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Discusses mining in Leadville, Colorado. Zinc mining; Discovery of placer gold in the 1860s; G.F. Loughlin, of the United States Geological Survey; Zinc deposits in the US; The Hayden Survey in Colorado; The Empire Zinc Company; The Hilltop Mine; The Meadville Mining Company; The erection of roasting furnaces at Leadville in 1883; Walter Renton Ingalls, a noted authority on lead and zinc; Carbonate ores; More.

Reports on research conducted on the US and German metal manufacturing industry. It examines recent changes in technology and work organization: cell manufacturing in USA, and production islands in Germany. The argument will be made that under considerable external pressure to change, the focus of response is on work organization rather than technology, with similar problems occurring. A particular problem in each country is the lack of job rotation both within and between cells and production islands, and the presence of an incentive pay system whose goals lack compatibility with the tenets of the new manufacturing environment. While in both countries, there is considerable experimentation with new forms of work organization, the German approach tends to be more steady with slower change, whereas in the USA change has been rapid with major consequences for unions. The latter part of the paper deals much with industrial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares seniors housing and long term care industry with the apartments and lodging-houses in the United States. Status of SHLTC against the two real estate sectors; Industry revenue; Capitalized market valuation of the industry; Importance of the industry to capital market; Importance of industry size to investors.

Assesses the current environmental knowledge base in a national probability sample of American high school students. Ability of majority of students to recognize basic facts concerning environmental problems; Inability of students to apply their environmental knowledge; Growth in environmental knowledge from 10th to 12th grade.

Discusses instructional guidelines designed to motivate students with learning problems in the United States. Theoretical perspectives; Identification of intrinsic motivation (IM) in the classroom; Development of IM through mediational learning experiences; Implications for individual educational programs of students with learning problems.

The article reports on a study of stereotypic attitudes toward mentally retarded children in the U.S. Their responses were characterized by four orthogonal factors including general negative evaluation, general positive evaluation, likeability, and unhappiness. The study was deemed more complicated because the attitudes of mentally retarded people have been found to be multidimensional and extremely complex.

Focuses on the developments in interstate delivery of consumer financial transactions in the United States. Details of the litigation on credit consumer transactions by the Iowa Attorney General; Information on the case against Greenwood Trust Company; Introduction of the AT&T Universal Card.

Examines the role of Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 on the opportunities for nonbanking companies to acquire depository institutions in the United States. Limitations on the affiliation of banks and companies; Reasons for acquiring depository institutions; Impact of federal statutes and regulations on opportunities.

Focuses on the compliance of private institutions with the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 in the United States. Regulation of the divulgence of financial records to agencies and departments; Exceptions to the general prohibition; Need for financial institution to implement procedures to ensure adherence to the rules.

The article discusses the results of the evaluation of a large portion of the sales management of a company, a nationwide survey of customers and an intensive internal evaluation in the United Sates which involved the development and implementation of a large-scale simulation model. In 1962, the Treasurer of the firm requested that his recently constituted management science group evaluate several proposals he received from outside vendors for the development of a large complex system. In the end, the management science manager learned that there was a hidden agenda in the proposals and that under no circumstances could he have survived a recommendation against acceptance. In another case, a principal firm commissioned a study to evaluate its requirements for an inventory management system in 1968. Basically the complaint of the Vice President of Materials Management in the company was that top management simply was not interested.

The article focuses on the practice of team teaching education programs in the U.S. The rationale for the adoption of training has been largely attributed to: (1) the need for more specialists; (2) the rapid increase in departmentalized instruction; and (3) the decline of self-contained classroom. The interest in team teaching has been focused on its effects on student achievement, student adjustment, student attitudes, and teacher time and effort in public schools. The author discusses various team-teaching programs offered by various teachers colleges. The objectives of team teaching are focused on team planning and management, and human relations in team teaching. Finally, the innovative concept of teaming student teachers and classroom teachers in teacher education programs is becoming an accepted practice.

This article focuses on the effectiveness of management science in the business organization. The total impact of management scientists has been small, that they are operating in a world which is far removed from the real world of most managers, and that they describe and structure non-existent management problems, tackle relatively minor problems with overkill tools, omit real variables from messy problems, and build elegant models comprehensible to only their colleagues. The fact that most major U.S. corporations today have not simply one management science group, but a variety of such groups scattered throughout various divisions and at the corporate level as well, seems to bear witness to this. Further, much management science impact on major decisions is currently taking place without the management science banner. Further, much of the effort of management scientists in recent years has been the development of simulation planning models which are operable on time-share computers and which permit the "trying out" of a variety of solutions by the manager himself or by his aides.

