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Tourist homes, private residences that rented rooms to traveling guests, were once a popular form of tourist accommodation in the United States. Reaching their peak in the early 20th century, tourist homes largely became obsolete as hotels and motels were able to provide relatively inexpensive and standardized forms of hospitality. As a result of their meteoric rise and fall, and the private nature of the lodging, tourist homes have been neglected in studies of historical tourism and hospitality. However, tourist homes occupied an important position in providing welcome and other forms of hospitality to travelers, particularly Black Americans, in the first half of the 20th century, and this role deserves to be recovered and recognized. An exploration of tourist homes listed in the Green Book, a Black American-centric travel guide published during the Jim Crow Era, reveals that tourist homes not only lodged travelers overnight, but also significantly contributed to forms of mobile resistance against white supremacy. Specifically, through a conceptualization of hospitality as resistance, tourist homes enabled opportunities for Black Americans to gain economic and social capital through processes of welcoming and establishing 'Black counterpublic spaces'. Particularly through constructions of home-like environments, tourist homes presented spaces that served as moorings within larger mobility networks, countering white supremacist attempts to immobilize and disadvantage Black Americans. Given these contributions to resistance and Black mobility, tourist homes deserve to be included in studies of tourism, hospitality, and Black geographies as important sites of welcoming, resistance, and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study aims to provide higher education instructors a template to design service-learning courses that wish to not only further transformative pedagogy in tourism education, but also inform the development of students' self-efficacy in critically examining social equity and justice at a personal and community level. The case illustrates transformative field experiences, both in person and virtual, in two undergraduate courses at two separate universities in the Southeast United States of America. Each course included a project consisting of collaboration with a local community partner to further the education, development, marketing, and promotion of African American and Black heritage tourism in their respective communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined to what extent viewing the Korean dance performance by Beyond The Scene (BTS) at the 2018 Melon Music Awards influenced global viewers' purchase of Korean cultural products and tourism behaviour intention. We surveyed 230 prospective tourists from the USA (black adult females = 50%; mean age = 34.9, SD = 1.116) in terms of their preference for Korean cultural products and intention to visit Korea. We conducted structural equation modelling to map the paths among cultural product preferences and tourism intentions. We found that viewing the Korean dance performance by BTS not only increased the purchase of Korean cultural products among participants, but also their tourism behaviour intention. We also found that the purchase of Korean cultural products by participants was associated with increased Korea tourism behaviour intention. We conclude from these data that viewing cultural performances by would-be tourists and their purchase preferences are important for promoting tourism through cultural industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can blatantly racist-nationalist imageries that are literally carved into stone be recast as inclusionary? Can it be 're-seen' without being remodeled? By whose eyes and under what conditions? This essay examines the uneven development of the Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial in the United States. It questions how the impulse to memorialize in the aftermath of war and then re-memorialize relates to conflicts over the legacies of US slavery and the Civil War. Increasingly, these struggles over representations of divisive histories are waged alongside a growing heritage tourist industry and in the context ongoing racial conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is increasing the speed at which tangible coastal cultural heritage is changing in character or being lost through weathering, erosion, and inundation. Damages to coastal archeological sites, loss of access to historical sites, and the alteration of cultural landscapes will force changes in the way researchers can study sites, tourists can enjoy places, and descendant communities who have lived in particular areas for time immemorial, and local community members can utilize and relate to landscapes. In the USA, the National Park Service is a primary coastal cultural resource management organization. The National Park Service has been working on climate change adaptation for cultural resources for over a decade; however, there are few examples of parks in which long range climate change adaptation plans for cultural resources have been implemented. Building from 20 semi-structured interviews with cultural resource managers in three parks, we found that institutional structures within the National Park Service, as well as historical conceptual framings specific to the research, recreational, and interpretive values of cultural resources act as barriers to managers' ability to design and implement climate change adaptation plans. Institutional barriers managers discussed include the