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Like in other medical specialities, training in internal medicine is confronted with the duty hours regulation. A reduction to a maximum of 48 duty hours has been introduced in Belgium in 1999 for all residents and is still under debate in the European Communities. A reduction of duty hours to a maximum of 80 hours per week was recently adopted in the USA. Several surveys were conducted in this country before and after the introduction of the new system to evaluate its impact on training and patient care. A reduction of duty hours appears to improve the mental health and the security and the quality of life of the trainees. On the other hand, it is suspected that reducing training hours can have a negative effect not only on education but also on patient safety and satisfaction giving the fragmentation of care. This appears to be a key problem, particularly in internal medicine, as it implies more frequent transfers of medical information, a source of medical errors and a loss of responsibility.