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A new concept called complex multimorbidity provides a more reliable measure of disease burden than multimorbidity based on a simple count of diseases, by categorizing diseases according to the body system they affect. This study examined associations between sleep measures and complex multimorbidity among Chinese and Korean Americans in the Baltimore–Washington DC Metropolitan Area, using cross-sectional data (n  = 400) from the Screening to Prevent Colorectal Cancer study (2018–2020). Sleep disturbance was measured using the 8-item Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep Disturbance scale and sleep apnea risk was assessed using the Berlin questionnaire. Complex multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of 3 or more of body system disorders assessed by self-report of physician-diagnosed diseases. Poisson regression models with adjustments indicated that individuals with sleep disturbance had 2.15 times the prevalence of having complex multimorbidity (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 4.29). Individuals with a high risk of sleep apnea had 1.19 times the prevalence of having complex multimorbidity (95% CI: 0.47, 3.01). These findings suggest a need for interventions to increase awareness of the importance of sleep among health-care providers and the public and to educate them about causes, signs, and treatment of sleep disturbance and sleep apnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants typically have more favorable health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts of the same race-ethnicity. However, little is known about how race-ethnicity and region of birth moderate the health outcomes of different immigrant groups as their tenure of U.S. residence increases. We study the association between time spent in the United States and health outcomes among non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, Asian, and Hispanic immigrants using National Health Interview Survey data. Although all immigrant groups initially report better health outcomes than their U.S.-born counterparts, the association between U.S. tenure and reported health outcomes varies among immigrants by race-ethnicity and region of birth. Black immigrants have the worst hypertension profiles, and Black and Hispanic immigrants have the worst obesity profiles. The results suggest that acculturation cannot fully explain racial-ethnic differences in the association between U.S. tenure and health outcomes. We advance a more complete sociological theory of immigrant integration to better explain disparate immigrant health profiles.

Although neighborhood contexts serve as upstream determinants of health, it remains unclear how these contexts "get under the skin" of Mexican-origin youth, who are disproportionately concentrated in highly disadvantaged yet co-ethnic neighborhoods. The current study examines the associations between household and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), neighborhood racial-ethnic and immigrant composition, and hair cortisol concentration (HCC)-a physiological index of chronic stress response-among Mexican-origin adolescents from low-income immigrant families in the United States. A total of 297 (54.20% female; mage = 17.61, SD = 0.93) Mexican-origin adolescents had their hair cortisol collected, and their residential addresses were geocoded and merged with the American Community Survey. Neighborhoods with higher Hispanic-origin and foreign-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood disadvantage, whereas neighborhoods with higher non-Hispanic White and domestic-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood affluence. Mexican-origin adolescents living in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of Hispanic-origin residents showed lower levels of HCC, consistent with the role of the ethnic enclave. In contrast, adolescents living in more affluent neighborhoods showed higher levels of HCC, possibly reflecting a physiological toll. No association was found between household SES and HCC. Our findings underscore the importance of taking sociocultural contexts and person-environment fit into consideration when understanding how neighborhoods influence adolescents' stress physiology., (© 2024 The Author(s). Developmental Psychobiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Immigrant children experience diverse migration paths to the United States facing unique challenges that impact their health and well-being. This article provides an overview of the pathways to health care and physical, mental, and behavioral health considerations for refugee and immigrant children. Health equity and cultural humility frameworks are reviewed. Approach to care guidance and clinical pearls are provided for the initial medical assessment in addition to medical screening, mental health, education, and developmental health. The importance of health literacy and advocacy are highlighted, emphasizing their ability to address health inequities and improve care., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Although small, the African immigrant population is one of the fastest growing immigrant populations in the United States. Emerging research indicates a high prevalence of noncommunicable preventable chronic conditions in this population. Like other African Americans, African immigrants are mistrustful of the health care system, hampering efforts for prevention and intervention research., Purpose: To describe our experiences conducting 2 studies in an African immigrant community, discuss the lessons learned, and provide advice to researchers interested