Search

Indigenous communities in the United States experience some of the highest rates of food insecurity and diet-related diseases despite an abundance of food assistance programs and other public health interventions. New approaches that center Indigenous perspectives and solutions are emerging and urgently needed to better understand and address these challenges. This Practice Note shares lessons learned from ongoing collaboration between the Karuk Tribe and University of California, Berkeley researchers and other partners to assess and enhance food sovereignty among Tribes and Tribal communities in the Klamath River Basin. Through two participatory research and extension projects, we demonstrate the importance of centering Indigenous knowledge to strengthen research findings and identify more culturally appropriate solutions to community identified food access, health, and ecosystem challenges. Key findings suggest that approaches to food sovereignty and community health must emanate from the community, be approached holistically, reflect community values and priorities, and center Indigenous land stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved an investigation of the relationship between the kinds of solution representations Chinese and U.S. students use and the sorts of pedagogical representations Chinese and U.S. teachers use during instruction. The findings suggest that the representations teachers use influence the representations their students use and, hence, have an impact upon the students' problem solving. One of the practical implications of the findings is that if students are given the opportunity to construct their own representations of mathematical concepts, rules, and relationships, they also should be encouraged to develop the ability to use symbolic representations, rather than to rely on concrete ones. In addition, the finding that the Chinese teachers in this study overwhelmingly used symbolic representations for the solutions of instructional tasks, whereas the U.S. teachers relied almost exclusively on verbal explanations and pictorial representations, indicates that pedagogical practice is constrained by social and cultural factors. (Contains 3 figures and 7 tables.)