dependence of climate change adaptation decisions partnership projects and the leveraging of budgetary and staff resources within NPS that may affect climate change adaptation capacity. We found that park managers often saw impacts in parks that may be associated with climate change, but found it difficult to separate normal maintenance from climate change affected deterioration, which may lead to status quo management actions rather than revised planning for a changing future regime. Conceptual barriers managers discussed revealed a conflict between preservation needs of research versus interpretive uses and while NPS guidance recommends prioritization of cultural resources for preservation at the park level, regional managers were more focused on this topic than park managers. As NPS moves forward with climate change adaptation planning, opportunities to develop and improve cultural resource preservation with new technologies, improved prioritization schemes, and include public input in resource preservation may help coastal managers overcome these barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourism has been growing over the last few years, especially in cities that have been declared World Heritage Sites. This paper presents research that investigates the motivations for tourists to visit Cuenca. Fieldwork was used to create a predictive model to determine visitor satisfaction considering the motivations and the attributes of the city. Furthermore, the paper analyses the attributes a heritage site should have if it is to create a sustainable tourist destination which combines culture and economic growth. The results show that although overall satisfaction with visits to the city is high, tourists enjoy other interesting aspects that should be taken into consideration in order to improve the city’s image as a cultural destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socio-cultural exchange that may lead to better understanding and collaboration among racial and ethnic groups is one of the potential positive outcomes of heritage tourism. This study applied a case study design to understand individuals' motivations to visit a heritage site in the state of Missouri, George Washington Carver National Monument. We conducted 14 focus groups comprised separately of African-Americans, Latinos and Latinas, and Asian-Americans, totaling 124 participants. A heritage tourism framework explored similarities and differences among sociocultural groups in their motivations for visiting a heritage site. While interest in learning was a common motivation across groups, participants also expressed cultural differences with respect to their perceived connections to the heritage, bequeathing to children, leisure pursuit, and aspects of their personal emotional involvement with the heritage. The study provides monument managers with insight on factors to consider when developing community outreach strategies to attract more diverse visitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding disparities in visitation rates to heritage sites and patterns in public support for preservation and remembrance of African American heritage could greatly inform decision-making and management philosophies of park/historic site operators, preservationists, and other entrepreneurs. Informed by critical theory, this study examined heritage site visitation and attitudes toward remembrance and preservation of African American heritage among North Carolina (NC) residents. Telephone interviews were completed by 843 residents investigating their heritage site visitation patterns and support for African American heritage. The results suggest that race, age, education, income, frequency of travel, and voting record impact variation in heritage site visitation among NC residents while race, age, education, the presence of retirees or children in the household, voting record, and identification as a Southerner influenced attitudes toward African American preservation. This study contributes to the critical analysis of how patterns in heritage site visitation and public support of preservation perpetuate racialization of the travel experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage tourism plays an increasingly important yet controversial role in interpreting the emotionally and politically charged memories and legacies of African enslavement. Antebellum plantation museums in the southeastern USA remain relatively underanalyzed by researchers, despite their tradition of ignoring and minimizing the contributions and struggles of the slave community. Yet, this neglect is being challenged somewhat by a growing number of plantations and counter-narrative sites that incorporate slavery into docent-led tours, promotional materials, exhibits, and preserved structures. Responding to a need for scholarship that can ferret out the nuances, complexities, and conflicts of producing and consuming heritage at these tourist sites, this special issue presents the results of a study of four plantations (Laura, Oak Alley, Houmas House, San Francisco) along Louisiana's River Road. The issue's editors and contributing authors address a central question: what factors, social actors, and interactions (social and spatial in nature) shape, facilitate, or even constrain the remembering of slavery at southern plantation museums, including those sites making seemingly significant progress in recovering the enslaved? River Road is a microcosm of the larger politics of reshaping southern and American heritage tourism and demonstrates the value of industry-engaged, multi-method examinations of different plantation landscapes within the same region. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As iconic landscapes of the American South and significant heritage tourism destinations, Southern plantation museums have traditionally erased slavery and the enslaved from their narratives of the antebellum past. Recently, some plantation museums, such as Oak Alley Plantation in Louisiana, are commemorating the enslaved within their landscapes and narratives, although often in limited and insufficient ways. In this paper, I draw on theories of symbolic excavation and commemorative surrogation to understand both the difficult memory work necessary to include the history of slavery at plantation museums and the fact that such museums or memorials act as surrogates for the lives of enslaved women and men that have been lost from our social memory. Using photographic documentation, content analysis, and textual analysis, I then examine the Slavery at Oak Alley exhibit to argue that fully assessing the efficacy of such commemorative surrogates requires that they be placed within the spatial narratives of both the plantation museum and the history of slavery more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As a knowledge domain, contemporary indigenous tourism is framed in reference to cultures conventionally recognized as ‘indigenous,’ and engages this almost exclusively from a supply-side perspective. This paper reimagines indigeneity and indigenous tourism as embracing also the other 94% of global population. From a utilitarian perspective, this inclusion of ‘nonconventional indigenous people’ harbors opportunities to advance the sustainability agenda by reconnecting modern mainstream cultures, through personal exposure in dispersed settings, with ancestral roots and associated sustainable livelihoods. Such reconnections are framed as a form of re-indigenization that may be especially attractive to ‘travel promiscuous’ diasporic populations such as those found in the ‘settler’ countries of Canada, United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Articulation of this concept could be facilitated by existing knowledge domains and products in heritage tourism, rural tourism, and urban tourism, as well as sustainable tourism. Rather than usurping conventional indigenous efforts to re-indigenize and re-empower, it is contended that the nonconventional dimension can coexist with and even reinforce the latter, while enriching the dimensions of indigenous tourism as a dynamic knowledge domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced a rise in heritage and plantation tourism that plays a significant role in passing on cultural narratives and constructing memories. In cases of plantation tourism, some narratives are constructed that deny the history of slavery or mention it only as a side effect. This absence of critical engagement commodifies a specific type of nostalgia: white nostalgia. White nostalgia exemplifies an attempt to escape issues of race by downplaying their implications and rejecting the legacy of slavery. Plantation tourism sites tend to celebrate personal narratives depicting the antebellum South as a time and place of union and jauntiness despite the fact that their histories are inseparably connected with slavery. Refusing to engage in critical discussions on slavery, these historical plantation sites can be regarded as comfortable spaces of refuge longing for an uncritical and colorblind--yet unrealistic--past. In this essay, the commodification of white nostalgia will be investigated by looking at seven plantation websites, thereby examining how white nostalgia not only distorts the history of the antebellum South but also how it sells history without racism and performs memory that distances itself from emotional legacies of slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most culturally significant roads in the world, U.S. Highway 66 (commonly referred to as Route 66) has connected Chicago and Los Angeles since 1926. In order to explore what heritage themes Route 66 sites convey to tourists, we assessed the information presented to visitors at nearly four-dozen museums and interpretive sites astride the road using the qualitative software Nvivo 10. Five themes dominate interpretation. Route 66 thematically flows east to west with Chicago as the beginning and Los Angeles as the end of the road. Mobility and personal freedom of movement via the automobile are encapsulated in the history of the road. In addition, Route 66 highlights nostalgia for the 1950s with classic American automobiles, music of the era, and neon lights representing this golden age of the highway. Economic decline, and often the economic continuity of communities, is frequently found in interpretive materials. Finally, Route 66 museums are repositories of community memory as oral histories preserve the narratives of individuals and families who owned businesses on and lived near the road for multiple decades. We conclude with several observations about interpretative themes that are overlooked as well as regional differences in the geography of memory along Route 66. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the origins of the Datil pepper, a variety of the species Capsicum chinense that are produced in St. Augustine, Florida. Topics discussed include the role of the Minorcan migrant laborers in bringing Datil seeds to the Florida colony in the 18th century and the value of the pepper's Minorcan mythology in a cultural tourism context. Also discussed is a brief history of Spanish St. Augustine and the marketing of the Datil hot pepper sauce using its Minorcan origins.