in conducting research in similar populations., Design: The 2 published studies for which we derive lessons learned for this paper were a cross-sectional study and a qualitative study using focus group interviews. Participants included Zimbabwean immigrants in the Eastern United States recruited at religious festivals and community events. The 2 studies enrolled a total of 135 participants., Results: Of our recruitment goal of 120 in the first study, we enrolled only 98 despite numerous efforts. However, after strategically partnering with a community advisory board (CAB), in the second study, we met our recruitment goal within 4 months. With the CAB, we recruited a larger proportion of men (38% versus 24%). Without the CAB, 350 individuals agreed to participate, but only 98 (28%) returned the questionnaire, whereas with the CAB, 40 agreed to participate, and 37 (93%) successfully completed the study., Conclusion: Conducting health-related research in immigrants requires strategic partnerships with the community to build strong relationships between the research team and the target community. By nurturing these relationships, research teams can effectively access this hard-to-reach population and achieve high participation., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Structural racism is historically rooted, and has been a foundation for United States immigration policy. This injustice has intergenerational effects that cost society greatly - with impacts on social cohesion, individual and collective health, and well-being, and ultimately our ability to function as a civil society. Limited pathways to citizenship and major restrictions to resources that promote integration have adverse consequences for immigrants and, their families. Research shows that children experience toxic stress that negatively impacts their long-term health and development from heightened immigration enforcement, regardless of any personal impact. In embracing the next generation of children, we will not succeed unless we support sound integration policies that promote the health and well-being of immigrant families across this nation. We must recognize how intricately our fates and our health are tied to each other; we all depend on immigrants being well. We must advance new a social contract, one that counters the 'othering' of immigrants" and recognizes that we must invest in the health and well-being of all families., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Despite increases in the US foreign-born population, medical education opportunities in immigrant and refugee health (IRH) remain limited. We summarize findings for published IRH curricula and offer recommendations for integrating IRH into pediatric residency programs., Methods: We performed a literature review of articles describing the design, implementation, or assessment of IRH curricula for US-based undergraduate and graduate medical trainees., Results: The literature review identified 36 articles from 21 institutions describing 37 unique curricula. Three curricula included pediatric residency programs. Commonly taught topics included cultural humility, interpreter use, and immigration status as a social determinant of health. Immigrant-focused training experiences existed at continuity clinics, clinics for refugees or asylum seekers, and dedicated electives/rotations. Curricula were most frequently described as stand-alone electives/rotations., Conclusions: IRH curricula provide opportunities to develop skills in clinical care, advocacy, and community partnerships with immigrant populations. Pediatric residency programs should align the IRH curriculum with existing learning priorities, support and hire faculty with expertise in IRH, and partner with community organizations with expertise. Programs can also consider how to best support learners interested in careers focusing on immigrant populations. Further work is needed to establish competencies and validated tools measuring trainee satisfaction and clinical competency for IRH curricula., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The ability to exercise autonomy in achieving reproductive health goals necessitates access to contraceptive and reproductive health information and medical care. Finding trusted, comprehensive, consistent and affordable reproductive care is particularly challenging for immigrants living in the United States, especially for those without legal immigration status and for those who prefer a language other than English. In immigrant communities, sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge, contraceptive choice, and family planning are influenced by many factors including tension between traditional and adopted cultural norms, limited English proficiency, restricted health care access, and structural racism. The family-centered model and longitudinal nature of relationships in pediatric primary care pose a unique opportunity to support immigrant families across the lifespan in obtaining SRH information and achieving reproductive health goals. Here, we present the unique vulnerabilities faced by immigrants seeking SRH services in the United States including both the upstream and downstream health effects of immigration status on family health. We then describe four time points across the lifespan where pediatricians can support SRH, including examples of existing SRH programming designed or adapted for immigrant families. Finally, we discuss opportunities to advance research, policy, education, and clinical care related to SRH equity for immigrant families., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest No conflicts of interest to report.