The use of the extremity tourniquet in military environments has reduced preventable deaths due to exsanguinating hemorrhage, leading to increased use in civilian settings. However, the outcomes of contemporary prehospital tourniquet use in civilian settings are not well-described nationally. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and outcomes following prehospital tourniquet use by emergency medical services (EMS) in the United States. All trauma activations reported to the National EMS Information System 2019 (NEMSIS) were included. Patients who had ≥1 tourniquet applied were identified. Descriptive analyses were used to compare characteristics between tourniquet and no-tourniquet cohorts. Coarsened exact matching was performed to generate a k2k match (on age, sex, lowest-systolic blood pressure, initial patient acuity, provider's initial impression, injury mechanism, and presence of upper/lower extremity injuries) and used to compare outcomes. Trauma patients who may have potentially benefited from tourniquet application (extremity injury, shock index ≥1 and no documented tourniquet application) were identified. A total of 7,161 tourniquets were applied among 4,571,379 trauma activations (1.6/1000 activations). Patients in the tourniquet cohort were younger (40 ± 18 vs 52 ± 26 mean ± SD years), more hypotensive (16.1% vs. 2.5%) and had higher initial acuity (65.0% critical/emergent vs. 20.6%) [p < 0.01 for all]. A total of 7,074 patients in the tourniquet cohort were matched with 7,074 patients in the non-tourniquet cohort. Post-match analysis revealed that the patients in tourniquet cohort had a higher final acuity (80.8% vs. 75.0%, p < 0.01), lower scene-time (15.4 ± 13.6 vs. 17.0 ± 14.2 mean ± SD minutes, p < 0.01), and higher survival-to-hospital (83.6% vs. 75.1%, p < 0.01). A total of 141,471 trauma patients who may have potentially benefited from tourniquet application were identified. Prehospital tourniquet use by EMS in the United States is associated with lower scene-time and improved survivability to hospital. Results indicate that patients might benefit from wider tourniquet use in the civilian prehospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lower back pain is the fifth most common reason for visiting a physician in the United States. Degenerative disc disease, degenerative spondylolisthesis, arthritis, and facet arthrosis are leading causes for lumbar spinal stenosis. The previous gold standard involved open laminectomy combined with medial facetectomy and foraminotomy. The advent of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and endoscopic technologies has led to less invasive and targeted interventions. In this study, the authors aim to show a five-year experience using a three-blade retractor for lumbar decompression and microdiscectomy. A database review of a single spine surgeon over the last 5 years with a total of 306 patients undergoing single-level lumbar decompression with and without microdiscectomy. The average age was 47 ± 12 years and the average BMI was 29.7 ± 5.7 kg/m2 with a total of 52% male patients. Operative levels included L3-4, L4-L5, and L5-S1, with 65% of procedures at the L5-S1 level and follow-up was for two years. Overall mean VAS back scores decreased from 7.9 ± 1.6 to 2.5 ± 1.1 at two-year follow-up, p = 0.001. Preoperative ODI scores improved from 32.1 ± 5.1 to 17.9 ± 4.3 at two-year follow-up, p = 0.002. The mean EBL and surgeon time was 21 ± 15 ml and 35 ± 17 min, respectively. This less exposure surgery technique can be performed to allow lumbar decompression, with or without microdiscectomy. This is an anatomy preserving technique with improved outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Caustic ingestion, whether intentional or unintentional, may result in significant morbidity. Our aim was to provide an estimate of the incidence and outcomes of caustic ingestion among emergency department (ED) visits across the United States. Methods The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) is part of the family of databases developed for the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We analyzed NEDS for the period 2010–2014. Adults (≥18 years of age) with a diagnosis of caustic ingestion were identified by ICD-9 codes. The weighted frequencies and proportions of caustic ingestion-related ED visits by demographic characteristics and disposition status were examined. A weighted multivariable logistic regression model was performed to examine factors associated with inpatient admission for caustic ingestion-related visits. Results From 2010 to 2014, there were 40,844 weighted adult ED visits related to caustic ingestion among 533.8 million visits (7.65/100,000, 95% CI 7.58/100,000–7.73/100,000), resulting in over $47 million in annual cost. Among ED visits related to caustic ingestion, 28% had comorbid mental and substance use disorders. Local and systemic complications were rare. There was significant regional, gender, and insurance variability in the decision as to perform endoscopy. Males, insured patients, patients domiciled in the Southeast region of the United States, and patients with mental or substance use disorders had significantly higher percentages of receiving endoscopic procedures. Overall, 6,664 (16.27%) visits resulted in admission to the same hospital and 1,063 (2.60%) visits resulted in transfer to another hospital or facility. The risk factors for admission were increasing in age, male gender, local or systemic complications related to caustic ingestion, and comorbid mental and substance use disorders. A total of 161 (0.39%) patients died related to caustic ingestion. Conclusion Our results from NEDS provide national estimates on the incidence of caustic ingestions involving adults seen in US EDs. Further studies are needed to examine the standard management of caustic ingestion and investigate the factors causing variability of esophagogastroduodenoscopy performance and caustic ingestion care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Prehospital blood product transfusion in trauma care remains controversial due to poor-quality evidence and cost. Sequential expansion of blood transfusion capability after 2012 to deployed military medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) units enabled a concurrent cohort study to focus on the timing as well as the location of the initial transfusion.Objective: To examine the association of prehospital transfusion and time to initial transfusion with injury survival.Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective cohort study of US military combat casualties in Afghanistan between April 1, 2012, and August 7, 2015. Eligible patients were rescued alive by MEDEVAC from point of injury with either (1) a traumatic limb amputation at or above the knee or elbow or (2) shock defined as a systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg or a heart rate greater than 120 beats per minute.Exposures: Initiation of prehospital transfusion and time from MEDEVAC rescue to first transfusion, regardless of location (ie, prior to or during hospitalization). Transfusion recipients were compared with nonrecipients (unexposed) for whom transfusion was delayed or not given.Main Outcomes and Measures: Mortality at 24 hours and 30 days after MEDEVAC rescue were coprimary outcomes. To balance injury severity, nonrecipients of prehospital transfusion were frequency matched to recipients by mechanism of injury, prehospital shock, severity of limb amputation, head injury, and torso hemorrhage. Cox regression was stratified by matched groups and also adjusted for age, injury year, transport team, tourniquet use, and time to MEDEVAC rescue.Results: Of 502 patients (median age, 25 years [interquartile range, 22 to 29 years]; 98% male), 3 of 55 prehospital transfusion recipients (5%) and 85 of 447 nonrecipients (19%) died within 24 hours of MEDEVAC rescue (between-group difference, -14% [95% CI, -21% to -6%]; P = .01). By day 30, 6 recipients (11%) and 102 nonrecipients (23%) died (between-group difference, -12% [95% CI, -21% to -2%]; P = .04). For the 386 patients without missing covariate data among the 400 patients within the matched groups, the adjusted hazard ratio for mortality associated with prehospital transfusion was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.84, P = .02) over 24 hours (3 deaths among 54 recipients vs 67 deaths among 332 matched nonrecipients) and 0.39 (95% CI, 0.16 to 0.92, P = .03) over 30 days (6 vs 76 deaths, respectively). Time to initial transfusion, regardless of location (prehospital or during hospitalization), was associated with reduced 24-hour mortality only up to 15 minutes after MEDEVAC rescue (median, 36 minutes after injury; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.17 [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.73], P = .02; there were 2 deaths among 62 recipients vs 68 deaths among 324 delayed transfusion recipients or nonrecipients).Conclusions and Relevance: Among medically evacuated US military combat causalities in Afghanistan, blood product transfusion prehospital or within minutes of injury was associated with greater 24-hour and 30-day survival than delayed transfusion or no transfusion. The findings support prehospital transfusion in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that early transfusion of plasma or RBCs improves survival in patients with severe trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Time to initiate transfusion is the critical factor. It is essential that transfusion begin in the prehospital environment when transport times are longer than approximately 15 to 20 minutes. Unfortunately, logistic constraints severely limit the use of blood products in the prehospital setting, especially in military, remote civilian, and mass disaster circumstances, where the need can be most acute. US military requirements for logistically supportable blood products are projected to increase dramatically in future conflicts. Although dried plasma products have been available and safely used in a number of countries for over 20 years, there is no dried plasma product commercially available in the United States. A US Food and Drug Administration-approved dried plasma is urgently needed. Considering the US military, disaster preparedness, and remote civilian trauma perspectives, this is an urgent national health care issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the reform of stock exchanges in the U.S. and comments on other papers on the topic. He states that institutional trading has grown and has shown shortcomings in the equity market. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Committee then reformed the minimum commission rate structure of the equity market. This has created a fully competitive financial market.

