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Data-based instruction (DBI) is a process in which teachers use progress data to make ongoing instructional decisions for students with learning disabilities. Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a common form of progress monitoring, and CBM data are placed on a graph to guide decision-making. Despite the central role that graph interpretation plays in the successful implementation of DBI, relatively little attention has been devoted to investigating this skill among special education teachers. In the present study, we examined the data decisions of 32 U.S. pre-service special education teachers (29 females and 3 males). Participants viewed data presented sequentially on CBM progress graphs and used a think-aloud procedure to explain their reasoning each time they indicated they would make instructional changes. We also asked participants to make the same type of decisions in response to static CBM progress graphs depicting 10 weeks of data. Overall, there was inconsistency in pre-service teachers' responses related to when or why they would make an instructional change. Decisions were often influenced by graph-related features, such as variability in the data. Furthermore, responses suggested misunderstandings that led to premature instructional change decisions and reliance on individual data points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by pandemic-transformed instruction, this paper examines the digital accessibility of five tech tools used in information literacy sessions, specifically for students who use assistive technologies such as screen readers. The tools are Kahoot!, Mentimeter, Padlet, Jamboard, and Poll Everywhere. First, we provide an overview of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and digital accessibility definitions, descriptions of screen reading assistive technology, and the current use of tech tools in information literacy instruction for student engagement. Second, we examine accessibility testing assessments of the five tech tools selected for this paper. Our data show that the tools had severe, significant, and minor levels of digital accessibility problems, and while there were some shared issues, most problems were unique to the individual tools. We explore the implications of tech tools' unique environments as well as the importance of best practices and shared vocabularies. We also argue that digital accessibility benefits all users. Finally, we provide recommendations for teaching librarians to collaborate with campus offices to assess and advance the use of accessible tech tools in information literacy instruction, thereby enhancing an equitable learning environment for all students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delineating the boundaries of numerous watersheds is essential for hydrological analysis in the big data era. Various techniques, such as ArcGIS, have been developed to delineate watershed boundaries. However, existing techniques suffer from two laborious manual processes: (a) Determine flow accumulation thresholds through trial and error to derive digital stream networks; (b) Manually relocate watershed outlets to the correct stream networks. Here, we proposed an automatic outlet relocation (AOR) algorithm for rapid watershed delineation without manual processing. The AOR algorithm relocates outlets to correct stream networks by analyzing flow accumulation gradients along the flow directions. An experiment using the AOR algorithm in 1,398 watersheds across the contiguous United States showed that 94.1% of the watersheds were correctly delineated, compared to 81.3% accuracy of the ArcGIS relocation algorithm (Snap Pour Point). In addition, the AOR algorithm took 58 min to delineate the 1,398 watersheds on a 90 m‐resolution flow direction, while the ArcGIS algorithm required 586 min to perform the same task. Thus, the AOR algorithm offers an opportunity to automatically delineate a large number of watersheds for hydrological simulations in the big data era. Software with a graphical user interface for the AOR algorithm is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/xiejx5/watershed_delineation). Key Points: An automatic outlet relocation (AOR) algorithm was developed to circumvent the manual processes in ArcGIS watershed delineationAn experiment in 1,398 watersheds showed AOR had 94.1% accuracy, compared to ArcGIS's 81.3% accuracyAOR provides a tool to automatically delineate a large number of watersheds for hydrological simulations in the big data era [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article reviews the missions of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the evolution of its electronic health record (EHR), the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA). This system, along with its clinical graphical user interface the Computerized Patient Record System, form a key link in VA health care. A Veteran who receives healthcare through the VA can have their EHR accessed by clinicians at any VA healthcare facility across the United States and its territories. Data aggregated daily at a corporate data warehouse supports VA quality improvement and research. Organizing Construct: Serving over 9 million Veterans, the VA is one of the largest integrated healthcare systems in the United States. It has been a leader in the development and use of healthcare informatics, EHR, and big data analytics for over 30 years. Nurses engaged in major