Immigrant students and families experience disproportionate exposure to trauma, immigration-related stress, structural inequities, and poor access to mental health and social services which can lead to mental health inequities. Immigrant students and their families also have many strengths that can buffer potential negative mental health outcomes. Schools, which address social and emotional development in addition to academic achievement, are critical institutions that can play a unique role in enhancing the strengths and responding to the needs of immigrant students and families. In this review, we adapt the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to acknowledge the contextual and macro-level factors (e.g., relevant policies, environmental influences, and structural factors) and the predisposing, enabling, and need factors that immigrant students and families experience and impact access to school mental health and social services. We discuss school-based interventions that show efficacy for improving mental health outcomes and focus on addressing acculturative stress among immigrant students. We also discuss models to address social determinants of health need among immigrant students and families within schools, including the community schools model applied to immigrant students and families. We conclude this review by providing recommendations and strategies for pediatricians and schools to transform school-based supports for immigrant students and families and promote equitable outcomes. Our recommendations include incorporating multi-level school supports for addressing mental health, social need, and acculturative stress among immigrant students, along with reinforcing the strengths of immigrant students, and promoting school collaborations with pediatricians, school-based health centers, and trusted community partners., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Dr. Roya Ijadi-Maghsoodi and Dr. Sheryl Kataoka received funding from the Rare Impact Fund, NIMH 1U01MH131827-01, the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, and are consultants to the Los Angeles Unified School District. They previously received funding from the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine COVID-19 Research Award. Dr. Jocelyn Meza received grant funding from the American Psychological Association and received salary support for this work as a Co-Investigator from the Advanced Laboratories for Accelerating the Reach and Impact of Treatments for Youth and Adults with Mental Illness (ALACRITY) Research Center Grant (P50 MH126337-01A1) and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI; SP-2020C3-21078). Dr. Lilian Bravo was supported by the National Clinician Scholars Program at UCLA. Ms. Kungeun Lee received funding from the Rare Impact Fund, NIMH 1U01MH131827-01, and the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine COVID-19 Research Award. The content and views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the US Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Institutes of Health, or the United States Government. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Objective: Newcomer youth experience health disparities in accessing behavioral health services. School-based mental health programming is proposed a potential solution to address these disparities. The present study uses a scoping review methodology to examine the state-of-the-art of the evidence base for school-based mental health programming for newcomer youth. Studies were categorized into a tiered typology using the framework established by the National Center for School Mental Health., Methods: Several databases were examined as well as the results of one scoping and two systemic recent reviews., Results: A total of 37 studies were included in the present analysis, over half from the last decade. Most studies were conducted in the United States and Europe, and most programs were focused on mental health promotion and wellness (Tier 1) or were multi-tiered. Programming for younger children, especially those in early childhood settings, were underrepresented., Conclusions: While the literature is promising regarding programming for newcomer youth, particularly the advent of complex multi-tiered programming, many gaps still remain. For example, most programs do not provide information on how programming was adapted for different groups of newcomers with different cultural and contextual needs. Tier 1 programs lack theoretical foundations or theories of change in the design of programming. Further, more research is needed for a group with rising numbers across high- and middle-income countries, particularly for programming targeting early and middle childhood., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Immigrants are reluctant to attend routine dental care visits. Moreover, children with autism have a higher chance of developing periodontal disease. In this study, we describe the experiences of immigrant parents with autistic children and the barriers and mediators to routine dental care visits for their children in the United States., Method: We conducted semistructured interviews with 19 immigrants who have children with autism., Results: We found that lack of transportation, support system, and insurance; prioritization of basic needs; and a mistrust of healthcare providers are the main barriers to attending routine dental care visits for autistic children of immigrant parents. Moreover, staff who consider the needs of children with autism, spend ample time with children with autism, and help with navigating the health system can improve access to routine dental care visits for autistic children with immigrant parents. This study found that despite their immigration status, all parents want to see improvements in the oral health of their children with special needs., Conclusion: This study aimed to unpack the structural barriers and mediators to routine dental care visits for autistic children of immigrant parents. We found that removing structural barriers to care and utilizing mediators will enhance the outcome of routine dental care, resulting in healthier oral hygiene., (© 2024 The Authors. Special Care in Dentistry published by Special Care Dentistry Association and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This article was published as part of a supplement sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Beginning in 2023, we observed increased Plasmodium vivax malaria cases at an institution in Los Angeles, California, USA. Most cases were among migrants from China who traveled to the United States through South and Central America. US clinicians should be aware of possible P. vivax malaria among immigrants from China.