The article reports on a study which looked at the factors influencing the success on certified public accountants (CPA) examinations in the U.S. The research provides information on the correlation of certain variables with test scores on each of the four sections of the examination and with average test scores for all the sections. Results indicated that scholastic record in college, inherent academic ability, as indicated by the scores on the College Entrance Examination Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, were correlated with success on the CPA exam.

Financial writers discuss the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange (ASE), and the Over-the-Counter market (OTC) in separate terms because: (1) there is little or no overlap in the stocks in the three locations, (2) requirements for "listing" or trading among the three markets differ, and (3) there are variations in procedures for purchase and sale of stock. Little attention, however, has been given to the notion that these geographically separated markets might in fact have fundamental economic characteristics that distinguish them. Evidence that the three market segments are considered virtually synonymous is provided by the fact that the most widely quoted stock market indicator series (and in most cases the only indicators mentioned) are the Dow-Jones 30 Industrials, the Standard and Poor's 425 Industrials, and recently the New York Stock Exchange Index. A seldom-noted fact, and one of considerable importance, is that all of these stock market indicators limit their samples to stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Employing one of these indicators to describe what is happening to common stock prices in general implies that either the NYSE is the only relevant segment of the stock market, or that as the NYSE goes, so goes all other segments of the stock market. The initial section of this study examines the relationship between alternative price-indicator series for the NYSE, the relationship between the alternative NYSE price-indicator series and the ASE Index, and the relationship between the NYSE and ASE price-indicator series and the NQB OTC Industrial Average. The subsequent section examines the relationship between the alternative series during various subintervals between 1960 and 1968. This is followed by an examination of the price-indicator series relationships over time. The final discussion is concerned with some of the implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on a paper published within the issue, "Elimination of the Double Taxation of Dividends and Corporate Financial Policy," by Robert H. Litzenberger and James C. Van Horne. Within their paper, the authors assume a pure auction exchange in which traders possess substantial market power and there are no specialists or arbitrageurs. The author commends the paper for its use of simulation to assess the implications of various rules, regulations and market conditions on the functioning of our capital markets. Positive benefits to the use of limit orders in the interest of improved market liquidity are noted. Several criticisms of the paper are presented. The author finds little use for the study's main findings regarding significant negative correlation.

