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Abstract: This paper examines the effect of the movement of inventors on their productivity (measured by the rate of patent production) as well as the effect of knowledge spillovers on the patenting behavior of the inventors. We studied the patenting behavior of a sample of inventors in the US Telecom industry. The study shows two significant patterns: for the mobile inventors, there is a visible declining trend in the average patenting performance compared to those who stayed with the same company. This declining productivity trend is however compensated by an increased knowledge gain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Knowledge spillovers have been considered a major driver for the increased rate of innovation in technological clusters. In this study, we respond to some recent calls for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of localized knowledge exchange, by focusing on the effect of local sources of knowledge on inventors in telecommunication clusters. We differentiate between the different types of knowledge in our model for knowledge accessibility, and present a framework for knowledge exchange within clusters. We empirically test this model on inventors across the USA, where we compare the responses of inventors in clusters to inventors who are not in clusters. The results highlight the significance of the `local buzz', and the dynamics of knowledge spillovers are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, and there is a substantial disparity in BC mortality by race, especially for early-onset BC in Black women. Many guidelines recommend starting BC screening from age 50 years; however, the current one-size-fits-all policy to start screening all women from a certain age may not be fair, equitable, or optimal., Objective: To provide race and ethnicity-adapted starting ages of BC screening based on data on current racial and ethnic disparities in BC mortality., Design, Setting, and Participants: This nationwide population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using data on BC mortality in female patients in the US who died of BC in 2011 to 2020., Exposures: Proxy-reported race and ethnicity information was used. The risk-adapted starting age of BC screening by race and ethnicity was measured based on 10-year cumulative risk of BC-specific death. Age-specific 10-year cumulative risk was calculated based on age group-specific mortality data without modeling or adjustment., Main Outcomes and Measures: Disease-specific mortality due to invasive BC in female patients., Results: There were BC-specific deaths among 415 277 female patients (1880 American Indian or Alaska Native [0.5%], 12 086 Asian or Pacific Islander [2.9%], 62 695 Black [15.1%], 28 747 Hispanic [6.9%], and 309 869 White [74.6%]; 115 214 patients died before age 60 years [27.7%]) of any age in the US in 2011 to 2020. BC mortality per 100 000 person-years for ages 40 to 49 years was 27 deaths in Black females, 15 deaths in White females, and 11 deaths in American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic, and Asian or Pacific Islander females. When BC screening was recommended to start at age 50 years for all females with a 10-year cumulative risk of BC death of 0.329%, Black females reached this risk threshold level 8 years earlier, at age 42 years, whereas White females reached it at age 51 years, American Indian or Alaska Native and Hispanic females at age 57 years, and Asian or Pacific Islander females 11 years later, at age 61 years. Race and ethnicity-adapted starting ages for Black females were 6 years earlier for mass screening at age 40 years and 7 years earlier for mass screening at age 45 years., Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides evidence-based race-adapted starting ages for BC screening. These findings suggest that health policy makers may consider a risk-adapted approach to BC screening in which individuals who are at high risk are screened earlier to address mortality due to early-onset BC before the recommended age of mass screening.