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This paper evaluates the effect of US state corporate income taxes on union wage premiums. American workers who belong to unions are paid more than their non-union counterparts, and this difference is greater in low-tax locations, possibly reflecting that unions and employers share tax savings associated with low tax rates. In 2000, the difference between average union and non-union hourly wages was $1.88 greater in states with corporate tax rates below four percent than in states with tax rates of nine percent and above. Controlling for observable worker characteristics, a one percent lower state tax rate was associated with a 0.17 percent higher union wage premium, suggesting that workers in a fully unionized firm capture roughly 31 percent of the benefits of low tax rates. By 2019, state tax rates appear to have little effect on the union wage premium, reflecting changes in union power and the opportunity cost of capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of the corporate income taxes on the wages earned by employees in the U.S. It states that the research has proven that the relationship between corporate taxes and wages has been observed to give a negative impact on wages particularly on low-income workers. The article also discusses the concept and evolution of the state corporate taxes and examines the effect of such taxes on wages earned by highly educated workers, as well as low-income laborers in the society.

This paper uses data from high technology industry clusters in U.S. cities to establish a strong positive relationship between city, industry cluster (and university) R&D, and subsequent employment in the same industry cluster and city. Perhaps surprisingly, in view of recent results that heterogeneity favors growth, we found no evidence for spillovers from R&D in any one high technology cluster to employment in any other. However, spillover benefits from specialization appear microeconomically plausible in our context, though the data panel is too short to obtain any conclusions regarding growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the relationship between university research and development (R&D) expenditure and employment using annual data from high technology sectors of metropolitan statistical areas in the United States from 1988 to 1991. Hypotheses explaining the development of high technology clusters in the vicinity of major university R&D activity; Preliminary data analysis; Discussion on the econometric results.

Discusses the welfare effects of the restructuring of large corporations in the U.S. Influence of banks on corporate management; Information on the effectivity of different management styles; Efficiency of collective bargaining and formalized contracts.

The strikingly different behaviour of important economic aggregates in the United States and other industrial countries has received surprisingly little attention from economists. Among recent exceptions, however, Gordon (1982) has shown that wages and hours of work are much more flexible in the United Kingdom and Japan than in the United States. This paper offers an explanation for the contrasting layoff and hours of work experience between the United States and elsewhere, which moves away from the standard, somewhat institutional, reasons. We argue that differences in the application of the payroll tax system for funding unemployment insurance provide a new, and potentially important, approach to explaining these phenomena. In general terms, we have chosen to emphasise the important distinction between employment and hours adjustment because we believe that this has not been given sufficient attention in the related literature.[1]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a detailed structural analysis in the Gavilan Hills area in southeastern California to provide evidence to confirm the view that the Chocolate Mountains fault is a normal fault involved in the exhumation of the schist. Geologic setting; Rock types and mineral assemblages; Structure.

In this article, authors describe components of a national mental health program and ways in which survey data can be useful to those who are charged with directing such programs in the U.S., as of March 1, 1953. In order to establish effective programs, public health administrators need to know about the extent of the problem with which they deal. There are several aspects to this need. The problem includes not only the number of people who are ill, the nature of their illness and the development and financing of services for treatment or for preventive programs, but also orientations that people have towards using these services that are available to them. Surveys can be very helpful in increasing knowledge of all these aspects of the problem. Research workers in the field of public opinion have developed a high degree of skill in defining and in reaching populations and samples of respondents, they have established some variables, which relate to the validity of responses secured in interviews.