roles in the evolution of these developments. Conclusions: With over 500 nurses as members, the Office of Nursing Informatics' Field Alliance demonstrates the VA's continuing commitment to fostering nursing informatics. The commitment includes investment by the VA to develop nursing informaticists from among its own staff. Clinical Relevance: Exemplars of the impact of nursing informatics are shared. Future directions include an EHR that begins during military service and follows the Veteran into VA health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of risk factors associated with hypertension patients has been extensively studied in the past decades. However, the pattern of natural progressive trajectories to hypertension from nonhypertensive states was rarely explored. In this study, we are interested in discovering the underlying transition patterns between different blood pressure states, namely normal state, elevated state, and hypertensive state among the working population in the United States. A multi-state Markov model was built based on 88,966 clinical records from 34,719 participants we collected during the worksite preventive screening from 2012 to 2018. We first investigated the various risk factors, and we found that body mass index (BMI) is the most critical factor for developing new-onset hypertension. The transition probabilities, survival probabilities, and sojourn time of each state were derived given different levels of BMI, age groups, and gender categories. We found the underweight participants are more likely to remain in the current nonhypertensive states within 3 years, while extremely obese participants have a higher probability of developing hypertension. We discovered the distinct transition patterns among male and female participants. On average, the sojourn time in the normal state for normal-weight participants is 4.33 years for females and 2.18 years for their male counterparts. For the extremely obese participants, the average sojourn time in the normal state is 1.38 years for females and 0.71 years for males. In the end, a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) application was developed for clinicians to visualize the impact of behavioral interventions on delaying the progression of hypertension. Our analysis can provide a unique insight into hypertension research and proactive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate semiautomated surgical lens extraction procedures using the optical coherence tomography (OCT)–integrated Intraocular Robotic Interventional Surgical System. Stein Eye Institute and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. Experimental study. Semiautomated lens extraction was performed on postmortem pig eyes using a robotic platform integrated with an OCT imaging system. Lens extraction was performed using a series of automated steps including robot-to-eye alignment, irrigation/aspiration (I/A) handpiece insertion, anatomic modeling, surgical path planning, and I/A handpiece navigation. Intraoperative surgical supervision and human intervention were enabled by real-time OCT image feedback to the surgeon via a graphical user interface. Manual preparation of the pig-eye models, including the corneal incision and capsulorhexis, was performed by a trained cataract surgeon before the semiautomated lens extraction procedures. A scoring system was used to assess surgical complications in a postoperative evaluation. Complete lens extraction was achieved in 25 of 30 eyes. In the remaining 5 eyes, small lens pieces (≤1.0 mm3) were detected near the lens equator, where transpupillary OCT could not image. No posterior capsule rupture or corneal leakage occurred. The mean surgical duration was 277 seconds ± 42 (SD). Based on a 3-point scale (0 = no damage), damage to the iris was 0.33 ± 0.20, damage to the cornea was 1.47 ± 0.20 (due to tissue dehydration), and stress at the incision was 0.97 ± 0.11. No posterior capsule rupture was reported. Complete lens removal was achieved in 25 trials without significant surgical complications. Refinements to the procedures are required before fully automated lens extraction can be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serial crystallography is a powerful technique in structure determination using many small crystals at X‐ray free‐electron laser or synchrotron radiation facilities. The large diffraction data volumes require high‐throughput software to preprocess the raw images for subsequent analysis. ClickX is a program designated for serial crystallography data preprocessing, capable of rapid data sorting for online feedback and peak‐finding refinement by parameter optimization. The graphical user interface (GUI) provides convenient access to various operations such as pattern visualization, statistics plotting and parameter tuning. A batch job module is implemented to facilitate large‐data‐volume processing. A two‐step geometry calibration for single‐panel detectors is also integrated into the GUI, where the beam center and detector tilting angles are optimized using an ellipse center shifting method first, then all six parameters, including the photon energy and detector distance, are refined together using a residual minimization method. Implemented in Python, ClickX has good portability and extensibility, so that it can be installed, configured and used on any computing platform that provides a Python interface or common data file format. ClickX has been tested in online analysis at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X‐ray Free‐Electron Laser, Korea, and the Linac Coherent Light Source, USA. It has also been applied in post‐experimental data analysis. The source code is available via https://github.com/LiuLab‐CSRC/ClickX under a GNU General Public License. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets forth why sui generis legislation geared towards graphical user interfaces (GUIs), based on both U.S. and international law, is best for framing GUI protection in the U.S. and abroad. The first part of this article focuses on the current protection afforded to computer software programs and GUIs in the U.S. and in certain jurisdictions abroad, and the issues that arise with these protections. An analysis of this type is needed to better understand how protection can be improved. The second part of this article then focuses on reasons why GUIs need uniquely adapted protection. This discussion includes a comparison of GUI design to other subject matter designs that have previously been adopted into or modified by existing intellectual property law. The final part of this article shifts to a discussion advocating for the adoption of a sui generis U.S. law that contains certain aspects of current intellectual property law derivedfrom the U.S. and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRISM, a new forest management decision support system, was developed for United States national forest planning at the same time existing tools were deprecated. PRISM has a friendly graphical user interface to facilitate model development, database management, sensitivity analysis, and data visualization. It integrates SQLITE engine for database storage and exploration. It supports both classic forest planning Model I and II to schedule management activities and achieve multiple management objectives through the lifecycle of a forest plan. Multiple models may be created through the PRISM interface and solved in batch mode for convenient sensitivity analysis. Various options to visualize model outputs are available through the embedded JFREECHART library. The open-source nature of PRISM makes it free to use and allows for long-term software development and collaboration. This paper presents the architecture, core functionality, and selected applications of PRISM in the United States national forest planning. • PRISM is an open-source user-friendly decision support system for forest planning. • PRISM schedules forest management activities to achieve long-term desired conditions with a goal programming approach. • PRISM supports model development, database management, data visualization, and sensitivity analysis. • Multiple national forests in the United States Northern Region have used PRISM to support land management planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses copyright law and intellectual property protection of graphical user interface (GUI) in the U.S. as of August 2014. Topics discussed include an introduction to GUI, arguments for its protection, and weaknesses and strengths of current protection regimes. A hybrid protection solution is also proposed.

We describe our design and implementation of a dual-objective course-timetabling system for the Science Division at Rollins College, and we compare the results of our system with the actual timetable that was manually constructed for the Fall 2009 school term. The course timetables at Rollins, as at most colleges in the U.S., must be created before students enroll in classes, and our 'wish list' of pairs of classes that we would like to offer in non-overlapping timeslots is considerably larger than if we were to consider only those that absolutely must be in non-overlapping timeslots. This necessitates assigning different levels of conflict severity for the class pairs and setting our objective to minimize total conflict severity. Our second objective is to create timetables that result in relatively compact schedules for the instructors and students. In addition to our automatic construction, a second, equally important component of our system is a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to participate in the input, construction, and modification of a timetable. In the input phase, course incompatibility, instructor and student preferences, and desire for compact schedules all require subjective judgments. The GUI allows the user to quantify and convert this information to the weighted-graph model. In the construction and modification phase, the GUI enables the user to directly assign or reassign courses to timeslots while guided by heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A web-tool to estimate the profit effects of center pivot irrigated cotton. [•] Operational details and GUI design area presented here. [•] Assumptions and approximations made in the tool’s design are summarized. [•] Directions are provided for accessing the application on the web. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