The economic development of archaeological sites usually refers to tourism. The economic role of actual research is frequently ignored. This paper critically examines the benefits that field research yields, especially at the community level and particularly in the developing world. Its focus is on the economic impact of archaeology field school programmes populated by US-based students. Although most funding for field research is directed towards projects in developed countries, a significant portion is available - and directly supports - projects in developing countries. This paper presents data on archaeological field schools collected in the past five years from four different data sources - the Archaeological Institute of America, the Institute for Field Research, University of California Los Angeles Field Programs, and the Institute of International Education - and summarizes trends at the global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past two decades have witnessed momentous changes on the American South's heritage landscape. First, and most dramatically, ascendant civil rights museums have established themselves as bona fide heritage attractions. Second, and more subtly, a nascent movement on the part of plantation house museums is afoot to engage with the lives and labour of enslaved African Americans. The two trends are interrelated and the result is a regional heritage landscape that is more attuned to the dynamics of racial oppression than at any time in the past. Geographers and other tourism researchers have begun to document and analyse these changes, seeking to better understand the motives and implications that are reworking the region's heritage scene. The task remains, however, to develop a more nuanced understanding of audience reactions to the evolving content of southern heritage tourism. Drawn from two extent surveys of visitors to civil rights museums and a plantation museum, this article uses the concept of commemorative surrogation to interpret audience evaluations in order to better understand visitors’ assessment of the changing landscape of southern heritage tourism. Results of the analysis suggest that whereas concerns over deficient surrogation are held by visitors at both civil rights and plantation museums, charges of excessive surrogation are limited to civil rights museums. The implication for the cultural landscape is a potentially revived, searching assessment of the region's past. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Diaspora tourism refers to the travel of people in diaspora to their ancestral homelands in search of their roots or to feel connected to their personal heritage. Whereas most tourists become attached to a destination after repeat visits, the tourist-destination relation in diaspora tourism is unique because tourists with immigrant origins often feel connected to the people, culture, and heritage of the destination before actually visiting the place. This study explores the relationship between second-generation immigrants' attachment to their ancestral homeland and their journey back "home," focusing on whether or not the second generation could feel at home in their parents' country of origin versus their current country of residence. This study employs secondary data from two studies on second-generation immigrants in the US: the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study and the Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles study. Findings revealed that there was an association between the number of diaspora tourism trips and feeling at home in their parents' country of origin. Second-generation immigrants who considered both America and their ancestral homeland as home took the highest number of trips, and their transnational attachment to two countries reflected the dual loyalty and identity of people in diaspora. In addition, those who experienced extended stays were more likely to feel at home in their ancestral homeland. Whereas such relationship was not necessarily causal, both length and frequency of diaspora tourism trips were found to be associated with immigrants' connection to the land of their ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to unveil important information related to Indian diaspora tourists and examines promotional representations of India by the travel trade in the US. Key motivations of visits to India include the desire to strengthen family and friendly connections, to be in touch with themselves, and to feel a sense of belonging. For the most part, perceived images of India are congruent with the most frequently observed themes in the promotional representations. Representative dissonance to a moderate extent is also noted. The results of the study offer important implications for the travel trade and the homeland government on how to appeal to this niche market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connecticut Humanities (CTH), one of the largest and most prosperous state humanities