One in four children in the US grow up in immigrant families, and 55% of children in immigrant families have a parent who speaks and understands English less than "very well". While the number of research studies that is focused on children in immigrant families (CIF) has increased, CIF particularly those that communicate in a language other than English (LOE) are frequently excluded from research. We reviewed studies including "children in immigrant families and the United States" in PubMed from 2017-2023, and categorized them as qualitative, quantitative, mixed-methods or community engaged research. We review observations and offer recommendations for research to promote the health and well-being of children in immigrant families including: using strengths-based frameworks; prioritizing the inclusion of families who speak languages other than English; amending reporting standards for qualitative studies to include guidance on reporting methods for projects in which research teams and study participants speak different languages from one another; and incorporating methods to identify people who have experienced migration in large national surveys and cohort studies. We recommend research with and inclusive of CIF to consider additional areas for growth in cross-sector collaborations, interventions and clinical trials, and training and support for investigators., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Pathways programs are critical to promoting access and success for careers in healthcare for students from immigrant backgrounds. Three cases are presented that demonstrate the successful elements of pathways programs. Excellence in pediatrics requires the inclusion of talent from immigrant communities. Community capacity building and systems level change can be achieved through coliberatory practice of mutual action, investment, and benefit. Navigation, mentorship, and structural support for educational, social, and monetary capital are key components of pathways programs., (Copyright © 2024 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To explore the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the quality of life (QoL) and self-concept of Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants with TBI. A prospective, qualitative study conducted in a county level I trauma center and community. Semi-structured interviews on QoL and self-concept following TBI were conducted with 24 Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants with TBI living in the community at least 6 months following injury. Perceived facilitators of QoL included faith, hopefulness in recovery, empathy for others, and support from others. Perceived barriers to QoL mentioned were symptoms/consequences of injury, employment/financial changes, loss of independence, fear/uncertainty, stigma/shame, lack of medical care, and decreased social integration. Participants described their self-concept after TBI as either a maintained self or loss of self. Those who viewed themselves differently reported physical and emotional changes, gender role conflict, loss of self-worth, and total loss due to the TBI. Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants held a strong faith and positive outlook after TBI in spite of the significant barriers to recovery. A need exists for programs to support creatively the recovery of Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants with limited access to care and resources. Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants may experience significant barriers to care following traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as access to rehabilitation services and follow-up care. Rehabilitation professionals should consider the importance of faith and encourage positive thinking and social support when working with Spanish-speaking U.S. Hispanic immigrants on how to cope with TBI-related challenges. Access to Spanish-speaking rehabilitation professionals, translators and Spanish language educational materials could help reduce language-related barriers to recovery among Spanish-speaking U.S. immigrants with TBI. Rehabilitation facilities should develop partnerships with community-based organizations serving the uninsured or underinsured to address the access to rehabilitation and medical needs of Spanish-speaking U.S. immigrants with TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haitian immigrant women living in the U.S. have a higher rate of cervical cancer mortality than any other ethnic group, primarily due to lower rates of screening test utilization. Therefore, it is important to understand the issues affecting their pap smear screening behaviors. We conducted a narrative review of articles from PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, CINAHL/Nursing, and Psych Info. Inclusion criteria: U.S. Haitian immigrant, screening, cervical cancer, health beliefs/perceptions. Exclusion criteria: HPV-vaccine. Primary barriers: (1) lack of knowledge of cervical cancer, HPV, and pap smears; (2) lack of culturally appropriate dissemination of information; and (3) difficulty obtaining the test. Primary facilitators: (1) provider recommendations, (2) Haitian media to disseminate health information, and (3) having health insurance. This review highlights the points for intervention by health professionals and policy makers to address this group's low pap smear utilization., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The present longitudinal study examined changes in perceived access to health care among a recently immigrated cohort of Latina young adults who were assessed annually during their first 3 years in the United States. A parallel process growth model of perceived access to health care and neighborhood collective efficacy was examined, accounting for socioeconomic indicators and immigration status. Five hundred thirty Latina young adults (ages 18-23) participated at baseline assessment, and approximately 95% were retained over three annual assessment time points. Participants' mean level of perceived access to health care increased during their initial 3 years in the United States. Women who reported more of an increase in perceived access to health care tended to also indicate increased neighborhood collective efficacy relative to their peers during their first 3 years in the United States. Findings offer important information about the individual- and community-level factors that influence recently immigrated Latinas' health care access., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Health literacy is associated with health behaviors and outcomes. Using Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, this study examined the role of limited English proficiency (LEP) and social support for the health literacy of Korean American immigrant women, one of the most affected groups by LEP. Researchers surveyed 232 Korean American immigrant women in a metro area in a Southeastern state, U.S. Health literacy was measured by the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire and the California Health Interview Survey. Participants with better English proficiency and larger social support had higher health literacy. LEP and social support interaction was significantly associated with health literacy, illustrating social support as a buffer that mitigates the negative impact of LEP on health literacy. Community programs that enhance social support through community health advocates or peer educators may increase health literacy and reduce health disparities among Korean American immigrant women with LEP.

Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer diagnosis and fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally. The incidence of gastric cancer in the USA shows significant racial and ethnic disparities with gastric cancer incidence in Korean Americans being over five times higher than in non-Hispanic whites. Since gastric cancer is not common in the USA, there are no current screening guidelines. In countries with higher incidences of gastric cancer, screening guidelines have been implemented for early detection and intervention and this has been associated with a reduction in mortality. Immigrants from high incidence countries develop gastric cancer at lower rates once outside of their country of origin, but continue to be at higher risk for developing gastric cancer. This risk does seem to decrease with subsequent generations. With increasing availability of endoscopy, initiating gastric cancer screening guidelines for high-risk groups can have the potential to improve survival by diagnosing and treating gastric cancer at an earlier stage. This article aims to provide context to gastric cancer epidemiology globally, review risk factors for developing gastric cancer, highlight racial and ethnic disparities in gastric cancer burden in the USA, examine current guidelines that exist in high incidence countries, and suggest future studies examining the efficacy of additional screening in high-risk populations to reduce gastric cancer mortality and disparate burden on ethnic minorities in the USA., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The International Gastric Cancer Association and The Japanese Gastric Cancer Association.)

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects all communities, but immigrant communities can be distinctively more vulnerable. This study explores the coping strategies of 10 immigrant Middle Eastern Immigrant Survivors of IPV in the United States. A phenomenological design was utilized to explore Middle Eastern immigrant IPV survivors coping strategies. The study participants had similar and different experiences with formal resources and informal help-seeking behaviors. These study results recommended that there is a considerable need for future research to extend the study of this population as well as an urgent need to increase accessible resources to empower immigrant IPV survivors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

It is known that the perception of bitterness is mediated by type 2 bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs). However, recent reports have suggested that the carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6) gene may also influence bitterness sensing. Genetic variants in these genes could influence dietary intake of brassica vegetables, whose increased consumption has been observed in the literature, though inconsistently, to decrease breast cancer (BC) risk. We hypothesized that the estimated odds ratios (ORs) for the association between BC and taster diplotype (PAV/PAV) and/or genotype A/A, will be in the direction of increased BC risk, potentially due to reduced consumption of brassica vegetables. Using a case-control study of BC in Polish women in Poland (210 cases and 262 controls) and Polish immigrant women to USA (78 cases and 170 controls) we evaluated the association of the taster diplotypes in TAS2R38 gene and genotypes in the CA6 gene and BC risk in these two populations individually and jointly. No significant increase in risk was observed for the TAS2R38 PAV/PAV diplotype (tasters) in each population individually or in the joint population. For the CA6 gene, in the joint population, we observed an increased BC risk for the combined G/A and G/G genotypes (non-tasters) vs A/A (tasters), OR = 1.41 (95% CI 1.04-1.90, p = 0.026) which after adjustment for False Discovery Rate (FDR), was not significant at p≤0.05 level. However, for the joint population and for the combined genotype of the two genes AVI/AVI+G* (non-tasters) vs. PAV/*+A/A (tasters), we observed a significant increase in BC risk, OR = 1.77 (95%CI 1.47-2.74, p = 0.01), for the non-tasters, which remained significant after FDR adjustment. In conclusion for the joint population and the joint effect for the two bitter sensing genes, we observed an increase in BC risk for the bitterness non-tasters, association which is in the opposite direction to our original hypothesis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Łukasiewicz-Śmietańska et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: In the United States (US), COVID-19 vaccination rates among non-US-born individuals (i.e., refugees, immigrants, and migrants [RIM]) are variable. Understanding baseline COVID-19 vaccine coverage among these populations and determining if disparities exist is essential for quality improvement initiatives and public health interventions., Methods: Baseline COVID-19 vaccination rates for both primary series and booster doses were calculated at four health systems located in Minnesota, Colorado, and Pennsylvania participating in the Minnesota Department of Health's Center of Excellence in Newcomer Health. Patients aged ≥5 years as of 1/1/22, seen for ≥1 primary care visit during 7/1/2019-6/30/22 were included. Descriptive statistics were calculated for three measures of COVID-19 vaccine coverage during 12/14/2020-6/30/2022: 1) initiation of primary series; 2) completion of primary series; 3) completion of first booster. We calculated vaccine coverage rates for the entire population and stratified by subgroup including country of origin, refugee status, and primary language preference., Results: We included 1,624,573 patients eligible for COVID-19 primary series vaccine and 907,749 eligible for COVID-19 booster vaccination. The percent of eligible patients who completed a COVID-19 primary series (63.4 %) and booster dose (66.2 %) were similar. Completion of the primary series was higher for non-US-born persons (72.7 %) compared with US born persons (65.4 %), similar among refugees (63.5 %) and non-refugees (63.4 %), and lower in patients with language preference other than English (62.7 %) compared with English preferring patients (63.6 %). Booster completion was lower for non-US-born persons (61.8 %), refugees (46.7 %), and patients with language preference other than English (55.3 %) compared with US-born (70 %), non-refugees (66.3 %), and English preferring patients (67.3 %) respectively., Conclusions: This evaluation identified disparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates among non-US-born persons and persons with a language preference other than English living in the US. Targeted outreach efforts may be beneficial in reaching these populations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Blain Mamo reports financial support was provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier India Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening and treatment interventions that are tailored to optimize acceptance among the non-U.S.