At the hillslope profile and/or field scale, a simple Windows graphical user interface (GUI) is available to easily specify the slope, soil, and management inputs for application of the USDA Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model. Likewise, basic small watershed configurations of a few hillslopes and channels can be created and simulated with this GUI. However, as the catchment size increases, the complexity of developing and organizing all WEPP model inputs greatly increases due to the multitude of potential variations in topography, soils, and land management practices. For these types of situations, numerical approaches and special user interfaces have been developed to allow for easier WEPP model setup, utilizing either publicly available or user-specific geospatial information, e.g., digital elevation models (DEMs), geographic information system (GIS) soil data layers, and GIS land use/land cover data layers. We utilize the Topographic Parameterization (TOPAZ) digital landscape analysis tool for channel, watershed, and sub-catchment delineation and to derive slope inputs for each of the subcatchment hillslope profiles and channels. A user has the option of specifying a single soil and land management for each subcatchment or utilizing the information in soils and land use/land cover GIS data layers to automatically assign those values for each grid cell. Once WEPP model runs are completed, the output data are analyzed, results interpreted, and maps of spatial soil loss and sediment yields are generated and visualized in a GIS. These procedures have been used within a number of GIS platforms including GeoWEPP, an ArcView/ArcGIS extension that was the first geospatial interface to be developed in 2001. GeoWEPP allows experienced GIS users the ability to import and utilize their own detailed DEM, soil, and/or land use/land cover information or to access publicly available spatial datasets. A web-based GIS system that used MapServer web GIS software for handling and displaying the spatial data and model results was initially released in 2004. Most recently, Google Maps and OpenLayers technologies have been integrated into the web WEPP GIS software to provide significant enhancements. This article discusses in detail the logic and procedures for developing the WEPP model inputs, the various WEPP GIS interfaces, and provides example real-world geospatial WEPP applications. Further work is ongoing in order to expand these tools to allow users to customize their own inputs via the internet and to link the desktop GeoWEPP with the web-based GIS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we present the “R&W Simulator” (version 3.0), a Java simulator of Rescorla and Wagner''s prediction error model of learning. It is able to run whole experimental designs, and compute and display the associative values of elemental and compound stimuli simultaneously, as well as use extra configural cues in generating compound values; it also permits change of the US parameters across phases. The simulator produces both numerical and graphical outputs, and includes a functionality to export the results to a data processor spreadsheet. It is user-friendly, and built with a graphical interface designed to allow neuroscience researchers to input the data in their own “language”. It is a cross-platform simulator, so it does not require any special equipment, operative system or support program, and does not need installation. The “R&W Simulator” (version 3.0) is available free. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

TEAM I is the final product of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope (TEAM) Project, a collaborative project funded by the Department of Energy with the goal of designing and building a platform for a next generation aberration-corrected electron microscope capable of image resolution of up to 50 pm. The TEAM instrument incorporates a number of new technologies, including spherical- and chromatic-aberration correction, an all-piezo-electric sample stage and an active-pixel direct electron detector. This article describes the functionality of this advanced instrumentation, its response to changes in environment or operating conditions, and its stability during daily operation within the National Center for Electron Microscopy user facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extreme physics of targets shocked by NIF's 192-beam laser is observed by a diverse suite of diagnostics. Many diagnostics are being developed by collaborators at other sites, but ad hoc controls could lead to unreliable and costly operations. A diagnostic control system (DCS) framework for both hardware and software facilitates development and eases integration. Each complex diagnostic typically uses an ensemble of electronic instruments attached to sensors, digitizers, cameras, and other devices. In the DCS architecture each instrument is interfaced to a low-cost WINDOWS XP processor and JAVA application. Each instrument is aggregated with others as needed in the supervisory system to form an integrated diagnostic. The JAVA framework provides data management, control services, and operator graphical user interface generation. DCS instruments are reusable by replication with reconfiguration for specific diagnostics in extensible markup language. Advantages include minimal application code, easy testing, and high reliability. Collaborators save costs by assembling diagnostics with existing DCS instruments. This talk discusses target diagnostic instrumentation used on NIF and presents the DCS architecture and framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among several hydrological models developed over the years, the most widely used technique for estimating direct runoff depth from storm rainfall i.e., the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Service's (SCS) Curve Number (CN) method was adopted in the present study. In addition, the Muskingum method, which continues to be popular