councils in the countsy, created a model of the public humanities around the production of heritage tourism. State funding for heritage tourism helped CTH develop into a major advocacy organization that has provided funding and capacity building services to the state's heritage institutions while it also cultivated appreciation and understanding of Connecticut history. But because of state budget deficits and the failure of heritage tourism to sustain the state's history museums, heritage tourism may no longer offer a viable paradigm and CTH must likely develop a new model of the public humanities that engages more directly with public audiences and a wider variety of humanities organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ethnic inner city neighborhoods in US cities are rich in traditions, history, art, and cuisine but are also suffering from disinvestment, high poverty rates, and deterioration. In the face of a growing popularity of cultural tourism, an opportunity exists to explore how neighborhood cultural assets can be used to promote economic development in such neighborhoods. In this study we draw information from a literature review, surveys of merchants and cultural institutions in four ethnic neighborhoods of Los Angeles, and analysis of the characteristics and impact of existing cultural tourism programs in seven US cities to discuss the opportunities and challenges of using cultural tourism as an economic development strategy in ethnic inner city neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1998, the so-called "Chinatown buses" have grown from a niche service for Chinese immigrants to an important mode of intercity travel throughout the Northeastern United States. We argue that these buses serve as moving articulations, containers for passengers' perceptions of Chinatown. The Chinatown bus allows riders to explore their conflicted relationships to the Other, and to urban life. We present findings from focus groups with bus passengers ill Mandarin and English. Participants rendered Chinatown and the Chinatown bus as an "authentic" urban experience. These participants sought to establish themselves as experts, eager to share "insider knowledge" of the Chinatown bus that outsiders would not know. For some, the Chinatown bus is a liminal space where calculations of safety and risk are inverted: danger is part of the appeal. This paper situates these responses in literatures of authenticity, cultural tourism and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history, tourism and preservation of the 1860s gold rush area of Alder Gulch, Montana. State senator Charles A. Bovey and his wife Sue Ford Bovey's reinvention of Alder Gulch, including its reconstruction, rehabilitation and the use of artifacts, are presented. Particular focus is given to the putative historical inaccuracies, especially in the advent of automobiles and heating systems, in the reinvention of Alder Gulch so as to cater to tourists. Alder Gulch's designation as a U.S. National Historic Landmark, the creation of the two gold rush tourism sites Daylight Village in Virginia City, Montana and Nevada City, Montana, are also presented.

From the time that visitors from Europe and Americans began traveling to Japan in the late 19th century, the long-held and highly ritualized bathing customs of the Japanese have been a topic of much interest and curiosity. This paper first examines the history of bathing culture and customs in Japan from earliest times to the present, showing the deep significance bathing holds to the Japanese for both physical and moral cleanliness and the way it influenced how, where, and when the people bathe. The paper continues with views on bathing customs by visitors to Japan from the late Edo and Meiji Periods and on into the present day. Early travelers took great interest in these customs, especially in their direct contrast to contemporary beliefs about physical hygiene, and from this time to the present, many Western visitors to Japan have commented on bathing practices in their writings on Japan. That such a personal practice has received such public attention by outsiders attests to the large and visible place the custom of bathing has in the culture of the Japanese, and a look at the history behind this custom will further the reader's understanding of an important aspect of Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the global promotion and marketing of American indigenous culture by Lee Tiger, a Miccosukee Indian of North America. It explores the web site DiscoverNativeAmerica.com (DNA), the International Tourism Exchange (ITB) conference and exhibition in Germany, and the World Trade Market conference in London, England. Topics include heritage tourism, Native American business enterprises and entrepreneurship, and the history of tourism in South Florida. The advertising and promotion of various events, including the Annual Miccosukee Indian Arts Festival, which features intertribal dance, is examined.