-born population are essential for U.S. tuberculosis elimination. We investigated the impact of medical interpreter use on LTBI treatment acceptance and completion among non-U.S.-born persons in a multisite study., Methods: The Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium was a prospective cohort study that enrolled participants at high risk for LTBI at ten U.S. sites with 18 affiliated clinics from 2012 to 2017. Non-U.S.-born participants with at least one positive tuberculosis infection test result were included in analyses. Characteristics associated with LTBI treatment offer, acceptance, and completion were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression with random intercepts to account for clustering by enrollment site. Our primary outcomes were whether use of an interpreter was associated with LTBI treatment acceptance and completion. We also evaluated whether interpreter usage was associated treatment offer and whether interpreter type was associated with treatment offer, acceptance, or completion., Results: Among 8,761 non-U.S.-born participants, those who used an interpreter during the initial interview had a significantly greater odds of accepting LTBI treatment than those who did not use an interpreter. There was no association between use of an interpreter and a clinician's decision to offer treatment or treatment completion once accepted. Characteristics associated with lower odds of treatment being offered included experiencing homelessness and identifying as Pacific Islander persons. Lower treatment acceptance was observed in Black and Latino persons and lower treatment completion by participants experiencing homelessness. Successful treatment completion was associated with use of shorter rifamycin-based regimens. Interpreter type was not associated with LTBI treatment offer, acceptance, or completion., Conclusions: We found greater LTBI treatment acceptance was associated with interpreter use among non-U.S.-born individuals., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.)

Rapid aging in American society will be disproportionately concentrated among the foreign-born. Immigrants in the United States (U.S.) are a heterogeneous population, yet little is known regarding their differences in disability later in life by region of origin. We use data from the National Health Interview Survey on respondents ages 60+ ( n  = 313,072) and employ gender-specific logistic models to predict reports of any activity of daily living (ADL) disability. After accounting for socioeconomic factors, compared to their U.S.-born non-Hispanic (NH) White counterparts, the odds of reporting ADL disability were higher among U.S.-born respondents that are Hispanic, NH Black, and NH Multiracial as well as respondents with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Russian/former Soviet, Middle Eastern, East Asian, and South Asian origins. Also, Dominican, African, and Southeast Asian women-and European men-reported high odds of ADL disability. Our results highlight heterogeneity in the disability profiles of foreign-born older adults in the U.S.., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

School based health centers (SBHCs) have been providing preventive, acute and chronic care in schools across the United States (US) for the past 40 years. A discussion of that care is provided in a companion article to this one. Several major societal issues of the 2020s, affecting the care provided in SBHCs, have taken place over the past 4 years. These issues, which will be discussed in this article, include the following: 1. The COVID pandemic had a major impact on utilization and services required at SBHCs, both at the peak of the pandemic, when schools were closed and since the peak of the pandemic, when schools reopened. 2. The transformation of mental health services, due both to increasing mental health needs of youth, as well as progression to new therapeutic modalities, has required expansion of services provided at SBHCs. 3. New immigrant health care needs and services have required a response by SBHCs to the substantial increase of new immigrants, most of whom are impacted by significant trauma, entering public schools nationally. 4. Telehealth integration into SBHC medical and mental health services, and its expansion to incorporate new technologies, have provided avenues for increased provision of services by SBHCs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Linda Carmine, MD does not have any conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The CDC recommends that persons aged 13-64 receive an HIV test at least once in their lifetime and that some groups test annually or more frequently. Nearly one-half of US Latino immigrants have never been tested for HIV. To the extent that immigration-related laws deter documented and undocumented immigrants from engaging in communicable disease control measures, these laws undermine public health efforts. 1750 noncitizen adult, sexually active, Spanish-speaking Latino immigrants across four cities in the US completed a cross-sectional survey assessing perceptions of immigration-related laws and immigration consequences related to HIV testing and diagnosis. Participants were recruited in-person by staff in community settings, through flyers posted in places frequented by Latino immigrants, and by word-of-mouth through snowball sampling. Outcomes were whether participants had ever received an HIV test and whether they tested in the previous 12 months. Multivariable analyses examined the relative contribution of perceived immigration laws and consequences on HIV testing behaviors when considering established predictors of HIV testing. Perceptions of HIV-related immigration laws and immigration consequences was a significant predictor of never having had an HIV test even when considered relative to common predictors of HIV testing. The influence of perceived immigration laws and consequences on testing in the previous 12 months was not significant in multivariable analysis. Perceived HIV-related immigration