The concept of the least restrictive environment (or alternative) was reviewed as it evolved in law and in special education practice. A distinction was drawn between the concepts of mainstreaming and the least restrictive environment. Mainstreaming refers to placing handicapped youngsters as much as possible in educational situations with nonhandicapped youngsters. The least restrictive environment is a legal abstraction which refers to placing handicapped children in an educational environment that is most suitable for their programmatic needs. Concern was voiced about the multiple bases for implementation of the least restrictive environment notion. These bases necessarily include simultaneous references to the philosophy of normalization, to PL 94-142, and to modes of instruction that optimize learning in all the social-ecological environments that handicapped children inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers from Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States collaborated to validate their foot and mouth disease models--AusSpread, InterSpread Plus and the North American Animal Disease Spread Model--in an effort to build confidence in their use as decision-support tools. The final stage of this project involved using the three models to simulate a number of disease outbreak scenarios, with data from the Republic of Ireland. The scenarios included an uncontrolled epidemic, and epidemics managed by combinations of stamping out and vaccination. The predicted numbers of infected premises, the duration of each epidemic, and the size of predicted outbreak areas were compared. Relative within-model between-scenario changes resulting from different control strategies or resource constraints in different scenarios were quantified and compared. Although there were differences between the models in absolute outcomes, between-scenario comparisons within each model were similar. In all three models, early use of ring vaccination resulted in the largest drop in number of infected premises compared with the standard stamping-out regimen. This consistency implies that the assumptions made by each of the three modelling teams were appropriate, which in turn serves to increase end-user confidence in predictions made by these models.

Aims: To describe results of a relative validation exercise using the three simulation models of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in use by the quadrilateral countries (QUADS; Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United States of America; USA)., Methods: A hypothetical population of farms was constructed and, following the introduction of an FMD-like disease into a single farm, spread of disease was simulated using each of the three FMD simulation models used by the QUADS countries. A series of 11 scenarios was developed to systematically evaluate the key processes of disease transmission and control used by each of the three models. The predicted number of infected units and the size of predicted outbreak areas for each scenario and each model were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Agreement among the three models in terms of geographical areas predicted to become infected were quantified using Fleiss' Kappa statistic., Results: Although there were statistically significant differences in model outputs in terms of the numbers of units predicted to become infected, the temporal onset of infection throughout the simulation period, and the spatial distribution of infected units, these differences were generally small and would have resulted in the same (or similar) management decisions being adopted in each case., Conclusions: Agreement among the three models in terms of the numbers of premises predicted to become infected, the temporal onset of infection throughout the simulation period, and the spatial distribution of infected premises provides evidence that each of the model developers are consistent in their approach to simulating the spread of disease throughout a population of susceptible individuals. This consistency implies that the assumptions taken by each development team are appropriate, which in turn serves to increase end-user confidence in model predictions., Clinical Relevance: Relative validation is one of a number of steps that can be undertaken to increase end-user confidence in predictions made by infectious disease models.

There is considerable interest in portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for emission inventory and regulatory applications. For this study, four commercial PEMS were compared with a Federal Reference Method (FRM) for measuring emissions from a back-up generator (BUG) over steady-state loads and a diesel truck on transient and steady-state chassis dynamometer tests. The agreement between the PEMS and the FRM varied depending on the pollutant and the particular PEMS tested for both the BUG and chassis dynamometer testing. The best performing PEMS for both the BUG and chassis testing was within approximately 12% for NOx of the FRM. For the BUG testing, several PEMS showed agreement with the FRM within approximately 5% for CO2. For the chassis dynamometer testing, the best PEMS showed agreement typically within approximately 5% for CO2. PM measurements for the BUG testing were low compared to the FRM, with the best measurements approximately 20% lower. For the chassis testing, two PM PEMS showed a good correlation but a high bias, while the correlation was worse for the other two PEMS. For each emissions component, some PEMS under different test conditions showed considerably larger deviations than those for the best performing PEMS.

Disease management is a comprehensive, integrated approach to managing the health of populations through the use of disease-specific standards and protocols and population segmentation. It has been increasing in popularity among integrated delivery systems (IDSs) and payers alike as a way to respond to competitive pressures and to shift care delivery from inpatient to alternative care sites. To successfully implement disease-management programs, IDSs must develop an organizational mind-set that stresses information-driven, evidence-based standards of care that are adhered to across a tightly integrated continuum of care.

Disease management is an emerging approach to patient management, customer satisfaction, and cost containment that comprises disease modeling; patient segmentation and risk assessment; clinical protocols; and wellness, self-management, and education. Implementing a disease management program poses significant challenges to healthcare organizations. To successfully implement a disease management program, a tightly integrated continuum of care, sophisticated information systems, and disease management support systems must be in place. Strategic partnerships with outside vendors may speed program implementation and provide opportunities to develop risk-sharing relationships.