for routing of runoff in river network, was used in the developed model to route surface runoffs from different subbasin outlet points up to the outlet point of the catchment. SCS CN method in combination with Muskingum routing technique, however, required a detailed knowledge of several important properties of the watershed, namely, soil type, land use, antecedent soil water conditions, and channel information, which may not be readily available. Due to this complexity of semi-distributed conceptual approach (SCS CN method) and non-linearity involved in rainfall-runoff modeling, researchers also attempted another less data requiring approach for runoff prediction, i.e., the neural network approach, which is inherently suited to problems that are mathematically difficult to describe. The purpose of this study was to compare the rainfall-runoff modeling performance of semi-distributed conceptual SCS CN method (in combination with Muskingum routing technique) with that of empirical ANN technique. The models were coded in C language and to make them user friendly, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was also developed in Visual Basic 6.0. The developed models were tested for Kangsabati catchment, situated in the western part of West Bengal, India. Monsoon data of 1996 to 1999 were used for calibration of the models whereas they were validated for another four years (1987, 1989, 1990, and 1993) monsoon data. Modeling efficiency (ME) and coefficient of residual mass (CRM) were used as performance indicators. Results indicated that for Kangsabati catchment, the empirical runoff prediction approach (ANN technique), in spite of requiring much less data, predicted daily runoff values more accurately than semidistributed conceptual runoff prediction approach (SCS CN method). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We obtained recommendations for a graphical user interface (GUI) design for a new medical monitoring system. Data were obtained from 26 combat-experienced medics. Volunteers were briefed on the medical monitoring system. They then completed a questionnaire on background medical treatment experience, provided drawings on how and what information should be displayed on the GUI screens for use on a personal digital assistant, and participated in focus group sessions with four to seven medics per group to obtain group consensus on what information the GUI screens should contain. Detailed displays on seven screens provide the medical and situational awareness information medics need for triage decisions and for early processing of a casualty. The created GUI screens are a combination of object-based and text-based information using a color-coded system. Medics believed the information displayed with these GUI designs would improve treatment of casualties on the battlefield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NASA and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are collaborating to produce a global map of the Earth using Landsat S Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) remote sensor data from the period of 2004 through 2007. The map is composed of thousands of scene locations, and for each location there are tens of different images of varying quality to choose from. Constraints and preferences on map quality make it desirable to develop an automated solution to the map-generation problem. This article formulates a global map-generator problem as a constraint-optimization problem (GMG-COP) and describes an approach to solving it using local search. The article also describes the integration of a GMG solver into a graphical user interface for visualizing and comparing solutions, thus allowing for solutions to be generated with human participation and guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic libraries customize, support, and provide access to myriad information systems, each with complex graphical user interfaces. The number of possible information entry points on an academic library Web site is both daunting to the end-user and consistently challenging to library Web site designers. Faced with the challenges inherent in designing online search interfaces and the ever-growing amount of resources available online, Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries sought to explore how to build effective search interfaces that, at the same time, support a wide variety of computer users and provide comprehensive access to assorted collections of electronic resources. Over a nine-month period, the libraries designed, implemented, and tracked the usage of two different search interfaces on their home page. Each interface allowed users to choose between four different search targets. In this case study, the authors discuss the complexities of designing search interfaces, outline findings from the nine-month study, evaluate the effectiveness of the two interface designs, and talk about future research in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay discusses important developments in the history of the computer from the perspective of their impact on opportunities for crime and victimization. It examines the definitions of a computer and computer crimes used by the U.S. government in regulating the conduct related to the use of computers. It presents data on computer crime and the widespread adoption of the personal computer (PC), graphical user interface, and high-level programming languages. Advances in computers and crime are also discussed.