laws and consequences appear to be a substantial contributor to reluctance to be tested for HIV among Latino immigrants who have never been tested. Effective interventions should be developed to address these., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Despite the importance of work in adult life, research on the social determinants of health often ignores its effects. We examine race/ethnic, immigrant generational, and gender differentials in exposure to work conditions associated with poor health outcomes, using a nationally-representative sample of adults. On average, Latino 1st generation workers are more exposed to strenuous and hazardous work conditions than other workers, even after adjusting for sociodemographic differences. Exposure is lower for 2nd and 3rd generation Latinos. In contrast, Asian 1st generation men often have the lowest exposure levels of all groups and Asian 2nd and 3rd generation men have higher levels of exposure than the first generation, primarily due to intergenerational differences in education. Asian 1st generation women have higher exposures than those in the 2nd or 3rd generation. These results illustrate the importance of considering work conditions in research and policy related to the social determinants of health., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Black immigrant-origin (I-O) youth's well-being is at risk as the systemic mistreatment of Black people within the United States can be intensified by migration-related experiences (e.g., isolationism, xenophobia). These experiences were heightened by the sociopolitical events of 2020 that increased the salience of racism and xenophobia. The current study centered how Black I-O youth's negotiation of their bicultural socialization experiences impacted the ways in which they processed various social situations/contexts., Methods: Grounded theory was used to conduct secondary analysis of a sub-sample (n = 26) from qualitative interviews completed between 2020 and 2021 through The 2020 Study. Participants lived in the United States, identified as Black and I-O as part of the global African Black Diaspora (M age  = 16.73, SD = 1.08), and as 80.77% female, 7.69% gender diverse, and 11.54% male., Results: The increased salience of racial injustice throughout 2020 uniquely positioned youth's meaning-making of their ethnic/racial identity. How youth reflected on their identity and related socialization experiences informed how they focused their attention and perceptions of socialization experiences. This connected to how youth demonstrated positive adaption (e.g., cultural pride) as forms of resilience against hyper-visible anti-Blackness throughout 2020. Youth's agentic participation aligned with indicators for positive youth development and well-being., Conclusion: By critically exploring the relationship between social competence, youth well-being, and bicultural socialization among Black I-O youth, the current study addressed a gap in the extant research regarding how affirming youth identity complexities can lead to building resilience to potential instances of risk (e.g., race-based trauma, acculturative stress)., (© 2023 Foundation for Professionals in Services to Adolescents.)

Objective: Adopting a comprehensive approach, we examined immigrants' actual and ideal acculturation, as well as host-country nationals' (HCNs) immigrant acculturation perceptions and preferences in terms of behaviors, values, and identities in work and private settings. We examined any differences within and across settings for each group., Method: Participants included 428 Hispanic immigrants and 662 HCNs in the United States. We used a 2 × 2 × 2 repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine whether differences for each group exist within and across work and private settings., Results: Both within and across settings, Hispanic immigrants' actual and ideal acculturation did not differ. The only exception to this pattern involved heritage practices and identities across settings. In contrast, HCNs perceived and preferred Hispanic immigrants to acculturate differently both within and across work and private settings. The only exception to this pattern involved preferences of adopting U.S. national values and identities across settings., Conclusions: Taking a more comprehensive approach to study acculturation allows a more accurate picture on how immigrants acculturate and HCNs' perceptions and preferences of such acculturation, which is critical in understanding intercultural relations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Black Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the USA. Black immigrants, who, by definition, have time-limited exposure to the USA, may provide insight into the relationship between exposure to the US environment, Black race, and hypertension., Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of pooled National Health Interview Survey (2004-2017) data of foreign-born White European and Black adults (N = 11,516). Multivariable robust Poisson regressions assessed the relationship between self-reported hypertension and duration of the residency (< 5, 5-9, 10-14, ≥ 15 years) among Black, Black African, Black Caribbean, and White European foreign-born residents., Results: In multivariable analyses-controlling for age, sex, education, poverty-to-income ratio, insurance status, recent encounter with a clinician, and BMI-Black foreign-born residents (PR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.90) and Black Africans (10-14 years.: PR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.13, 2.56; ≥ 15 years.: PR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.34) with a duration of residency of at least 15 and 10 years, respectively, had a greater prevalence of hypertension than those with duration less than 5 years. A nonsignificant positive association between a duration of residency of at least 15 years (compared to less than 5 years) and self-reported hypertension was observed for White Europeans (PR 1.49, 95% CI = 0.88, 2.51) and Black Caribbeans (PR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.69, 1.72)., Conclusion: Duration of residency is particularly associated with hypertension among Black Africans after migration to the USA. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in primary care utilization and awareness of hypertension diagnoses among recent African immigrants, along with greater stress associated with living in the USA., (© 2023. W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.)

