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Homework is a common instructional practice that is used to motivate students, develop students' studying skills and habits, inform parents about student learning, and increase student achievement. Homework provides an opportunity for students to revisit daily topics, and improve students' understanding of math concepts and problem-solving skills, helps students learn from their mistakes, and prepare for tests. One of the primary goals of this study was to find the trends of homework frequency. This study used TIMSS [Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study] 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015 data for Singapore, United States, Slovenia, and Turkey. The study used hierarchical multiple regression analyses to examine the relationship between homework frequency and student achievement in fourth- and eighth-grade mathematics in Slovenia, Singapore, Turkey, and US. The study also sought optimal homework frequencies in those countries. The study found that homework frequency significantly effects student achievement in 8th grade but not in 4th grade. The study also found that trend of the assigning homework from 2003 to 2015 is negative both in 4th and 8th grades in all selected countries, except in Turkey.

Tobacco smoke from regular cigarettes contains a number of harmful chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, benzene, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, and tobacco-derived nitrosamines. About 1% of over 7000 chemical substances formed by burning tobacco are identified as the leading causes or possible risk factors of smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and emphysema. The concept of heating tobacco without combustion and smoke has been designed for more than two decades. The products developed with this idea, known as "Heat-Not-Burn" tobacco cigarettes, were first introduced in the late 1980s but did not achieve commercial success. However, the tobacco giants have been trying to remarket tobacco heating systems with new technological and modified features for over 10 years. I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking (iQOS®) is one of the latest heat-not-burn tobacco products, first launched in Japan and Italy. The company then made a submission to the Food and Drug Administration as a modified-risk tobacco product application to sell its own tobacco-heating device iQOS® under its Marlboro® brand in the USA with reduced-risk claims in 2016, but it was rejected. This device is, however, now sold in more than four dozen countries. There are some striking claims that iQOS®, which is described as a novel hybrid product between traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, offers an alternative way to substantially reduce the amount of harmful components compared with traditional cigarettes by its new technology in which tobacco is heated up to 350°C instead of being burnt. It is claimed to produce vapour containing nearly 90% less toxic substances than cigarette smoke and not be a source of second-hand smoking negatively affecting indoor air quality. The purpose of this article is to objectively review the potential effects of iQOS® on human health and the environment by searching and integrating the published research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homework is a common instructional practice that is used to motivate students, develop students' studying skills and habits, inform parents about student learning, and increase student achievement. Homework provides an opportunity for students to revisit daily topics, and improve students' understanding of math concepts and problem-solving skills, helps students learn from their mistakes, and prepare for tests. One of the primary goals of this study was to find the trends of homework frequency. This study used TIMSS 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015 data for Singapore, United States, Slovenia, and Turkey. The study used hierarchical multiple regression analyses to examine the relationship between homework frequency and student achievement in fourth- and eighth-grade mathematics in Slovenia, Singapore, Turkey, and US. The study also sought optimal homework frequencies in those countries. The study found that homework frequency significantly effects student achievement in 8th grade but not in 4th grade. The study also found that trend of the assigning homework from 2003 to 2015 is negative both in 4th and 8 grades in all selected countries, except in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at understanding how the arrangement of fluvial sedimentary deposits and their physical properties influences the formation and location of liquefaction features resulting from earthquake strong ground motions. The study site is located in the Mississippi River floodplain in the New Madrid seismic zone of the central United States, an area that hosts abundant liquefaction deposits resulting from both historic and prehistoric earthquake sequences. We combine satellite imagery, electrical resistivity tomography, soil textural analyses and ditch exposures of liquefaction features to develop a model of how the spatial distribution of sedimentary deposits, such as point bars, overbank, levee, backswamp and channel-fill, contribute to pore pressure build-up and subsequent development of liquefaction features, such as sand dikes and sand blows, as water and entrained sediment forcefully flow toward the surface. The model helps to explain (1) the abundance of earthquake-induced liquefaction features present in the Mississippi River valley, where fine- to medium-grained saturated sands are interbedded with or overlain by fine-grained portions of channel-fill, levee, overbank or backswamp deposits, and (2) the concentration of liquefaction features along the margins of abandoned-channel fill, point bar and overbank deposits, as seen in other locations worldwide. This understanding can contribute to identifying areas where liquefaction may be a threat to engineered structures and limiting the extent of areas in which detailed engineering geology measurements (e.g., in situ testing) may be necessary. • Arrangement of fluvial sediments strongly influences the location of liquefaction features. • Satellite data are used to identify potential locations for liquefaction investigations. • Resistivity models explain liquefaction occurrence along abandoned stream channels margins. • The model explains the relations of sand blows in the Mississippi River floodplain deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background:  Liposuctions are among the most frequently performed operations in plastic surgery worldwide. They are offered as inpatient as well as outpatient procedures. In the outpatient setting, tumescent anaesthesia is used in various forms. There is ambiguity about the amount of lipoaspirate that can be removed safely in an outpatient setting, and also about the monitoring of parameters and the duration of postoperative care., Material and Methods:  A systematic literature review was conducted with the help of the MEDLINE data base of the U. S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the bibliographic search engine Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com) of Google LLC. The key words "Liposuction Anesthesia" and "Liposuction Guidelines" were used. All items resulting from the search were checked for thematic concordance and further analysed by their level of evidence, significance and availability., Results:  After the literature review, a total of 197 items were identified for further analysis. The analysis of the international and German literature yielded a systematic overview of recommendations., Conclusions:  Tumescence anaesthesia in an outpatient setting has various advantages, e. g. cost reduction for provider and patient as well as avoidance of the risk profile of general anaesthesia. Also patients can change their position autonomously, which can be beneficial for surgery. However, there are limitations in terms of the lipoaspirate volume that can be removed safely. With increasing lipoaspirate volumes, more local anaesthetic is needed, which also increases the postoperative monitoring time. In the authors view, tumescent anaesthesia should only be used for small-volume and localised liposuctions. Liposuction in general anaesthesia offers more advantages, especially with increasing lipoaspirate volumes., Competing Interests: Die Autorinnen/Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)