The article presents an institutional, ideological and comparative perspective regarding Japanese legal reform. It discusses inevitable consequences of legal reform in a democratic country by comparing substantive and procedural justice in the Japanese and American legal systems. It informs that citizen participation in adjudication departs the rule of law ideals of neutrality and objectivity and accepts emotional, social, and political factors for rule of law.

The Blackbird district, east-central Idaho, contains the largest known Co reserves in the United States. The origin of strata-hosted Co-Cu ± Au mineralization at Blackbird has been a matter of controversy for decades. In order to differentiate among possible genetic models for the deposits, including various combinations of volcanic, sedimentary, magmatic, and metamorphic processes, we used U-Pb geochronology of xenotime, monazite, and zircon to establish time constraints for ore formation. New age data reported here were obtained using sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) microanalysis of (1) detrital zircons from a sample of Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic metasedimentary country rock in the Blackbird district, (2) igneous zircons from Mesoproterozoic intrusions, and (3) xenotime and monazite from the Merle and Sunshine prospects at Blackbird. Detrital zircon from metasandstone of the biotite phyllite-schist unit has ages mostly in the range of 1900 to 1600 Ma, plus a few Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic grains. Age data for the six youngest grains form a coherent group at 1409 ± 10 Ma, regarded as the maximum age of deposition of metasedimentary country rocks of the central structural domain. Igneous zircons from nine samples of megacrystic granite, granite augen gneiss, and granodiorite augen gneiss that crop out north and east of the Blackbird district yield ages between 1383 ± 4 and 1359 ± 7 Ma. Emplacement of the Big Deer Creek megacrystic granite (1377 ± 4 Ma), structurally juxtaposed with host rocks in the Late Cretaceous ca. 5 km north of Blackbird, may have been involved in initial deposition of rare earth elements (REE) minerals and, possibly, sulfides. In situ SHRIMP ages of xenotime and monazite in Co-rich samples from the Merle and Sunshine prospects, plus backscattered electron imagery and SHRIMP analyses of trace elements, indicate a complex sequence of Mesoproterozoic and Cretaceous events. On the basis of textural relationships observed in thin section, xenotime and cobaltite formed during multiple episodes. The oldest age for xenotime (1370 ± 4 Ma), determined on oscillatory-zoned cores, may date the time of initial cobaltite formation, and provides a minimum age for the host metasedimentary rocks. Additional Proterozoic xenotime growth events occurred at 1315 to 1270 Ma and ca. 1050 Ma. Other xenotime grains and rims grew in conjunction with cobaltite during Cretaceous metamorphism. However, ages of these growth episodes cannot be precisely determined due to matrix effects on 206Pb/238U data for xenotime. Monazite, some of which encloses cobaltite, uniformly has Cretaceous ages that mainly are 110 ± 3 and 92 ± 5 Ma. These data indicate that xenotime, monazite, and cobaltite were extensively mobilized and precipitated during Middle to Late Cretaceous metamorphic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the significance of prehospital data in providing care for U.S. wounded military personnel. It says that the U.S. military lacks documentation of the actual care in the tactical setting, while strategies such as the Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC), has limited data. It states that this scarcity doubles the risk of preventable deaths which mostly occur in the prehospital phase. The article also provides several recommendations on combat casualty care.

