mayor in creating a Community Service Council. As stated by the mayor of Hastings, the Community Service Council is an official agency of the government to deal with the human side of community problems. Citizens felt that the Council with the official backing of the village government would have more force than if operating under the school or through volunteer agencies. Furthermore, the projects of the Council are receiving public support through inclusion in the village budget. The factors of social disorganization which led to the creation of the Council are those of rapid growth in population, change from a rural to a suburban community, influx of nationalities, and economic and geographical conditions. The topography of Hastings, through the creation of many sections with characteristics of isolation, is another factor which has led to social disorganization.

Discusses the problem of substandards legal education in the U.S. American Bar Association's requirements for law schools; Creative role of lawyer in American social and political progress; Failure of legal institutions to implant a thorough knowledge of legal principles.

If it is not a naïve expectation for dentists who have been beneficiaries of public generosity to share their good fortune with the public that made it possible, there may be a rational basis for enhancing the role of dental education in improving access to oral health care by promoting-but not requiring-a voluntary service commitment after graduation commensurate with the magnitude of the subsidy received. Such an approach would be in accordance with the Institute of Medicine's report Improving Access to Oral Health Care for Vulnerable and Underserved Populations, but without the governmental coercion explicit in the report. A sustainable alternative proposal is made here, offering both greater options to students in the financing of their dental education and greater obligations for those students who accept state subsidies: providing tuition discounts for students of state-supported dental schools based not on past residency status but rather on a future commitment to public service. This arrangement could be good public policy that might also help to create a culture in which dental students are given authentic options as part of a profession-wide ideology of public service. The result could well contribute to improved oral health care for the underserved.

Background: The REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry is an international, prospective cohort of 68,236 patients with established coronary artery, cerebrovascular or peripheral arterial disease, or three or more atherothrombotic risk factors. Baseline data from the 1976 Canadian patients in the REACH Registry provide opportunities to assess atherothrombotic risk and treatment in a real-world Canadian setting., Objectives: To present baseline characteristics of Canadian REACH Registry patients, and to compare cardiovascular risk and treatment among Canadian, United States (USA) and global patients., Methods: Patients 45 years of age or older with established atherosclerotic vascular disease or three or more cardiovascular risk factors were enrolled during 2004. Baseline data were used in analyses of risk factor prevalence and control and medication use. Comparisons between the Canadian and USA populations, Canadian and global populations, and the Canadian regions were conducted., Results: Of the 1976 Canadian REACH patients, 82.5% had documented vascular disease, 12.6% of whom had manifestations in more than one vascular bed (polyvascular disease). A high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (84.4%), hypertension (76.6%) and diabetes mellitus (43.7%) were noted, and 75.1% of patients were overweight or obese. Of the 1976 Canadian REACH patients, 75.1% were at target cholesterol levels, 67.4% were at target fasting blood glucose levels and 60.6% were at target blood pressure levels. Significant differences existed in the prevalence of risk factors and their management among Canadian, USA and global REACH populations, as well as within Canada., Conclusions: Canada compared favourably with USA and global REACH populations in the use of proven risk-reducing medications.