In 2009, nearly 55 years after the U.S. participated in the drafting of the first international convention to exclusively address the protection of cultural property, the U.S. ratified the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. New developments concerning the U.S. implementation of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property through its legislation, the 1983 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act, continue to expand and test the parameters of the role of the U.S. in this international treaty regime. Finally, claims, recoveries, and restitution of looted, smuggled, and stolen cultural artifacts continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored how second-generation Chinese Americans, born and raised in the United States, redefined the concept of homeland through visiting China as tourists. Narratives from 35 interviewees revealed that their imagined personal connection to the ancestral land was often contested in the actual encounter. The differences in language, class, family structure, and gender roles overpowered a sense of affinity. At the same time, Hong Kong, where they could speak English and blend with local people, emerged as a surrogate home where their desire for homecoming was fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the tourism has become a important industry. Certainly, the most important international actors af this industry are tour operators. The tour operators which realize about 75 percent of the total tourism activity to Turkey have taken a very important mission from the point of Turkey tourism. The, Germany, Netherlands, England and USA tour operators, which have made the important part of the tours to our country, have also an important position in organizating cultural tour. When the cultural tours, which have been planned to Turkey by this countries, have been studied it is seen that these tours have containied more mass tourism areas or near areas of these region. It can be said that Turkey's not marketing its tourism correctly has be effective in this subject. With this research, it has been studied how the cultural attractions in Turkey have been perceived, consumed and marketed by abroad tour operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests a sustainable marketing protocol for heritage tourism institutions. The marketing plans of 24 museums across the United States are examined to grasp the empirical reality of the proposed model. The model is crafted along strategic marketing criteria, including measures such as environment analysis, level of local community involvement, partnership, and maintenance of traditional preservation-based objectives of the museums. A gap between the philosophical underpinnings of the proposed model and the existing marketing strategies is found. It is noted that the contemporary museum ethos in many regions of the United States is centered on short term plans and current survival. Additionally, regardless of locations, funding and short-termism dictate the core elements of all marketing plans. Overall, the results indicate that dedicated efforts and more awareness are needed to sustain the core purpose of contemporary museums. Using an applied approach, this study offers a unique and realistic perspective to a conceptually drawn framework. The results enhance the marketing literature, offer suggestions on how museum marketing plans could include sustainable elements and become part of a sustainable heritage tourism paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European American ethnic festivals play an important role in the maintenance of folk traditions and ethnic identity in America. Many of these festivals were established during a mid-twentieth-century period of diminishing Old World identity among second and third generation immigrants. The celebrations sought not only to revive ethnic identification by highlighting customs such as cuisine, music and dance, but also to boost the local economy by tapping into a burgeoning tourism destination market. Wilber, Nebraska, home to a large population of Czech Americans, resurrected such a festival in 1962 that had not been celebrated since 1937, and this paper explores a number of geographical, historical, cultural and political factors contributing to its initial and continued popularity as a regional ethnic festival. Also discussed are the commodified cultural items, including food, polka music, craftwork and traditional clothing that provide Czech Americans a means to engage in and maintain a satisfying level of ethnic identity without exerting significant amounts of money and time. The Czech Festival continues to benefit Wilber economically with tens of thousands of tourist visits each year, and surveys indicate that the maintenance of ethnic customs and identity in the community is increasingly becoming dependent on the festival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage sites important to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons) are scattered across the United States. The most famous is Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. A much more obscure site, Iosepa, is located in a desert valley west of Salt Lake City. Iosepa was a settlement of Hawaiian converts to the Mormon faith established in 1889 and abandoned in 1917. It was abandoned when plans for a Mormon temple in Hawaii were announced and most of the residents returned to the islands to help with its construction. Ignored until the centennial anniversary of its establishment, Iosepa is emerging as a heritage destination for Polynesians in the Utah region. The factors explaining its emergence as a heritage site are associated with a growing Polynesian population in the West and their recognition of the role early Hawaiians played in settling the region. The focal point of the site is the annual Memorial Day celebration when many people come to honour and celebrate the early Hawaiian pioneers. This paper examines the reasons Iosepa has turned into a heritage destination and its role in enhancing and maintaining the group identity of Utah Polynesians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spring 2001, former governor Douglas Wilder announced that he might locate the United States National Slavery Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Despite some recent changes, Fredericksburg's heritage tourism landscape, as it is built and performed, reproduces a white American nationalism extolling the virtues of individualism, valor, and free enterprise. The mere potential of adding the Museum to Fredericksburg's landscape engendered intense debates about the ways the City's cherished Colonial and Civil War pasts are remembered. In this article, I use recent literature on landscape, memory, and race to explore changes in how African-American histories are represented in and through the landscape. Then, I examine one venue for these debates–the letters-to-the-editor, op-ed pieces, and online reader responses published by Fredericksburg's newspaper of record, The Free Lance