The emergence of Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI) questions the validity of reported Lyme disease (LD) cases throughout the southern United States. Acute symptoms are identical, and an efficient method of diagnosis is currently unavailable, with the cause(s) in question. The etiologic agent of LD, Borrelia burgdorferi, is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged Tick), while Amblyomma americanum (Lone Star Tick) is known to carry B. lonestari, the bacterium associated with cases of STARI. Peromyscus leucopus (White-footed Mouse) is a very efficient reservoir for these bacteria and tolerant of their vectors. We sampled small (<3 ha) and large (>3 ha) forest patches in Virginia for tick densities, burdens, and infestation rates by collecting ticks by drag sampling and from mice. We also tested ticks for infection by Borrelia. Although mouse density was greater in small patches, tick densities, burdens, and infestation rates did not differ with patch size. B. burgdorferi was not detected in any tick species, but 3.4% of nymphal and 5.9% of adult Lone Star Ticks removed from vegetation were infected with B. lonestari. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of reflux disease is increasing. Health-care utilization including physician visits for this disorder is lacking. Our purpose was to analyze the trend in physician visits for GERD from the period 1995-2006 using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We also sought to determine health-care utilization for GERD indirectly by assessing prescription trends for proton-pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers during the period.Methods: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey is a survey of approximately 3,000 office-based physicians that uses a three-stage probability sampling procedure to allow extrapolation to the US population. All visits between 1995 and 2006 for symptoms and/or diagnoses compatible with GERD were combined into a single categorical variable. Weighted data was utilized for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis.Results: After weighting, there were N = 321,513 adult ambulatory care encounters for all diagnoses. Visits for reflux increased throughout the examined period. Using logistic regression, visits for reflux were associated with female gender, age over 40, and calcium channel blocker use. Proton-pump inhibitor use increased substantially during the study period while H2 blocker use declined. Family practitioners and internists saw the majority of reflux patients.Conclusions: The frequency of ambulatory visits in the United States for gastroesophageal reflux disease increased significantly between 1995 and 2006. The use of PPI therapy is increasing even more substantially. Older age, female gender, and use of calcium channel blockers were associated with a higher frequency of GERD visits. Health-care utilization for this disorder is increasing perhaps due to our ever-increasing epidemic of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most prevalent human enzyme deficiency. affecting an estimated 400 million people worldwide. G6PD deficiency increases erythrocyte vulnerability to oxidative stress and may precipitate episodes of hemolysis when individuals are exposed to triggering agents. Although central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) does occur in G6PD-deficient individuals. G6PD-deficient individuals exposed to oxidative stressors have not been previously reported to have an increase in CRVO incidence. This is a case of an Army Ranger who deployed to Afghanistan with unrecognized G6PD deficiency and was placed on primaquine following his return to the United States and subsequently developed CRVO. Primaquine is a well-recognized cause of hemolysis in individuals with G6PD deficiency. Hemolytic anemia may contribute to thrombosis as a result of increased erythrocyte aggregation and erythrocyte--endothelium interaction. This case underscores the continued need for routine G6PD screening and avoidance of known triggers in G6PD-deficient individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the efforts of the U.S. Navy Operational Medical Lessons Learned Center (NOMLLC) to collect medical lessons learned from deployed units and translate them into effective remedial action. One useful technique to supplement submitted after-action reports (AARs) is identified as personal visits by lessons learned collectors stationed at NOMLLC. Military medical conference is also considered as a good source of lessons learned information. The use of web site by NOMLLC for the presentation of information collected is discussed.