This article evaluates and compares several geographic information systems (GIS) used in forestry in the United States. PC-GIS version 3.8 is an advanced software package that utilizes a graphic user interface which aids in creating an environment that is easy to understand by users. Global Mapper version 6 is more image-oriented than PC-GIS. MapMaker Pro version 3.5 is a highly functional GIS software package, offering the ability to customize data to the user's specifications. Manifold version 6 incorporates many of the most important functional components for geographic analysis and others. Lastly, fGIS is a freeware designed for resource managers who need a quick and easy way to make decisions regarding planning, organizing and employing resource management techniques and decisions.

For the past ten years, Georgia Institute of Technology has been developing a robot mission specification system, called MissionLab, which allows users to design and execute autonomous mobile robot missions using a graphical user interface (GUI). MissionLab supports planning of robot missions suitable for military applications, including explosive ordinance disposal, indoor assessment missions (such as locating biohazards), and outdoor waypoint navigation. According to recent surveys these types of robotic missions are also useful for civilian law enforcement applications.

Summary: Track data hubs provide an efficient mechanism for visualizing remotely hosted Internet-accessible collections of genome annotations. Hub datasets can be organized, configured and fully integrated into the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser and accessed through the familiar browser interface. For the first time, individuals can use the complete browser feature set to view custom datasets without the overhead of setting up and maintaining a mirror.Availability and implementation: Source code for the BigWig, BigBed and Genome Browser software is freely available for non-commercial use at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/jksrc.zip, implemented in C and supported on Linux. Binaries for the BigWig and BigBed creation and parsing utilities may be downloaded at http://hgdownload.cse.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/. Binary Alignment/Map (BAM) and Variant Call Format (VCF)/tabix utilities are available from http://samtools.sourceforge.net/ and http://vcftools.sourceforge.net/. The UCSC Genome Browser is publicly accessible at http://genome.ucsc.edu.Contact: donnak@soe.ucsc.edu [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses U.S. patent 9,412,349, which is for a graphical keyboard interface for a virtual musical instrument.

The article reports that innovative user authentication and identity management technologies developer Authernative Inc. has been awarded U.S. Patent No. 7,188,314 for a user authentication method and interface, titled “System and method for user authentication interface.” The technology features a graphical user interface supporting an interactive client-server authentication based on Random Partial Pattern Recognition algorithm. It significantly decreases the entropy leakage.

Discusses the function of graphical user interfaces (GUI) in interacting with software systems in the U.S. Response of GUI to mouse movements or menu selections; Techniques used in testing GUI for correctness; Guideline used for determining testing adequacy in conventional computer software.

Mathematical models have become indispensable tools for studying vadose zone flow and transport processes. We reviewed the history of development, the main processes involved, and selected applications of HYDRUS and related models and software packages developed collaboratively by several groups in the United States, the Czech Republic, Israel, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Our main focus was on modeling tools developed jointly by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, and the University of California, Riverside. This collaboration during the past three decades has resulted in the development of a large number of numerical [e.g., SWMS_2D, HYDRUS-1D, HYDRUS-2D, HYDRUS (2D/3D), and HP1] as well as analytical (e.g., CXTFIT and STANMOD) computer tools for analyzing water flow and solute transport processes in soils and groundwater. The research also produced additional programs and databases (e.g., RETC, Rosetta, and UNSODA) for quantifying unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. All of the modeling tools, with the exception of HYDRUS-2D and HYDRUS (2D/3D), are in the public domain and can be downloaded freely from several websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the firm Intelliden has received two U.S. patents for its network configuration systems. One patent covers a system and method for communicating with network devices and a global graphical user interface for communicating with various network devices. The other patent covers a network configuration manager which can configure the Internet infrastructure.

The article reports on the release of Leica Virtual Explorer 3.1 software tool enhancer for third-party integration and for additional texture and navigation options by Leica Geosystems AG in the U.S. It features automatic placement of 3D models by using GIS vector layers, tile texture and 3D roofs. This version allows users to customize a default graphical user interface and scene content in a native language with the use of unicode support. With the presence of ActiveX control, Leica Virtual Explorer is expected to be easily embedded in third-party applications. Developers may also create applications and tools using toolkit API.