Star. In these texts, Museum opponents and supporters selectively deploy constructions of race, versions of Fredericksburg's past, and visions for the City's future to support their arguments. I conclude by noting how debates over the Slavery Museum continue to inform more recent proposals to change Fredericksburg's landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have been fascinated with the cowgirl persona for decades. She is a part of the history, heritage, and popular culture of the US. Cowgirls are a phenomenon of the US and represent women of independent spirit, courage, and determination. The purpose of this study is to explore how women perceive cowgirls before and after a visit to the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Ft. Worth, Texas. Freelisting was used to elicit responses from participants regarding their feelings about the exhibits in the museum. Analysis revealed that the cowgirl persona is read by women as a complex and diverse phenomenon. It was also determined that a tour of the museum alters women's perceptions and awareness of cowgirls and their various accomplishments. The insights gained from this study could be used to develop an in-depth study on women's perceptions of female identities and what they take away from their museum experiences. The information can also be used to further women-centered scholarship with an eye toward gaining greater understanding of women's lives and potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores on the memory studies concerning the memorialization of the history in the southern part of the U.S. It looks at how the citizens have recorded and immortalized the significant events in the history of the country, particularly the southern part of the nation, through monuments, museums, special days, and sacred and semi-sacred commemorative rituals and traditions and cites how these things of the past were packaged and marketed as heritage tourism. Meanwhile, the southern part of the country, compared to the other states and regions, bears its unforgettable past on its shoulders, and the region became a focus of history and memorialization research.

The past we associate with ourselves, "Others," and particular spaces--be they historical sites or global communities--is central to the study of current global transformative cultural processes. Thus, investigating the uses and narratives of history among tourists and their local "hosts," we might gain important insights into how we try to make sense of the ever-changing present and our place in it. One way of doing so would be to apply the analytical terminology discerned in this article. Taking a number of studies as a point of departure, the article suggests a way of "mapping" the uses and narratives of history in international heritage tourism contexts. The proposed typology should not be conceived as static, but rather as a conceptual attempt to assist public historians as they reflect upon the dynamics of heritage-tourism contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the United States Code had long recognized the importance of "objects of cultural heritage," it was not until November 2002, that the seriousness of rare book, map, or manuscript theft was reflected in federal sentencing guidelines. This article describes several categories of theft that are now recognized as being of a serious nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay that explores heritage tourism and women's history within the context of the history of Washington state is presented. The author examines the lack of attention paid to women's history in historical depictions and discusses how Washington's heritage organizations can improve heritage tourism by focusing on the contributions that women have made to the state's history.

Abstract: There are a growing number of industrial cities in which promoting tourism maybe a helpful tool for urban restructuring and economic development. This paper identifies six key attributes of developing industry heritage tourism from the previous literature. These attributes have been used to evaluate a proposal for the National Historic Jeep Museum by the city of Toledo, Ohio. The investigation revealed that although the potentials for conserving and interpreting the museum are valued highly, there exist conflicting views by various stakeholders. Problems are attributed to poor community perceptions, a lack of strong support from the Jeep industry, the controversial reuse of existing facilities, ill-informed economic benefits and the issue of authenticity. The implications of the study provide suggestions for future improvements in the development of industry heritage tourism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heritage tourism has evolved to include study of sub‐segments who travel to attend and participate in historical event re‐enactments. In the US, the bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific coast and back again is being commemorated from its point of departure to its end. This paper is an exploratory study of a sample of re‐enactment tourists who attended three of the Lewis and Clark events. The role that re‐enactment tourism plays in heritage tourism is examined and preliminary findings on perceptions of nostalgia and authenticity of the re‐enactment products and events are presented. Preliminary managerial benefits and suggestions for host communities are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilises a motive-based segmentation to understand tourists to cultural heritage sites in Arizona, USA. The data for this study were collected through mail survey from a representative sample of 671 tourists to three Native American cultural heritage sites. Using cluster analysis based upon motives for cultural history learning, three distinct segments were found: (1) 'culture-focused,' (2) 'culture-attentive' and (3) 'culture-appreciative' tourists. These groups differed significantly in terms of behaviour, experience and interpretation. The culture-focused segments spent longer at the sites, stayed more nights away from home, considered visiting archeological sites as their primary activity, and placed more importance on interpretation. In addition, the culture-focused groups were more satisfied with their trip, appreciated the preservation of archeological resources and reported more learning experiences. Overall, the study supports the notion that heterogeneity exists within cultural heritage tourist markets. Implications of these findings in conceptualisation, management and marketing cultural heritage tourism are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes considerations for making living history museum curatorial decisions and agendas visible to spectators in the United States. The author also examines the emerging mode of second-person interpretation and the hands-on activities and programming offered by living history museums. A critique of the historiographic practices that living museums conduct through the use of costumed performance is also presented by the author.