This research unpacks the challenges and motivations of telehealth usage among older consumers-an understudied population in the extant telehealth literature. Through surveying a sample of older consumers who regularly migrate to winter in the southern areas of the United States, our qualitative analysis uncovers motivations (i.e., convenience, ease of use, efficiency, and a forced option) and challenges (i.e., telehealth limitations, privacy concerns, and lack of trust, access, and skills) of older consumers' telehealth usage. Furthermore, logistic regression identifies attitude toward telehealth, gender, and health status as significant predictors of telehealth usage behavior. Contributions to theory and practice are also discussed.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a tiered testing strategy for chemical hazard evaluation based on new approach methods (NAMs). The first tier includes in vitro profiling assays applicable to many (human) cell types, such as high-throughput transcriptomics (HTTr) and high-throughput phenotypic profiling (HTPP). The goals of this study were to: (1) harmonize the seeding density of U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells for use in both assays; (2) compare HTTr- versus HTPP-derived potency estimates for 11 mechanistically diverse chemicals; (3) identify candidate reference chemicals for monitoring assay performance in future screens; and (4) characterize the transcriptional and phenotypic changes in detail for all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as a model compound known for its adverse effects on osteoblast differentiation. The results of this evaluation showed that (1) HTPP conducted at low (400 cells/well) and high (3000 cells/well) seeding densities yielded comparable potency estimates and similar phenotypic profiles for the tested chemicals; (2) HTPP and HTTr resulted in comparable potency estimates for changes in cellular morphology and gene expression, respectively; (3) three test chemicals (etoposide, ATRA, dexamethasone) produced concentration-dependent effects on cellular morphology and gene expression that were consistent with known modes-of-action, demonstrating their suitability for use as reference chemicals for monitoring assay performance; and (4) ATRA produced phenotypic changes that were highly similar to other retinoic acid receptor activators (AM580, arotinoid acid) and some retinoid X receptor activators (bexarotene, methoprene acid). This phenotype was observed concurrently with autoregulation of the RARB gene. Both effects were prevented by pre-treating U-2 OS cells with pharmacological antagonists of their respective receptors. Thus, the observed phenotype could be considered characteristic of retinoic acid pathway activation in U-2 OS cells. These findings lay the groundwork for combinatorial screening of chemicals using HTTr and HTPP to generate complementary information for the first tier of a NAM-based chemical hazard evaluation strategy., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: There is a steady decline in the general surgery workforce in rural areas of the United States. In response, some surgery residency programs have developed rural tracks to encourage rural practice and adequately prepare trainees for this setting., Objective: To compare the practice type and location of graduates from general surgery residency programs with and without a dedicated rural track between 2011-2020., Methods: General surgery residency programs with and without a rural track were identified using the American Medical Association Residency and Fellowship Electronic Interactive Database and the Rural Surgery Program list from the American College of Surgeons. Graduates of these programs who entered general surgery practice between 2011-2020 were subsequently identified from individual residency program websites and tracked to their current practice setting using a Google search of first and last name and residency affiliation. Practice location was identified by zip code or county name and coded by Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC, Economic Research Service, USDA)., Results: We identified 2,582 general surgery residency graduates from 2011 to 2020 across 66 residency programs. Of these graduates from programs without a rural track, 23.6% entered general surgery practice without additional fellowship training, compared to 34.0% from residency programs with a rural track (p = 0.019). Community or University-based program designation was not associated with decision to enter general surgery practice over fellowship training (p = 0.420). Proportion of graduates entering rural practice as defined by RUCC groups 7-9 was not associated with having a rural program track or with community or university-based program status., Conclusion: Residency programs with a rural track produce a higher proportion of graduates entering general surgery compared to fellowship, though they are no more likely than programs without a rural track to produce graduates who ultimately practice in rural areas., (Copyright © 2021 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. Although a promising solution of the COVID-19 vaccination offers hope, disparities in access again threaten the health of these communities. Various explanations have arisen for the cause of disparate vaccination rates among racial and ethnic minorities, including discussion of vaccine hesitancy. Conversely, the role of vaccine accessibility rooted in structural racism as a driver in these disparities should be further explored. This paper discusses the impact of structural barriers on racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We also recommend public health, health system, and community-engaged approaches to reduce racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and mortality.