OBJECTIVES: Achalasia is a rare chronic disorder of esophageal motor function. Single-center reports suggest that there has been greater use of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia in the United States since its introduction in 1992. We aimed to study the trends of Heller myotomy and the relationship between surgery volume and perioperative outcomes. DATA AND METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) is a 20% stratified sample of all hospitalizations in the United States. It was used to study the macro-trends of Heller myotomy hospitalizations during 1993–2005. We also used the NIS 2003–2005 micro-data to study the perioperative outcomes of Heller myotomy hospitalizations, using other achalasia and laparoscopic cholecystectomy hospitalizations as control groups. The generalized linear model with repeated observations from the same unit was used to adjust for multiple hospitalizations from the same hospital. RESULTS: The national estimate of Heller myotomy hospitalizations increased from 728 to 2,255 during 1993–2005, while its mean length of stay decreased from 9.9 to 4.3 days. Of the 1,117 Heller myotomy hospitalizations in the NIS 2003–2005, 10 (0.9%) had the diagnosis of esophageal perforation at discharge. Length of stay was negatively correlated with a hospital's number of Heller myotomy per year (correlation coefficient −0.171, P < 0.001). In multivariate log-linear regressions with a control group, a hospital's number of Heller myotomy per year was negatively associated with length of stay (coefficient −0.215 to −0.119, both P < 0.001) and total charges (coefficient −0.252 to −0.073, both P < 0.10). These findings were robust in alternative statistical models, specifications, and subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS: On a national level, the introduction of laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia was associated with greater use of surgery and shorter length of stay. A larger volume of Heller myotomy in a hospital was associated with better perioperative outcomes in terms of shorter length of stay and lower total charges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very few basal attachments of the spiralled fenestrate bryozoan Archimedes are known. A newly discovered specimen is interpreted to have grown on a thin cylindrical ephemeral substratum that extended above the sediment-water interface, allowing paired spirals to develop and to extend in opposite directions when the colony was very small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the risk and return performance of the high-yield securities in the U.S. Development of bond indexes; Comprehension of the fixed-income and equity research techniques; Analysis of operating and credit variables.

This article analyzes the changing volatility of the government bond market in the U.S. from the 1950s to the 1990s, and the relationship between bond market and stock market volatility. We have documented and analyzed changes in the volatility of the U.S. bond market over the 50-year period between 1950 and 1999. The examination of bond market volatility indicated significant differences in volatility over time, with major peaks occurring in 1958 and 1970 to 1972, and the highest volatility in 1980 to 1982. Our analysis of stock market volatility also indicated significant changes in stock market volatility over time. An analysis of the relationship between the volatilities of the two asset classes indicated a low and volatile relationship. Overall, an analysis of the volatility of bonds relative to the volatility of stocks indicated that the relationship is very unstable.

Explores the financing of law schools in the United States. Relationship between the expenditure and income of law schools; Per student instructional cost; Comparative economics of small and large law schools; Direct and indirect costs.

Universities and public officials have sought for many years to establish closer relationships. This study surveys directors of organized university programs designed to assist public officials and two groups of practitioners-state government officials and local government managers. The study examines the extent to which these practitioner groups use these university services and their judgment of the quality as compared with services from private sector consultants. The study also examines how closely the priorities of the university directors match those of the practitioners on program areas and the methods used to deliver university products. The study compares whether the perceptions of the directors more closely match those of the state or the local government group. Finally, the study analyzes the impact of the ways in which university programs are organized on the congruence of the priorities of university directors and the practitioner groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports results of a survey of university presidents concerning their priorities among programs of continuing education, applied research, and technical assistance or consulting to assist state and local public officials. It also reports how their priorities for those programs compare with their support of more traditional university programs and of university services for other groups, including business and professional, agricultural, general public, and labor. Comparisons of priorities are made between land grant and non-land grant universities. The study also examines whether universities with such programs are likely to continue and expand them and whether universities without such programs are likely to initiate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents marketing vision for the U.S. for the 1990s. Leadership; Communication; Coordination; Team work; Information technology; Integration.

