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Historians have long contended that Emory Upton (1839-81) was a "militaristic zealot" whose anti-democratic ideas caused generations of U.S. Army officers to sink into "Uptonian pessimism," a belief that democracies were unable to manifest a coherent military policy. This essay argues otherwise. First, it contends that Upton was not a militarist and that he intended his reforms to protect democracy, not undermine it. Second, it argues that the U.S. Army officer corps in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not mired in pessimism, Uptonian or otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the attacks of critic Emory Upton on the role of citizen soldier in the United States military. Information on the academic historians who criticized Upton's evaluation of citizen soldiers; Value of Upton's emphasis on discipline and training; His involvement in military reform efforts; Discussion on the books he has written.

Abstract: This paper examines the development of innovation in human tissue technologies as a form of regenerative medicine, firstly by applying ‘pollution ideas’ to contemporary trends in its risk regulation and to the processes of regulatory policy formation, and secondly by analysing the classificatory processes deployed in regulatory policy. The analysis draws upon data from fieldwork and documentary materials with a focus on the UK and EU (2002–05) and explores four arenas: governance and regulatory policy; commercialisation and the market; ‘evidentiality’ manifest in evidence-based policy; and publics’ and technology users’ values and ethics. The analysis suggests that there is a trend toward ‘purification’ across these arenas, both material and socio-political. A common process of partitioning is found in stakeholders’ attempts to define a clear terrain, which the field of tissue-engineered technology might occupy. We conclude that pollution ideas and partitioning processes are useful in understanding regulatory ordering and innovation in the emerging technological zone of human tissue engineering. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]