Arguing that heritage sites offer a particularly porous boundary between anthropologists and the discursive and social worlds of their informants, this article suggests that a public interest approach to research at such sites has the potential to capitalise on that porosity in ways that may be able to address anthropology’s traditional concerns with social inequality. The article uses a case study of a folk‐life demonstration at a US industrial heritage site to show how anthropological analysis might move beyond simply documenting patterns of exclusion and exoticism. By participating more actively in forums already populated by heritage professionals, convening new and more inclusive meeting grounds for discussion of heritage issues, and producing broader ethnographic studies of heritage sites, anthropologists can extend their analyses into more public and activist arenas, ultimately reframing the contemporary anthropological encounter as it occurs within social spaces created by heritage discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Civil War re-enacting is important because participation in this leisure time activity is exhibiting significant growth in the U.S., yet little is known about the motivations and consumption behaviors of participants. This research explores the phenomenon of Civil War reenacting from two perspectives: (1) filmed interviews with a Confederate unit operating in the Pacific Northwest, and (2) survey data from Civil War re-enactors (both Union and Confederate members) across the U.S. The findings provide useful implications for those interested in developing a heritage tourism program for their state or community and confirm the growing importance of experiential consumption and the experience economy (Pine & Gilmore, 1999; Popcorn, 2003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines how the practices of heritage tourism reproduce identities in and of Fredericksburg, Virginia, ht particular, we focus on the everyday practices of tourism workers who are essential in the representation and reproduction of this heritage space. In so doing, we want to move away from research in geography that theorizes representation and embodiment as distinct realms of experience and inquiry. Instead, we argue that representation is work and within this very material process, city workers weave memory with history as they guide visitors through 'America's Most Historic City'. Through an examination of three of Fredericksburg's tourism work environments we show how representations succeed in reproducing heritage tourism spaces precisely because representation is work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US military bases in the British Western Atlantic colonies, negotiated between Churchill and Roosevelt and formalised in the 1941 Destroyers-Bases Agreement, were all abandoned by the 1990s. In the process of their reuse the question of heritage meanings arises. From existing thoughts on heritage in older military bases, the paper considers the legitimacy of recent (living memory) bases as heritage, by reference to various cases among which Malta is particularly persuasive. The Churchill-Roosevelt bases and their heritage potential are then reviewed. The paper examines the three principal naval/military bases involved, namely Argentia (Newfoundland), Bermuda and Chaguaramas (Trinidad), with respect to what heritage perspectives exist among redevelopment agencies and other concerned institutional actors. In all cases heritage constitutes a recessive if not contentious issue among the priorities of base reuse in now post-colonial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of marketing thought during the post-World War II years, great strides have been made in developing more sophisticated methods for profiling consumers of hospitality and tourism goods and services. The purpose of this study was to develop a profile of visitors that was based on lifestyle and activity level preferences and personal values. These psychographic measures were then compared to relevant demographic data provided by study participants. Study findings showed that the visitors' demographic characteristics were extremely homogeneous, especially their level of educational attainment. Respondents were also very homogeneous with regard to theft lifestyle and activity level preferences and theft personal values systems. In addition, the study identified the presence of interaction between respondents' lifestyle preferences and personal values according to theft gender. The study findings are relevant to marketing researchers and practitioners who are seeking avenues to enhance the effectiveness of marketing outreach and promotional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]