Discusses the benefits of business networking in the U.S. Creation of the networks on a foundation of mutual trust and support between members; Gains provided by networking from a marketing perspective; Description on the networking process.

Focuses on the effectiveness of direct mail campaign in the U.S. Applications of direct mail; Sources of mailing lists; Importance of internal database.

This study uses an experimental approach to analyze variables hypothesized to influence specialists' behavior in establishing opening prices on the New York Stock Exchange. Participants in this study are actual NYSE specialists. A factorial design is employed, and data are analyzed using the analysis of variance model. Current demand and supply data are shown to have the most significant impact on specialists' decisions, with limit order book information and inventory position also proving to be significant and consistent for specialists participating in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial variability in consumer attraction to retail firms may be considered a function of the location of individual retail establishments. A statistical analysis of spatial relationships of important locational considerations was conducted in the city of Waco, Texas. The results of the analysis indicate that location of competition and investment factors are extremely important considerations when attempting to explain differences in the number of consumers attracted to retail firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a survey of high school and college student attitudes toward local, state, and federal government in one Georgia college community. The students were asked to respond to statements about governmental employees on a five-point scale ranging from "agree" to "disagree." Student attitude responses were related to independent variables such as age, sex, political party preference, nature of home town, academic rank, parental occupation, and income. The findings of this survey indicate that attitudes toward the three levels of government are similar to the findings of earlier studies. The sample with a lower socioeconomic makeup, for example, had a more favorable attitude toward the public service. Other important findings of this survey are as follows: 1. Attitudes changed abruptly between the ages of 18 and 21. 2. Women had generally better attitudes than did men toward the public service. 8. Rural students had a poorer attitude toward all government, particularly local, than did their city-raised student colleagues. 4. Negro respondents had a better attitude toward all levels of government than did whites. 5. Local government consistently received the poorest attitude responses. 6. State government consistently received the most favorable responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on research projects and methods in the field of educational sociology in the United States. During the year of 1920 and again two years later a committee of the National Education Association canvassed the opinion of those who were interested in tests and measurements as to the possibility of objective measures of character. The first serious attempts at the study of character employed rating devices. Widely and excessively used prior to 1920, almost completely discredited by 1925, ratings have recently returned to the fold of respectability. The recent return of ratings to respectability has been due to improvements in ways of collecting such data, to supporting evidence from other measures, and to a clearer recognition of their functions and limitations. If ratings are obtained from several different groups as teachers, classmates, club leaders, and parents, the special prejudices of these groups tend to cancel each other with a resulting gain in validity.

Several charts are presented pertaining to the major activities of males and females with age of ten to twenty-four including major activities of white and Negro in urban areas, rural farm areas and rural non-farm areas in the United States. Other charts include the major activities of females in California, Texas and New York City such as being gainfully employed and being married.

The article offers information on the significance of spectroscopy to scientific experiments in the U.S. These tools are used by scientists for uncovering the energetic structure of their object of study because it provides a range of information on the object. Most often, the objects of interest include the nuclei of complex molecules for study by nuclear magnetic resonance or electrons of unknown substances for optical spectroscopy, wherein scientists probed weak electromagnetic radiation over a range of frequencies.

In this article, the author focuses on impact of combat casualty care for mass casualty events in the U.S. He informs that principles of combat casualty care should be classified in three phases including point of injury, care during transport to the hospital and hospital-based treatment provided to mass casualty victims. He also mentions that management of severely injured patients can include strategies of treatment of hemorrhagic shock and damage control resuscitation.

This article examines whether the U.S. government can afford academic debate. The truth is, the government cannot afford it. However, if one thinks of educating the students in debate as expensive, then one should see the cost of ignorance. Debate, particularly academic debate, has for sometime been directly involved with training participants in research and structure of argument and refutation. It can and does provide the participant with training and development of those skills so necessary for use in a free society.