This study aimed to (1) identify differences in sleep patterns between Filipino migrants and non-migrants across 2 years and (2) explore the impact of discrimination trajectories on sleep trajectories. The Health of Philippine Emigrants Study (HoPES) consisted of a migrant (n = 832) and non-migrant cohort (n = 805), with baseline data collected in the Philippines. Both cohorts were followed longitudinally, with the non-migrants followed in the Philippines and the migrant cohort followed to the United States. Sleep duration, quality, and difficulty were assessed with the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) inventory, and discrimination was measured with an adapted version of the Everyday Discrimination scale. Migrants reported a faster decline in sleep duration (- 12 min a year) but higher sleep quality than non-migrants over 2 years. Migrants who reported high initial levels of everyday discrimination also reported faster declines in sleep duration and a slower decline in sleep difficulty. Further, migrants who reported stable (versus declining) levels of discrimination over 2 years reported a faster decline in sleep quality. These results speak to the complexity of immigrant health patterns and long-term associations between discrimination and sleep processes., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Cancer screening rates among immigrant and refugee populations in high income countries is significantly lower than native born populations. The objective of this study is to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions to improve screening adherence for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer among Somali immigrants. A literature search was conducted for the years 2000-2021 and eight studies met eligibility criteria. The following intervention components were found to increase adherence to cervical cancer screening: home HPV test, educational workshop for women and education for general practitioners. A patient navigator intervention was found to increase screening for breast cancer. Educational workshops motivated or increased knowledge regarding cancer screening for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer. However, most of the studies had limitations due to methodology with potential for introduction of bias. Therefore, future studies comparing effectiveness of specific intervention components to reduce disparities in cancer screening among Somali immigrants and refugees are encouraged., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Undocumented Latino immigrants in the United States face pervasive discrimination that increases their risk for experiencing depressive symptomatology. Although research has linked discrimination to depressive symptoms more broadly, we do not know whether everyday forms of discrimination are associated with elevated risk for clinical depression among this population. Using data collected from a community sample of undocumented Latino immigrants during the 2015 Trump campaign, we found that everyday discrimination was associated with significantly higher odds of being classified as higher risk for clinical depression. Findings indicate everyday discrimination as a risk factor for clinical depression among undocumented Latino immigrants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We evaluate the performance of a widely used technique for imputing the legal immigration status of U.S. immigrants in survey data-the logical imputation method. We validate this technique by implementing it in a nationally representative survey of U.S. farmworkers that includes a well-regarded measure of legal status. When using this measure as a benchmark, the imputation algorithm correctly identifies the legal status of 78% of farmworkers. Of all the variables included in the algorithm, we find that Medicaid participation poses the greatest challenge for accuracy. Using the American Community Survey, we show that increased Medicaid enrollments stemming from the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 led to sizable changes in the share of immigrants imputed as legal over time and across space. We explore the implications of these changes for two previous studies and conclude that including Medicaid criteria in the imputation algorithm can significantly impact research findings. We also provide tools to gauge the sensitivity of results., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: This study investigates religious involvement and depressive symptoms in Hispanic older adults in the United States. We hypothesized that private prayer, religious attendance, and religious belief would have an inverse association with depressive symptoms, and that these associations would be stronger among immigrants, compared to U.S.-born participants., Method: This cross-sectional, within-group study included 1,566 participants from the Health and Retirement Study. Multivariate linear regression evaluated the association between religious involvement and depressive symptoms in the whole sample and in subgroups stratified by immigrant status., Results: Overall, only more frequent religious attendance was associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Stratified models revealed an additional inverse association between private prayer and depressive symptoms only in the immigrant group., Conclusion: These findings may help incorporate religious preferences into mental health prevention and treatment to reduce depressive symptoms among older Hispanic adults.