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China, the European Union, and the United States are the three largest digital economies in the world. This article compares the antitrust regulation of the digital economy in the three regions after the 2000s. It argues that over time, the antitrust regulation of the digital economy in the three regions tends to converge along three dimensions: growing separation of the antitrust regulation of the digital economy from that of the other economic sectors, convergence of regulatory objectives, and convergence of regulatory methods. In combination with the geopoliticization of the platform economy, this article argues that four factors have contributed to shape such convergence: (1) historical factors, (2) globalization of the digital economy, (3) increasing policy imitation and policy competition among the major digital powers of the world, (4) support from the civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local and regional food supply chains are gaining increasing support from public and private sectors for their contributions to economic development and promoting sustainability. However, the impacts of regionalization are not well understood. We employ a spatial-temporal model of production and transportation to evaluate the supply chain outcomes of a decade-long process of food regionalization for fresh broccoli in the eastern United States (US). Our results indicate that eastern broccoli supply chains displaced products sourced from the western US and met over 15% of the annual demand in eastern markets in 2017. We find that total broccoli supply chain costs and food miles increased in the period 2007–2017. Nevertheless, eastern-grown broccoli has contributed to reducing regional food miles in the eastern region (from 365 miles in 2007 to 255 miles in 2017) and experienced only modest increases in supply chains costs (a 3.4% increase, compared to a 16.5% increase for broccoli shipped from western US) during the same period. Our results provide valuable information for policymakers and the fresh produce industry interested in promoting regional food supply chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution levels in the United States have decreased dramatically over the past decades, yet national racial-ethnic exposure disparities persist. For ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), we investigate three emission-reduction approaches and compare their optimal ability to address two goals: 1) reduce the overall population average exposure ("overall average") and 2) reduce the difference in the average exposure for the most exposed racial-ethnic group versus for the overall population ("national inequalities"). We show that national inequalities in exposure can be eliminated with minor emission reductions (optimal: ~1% of total emissions) if they target specific locations. In contrast, achieving that outcome using existing regulatory strategies would require eliminating essentially all emissions (if targeting specific economic sectors) or is not possible (if requiring urban regions to meet concentration standards). Lastly, we do not find a trade-off between the two goals (i.e., reducing overall average and reducing national inequalities); rather, the approach that does the best for reducing national inequalities (i.e., location-specific strategies) also does as well as or better than the other two approaches (i.e., sector-specific and meeting concentration standards) for reducing overall averages. Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating location-specific emissions reductions into the US air quality regulatory framework 1) is crucial for eliminating long-standing national average exposure disparities by race-ethnicity and 2) can benefit overall average exposures as much as or more than the sector-specific and concentration-standards approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth models perspective analyzes the role of social blocs in crafting countries' economic policies, but its treatment of business power as purely structural prevents it from addressing an important question in the politics of digital transformation: How have new sectors with miniscule economic footprints been able to influence economic policy? This article explores how tech and venture capital successfully lobbied for financial liberalization at the beginning of digital transformation in the United States. The article argues that explaining the role of social blocs in digital transformation requires incorporating discourse analysis and develops a conceptual framework around three causal mechanisms in the dynamics of social blocs: formation, influence, and endurance. This framework contributes to theory development in the growth models perspective and improves our understanding of the character of business power in digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tendencias: Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas is the property of Universidad de Narino, Facultad de Ciencias Economics y Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares labor market flows between a developing economy, Colombia, and a developed one, the United States (US). In a comparative framework, we explore measures of labor market flows across dimensions such as firm size, age, and economic sector. This comparison allows us testing, for both countries, a series of interesting hypothesis suggested in the literature, namely the negative systematic relationship between firm size/age and employment growth rate. We find that labor market fluidity in the US labor market is substantially higher than in Colombia and that the churning rate is twice as high for the US market as it is for the Colombian one. We argue that this fluidity gap between the two economies can be explained by, among other factors, the rigid nature of Colombian labour market institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents pervasive evidence of intra-industry reversals in monthly returns. Unlike the conventional reversal strategy based on stock returns relative to the market portfolio, we document intra-industry return reversals that are larger in magnitude, consistently present over time, and prevalent across subgroups of stocks, including large and liquid stocks. These return reversals are driven by order imbalances and noninformational shocks. Consistent with reversals representing compensation for supplying liquidity, intra-industry reversals are stronger following aggregate market declines and volatile times, reflecting binding capital constraints and limited risk-bearing capacity of liquidity providers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the turbulent behavior that might exist under a national average rate of profit. We use a database—ORBIS—that allows our investigation to start from the level of the firm, with data from 2007 to 2014. A comparison between the United States and China organizes the statistical description of the rates of profit in those countries. Three issues are investigated: the trajectories of the national average rate of profit and their disaggregation; the distribution of different rates of profit by firms, economic sectors, and manufacturing sectors, and the stability of those distributions over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the determinants of technological catch‐up considering spatial and sectoral aggregation of industries. We investigate how geographical and technological proximity to the technology leader impact regional employment growth. We model technological progress by means of a hierarchical process of catch‐up to the technology leader. We also incorporate measures for knowledge spillover effects to test the roles of competition, specialisation, and diversity at the industry level. Empirical results using data at the county level for different economic sectors (2‐dig NAICS) for the United States indicate that human capital plays a crucial role in promoting sectoral employment growth. The association between technological/geographical distance to the technology leader and employment growth varies across sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impacts of trade on youth employment in the United States. The overarching goal is to link lessons from the decline of manufacturing jobs in the past decades to future prospects for the US economy. We find higher rates of job losses with exposure to import competition for US youth, than for older workers. Our analysis uses buyer–supplier relationships between sectors of the US economy to show that the direct effects of trade on the importing sectors underrepresent the impact of trade on jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We assess the economic value of screening testing programs as a policy response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We find that the fiscal, macroeconomic, and health benefits of rapid SARS-CoV-2 screening testing programs far exceed their costs, with the ratio of economic benefits to costs typically in the range of 2-15 (depending on program details), not counting the monetized value of lives saved. Unless the screening test is highly specific, however, the signal value of the screening test alone is low, leading to concerns about adherence. Confirmatory testing increases the net economic benefits of screening tests by reducing the number of healthy workers in quarantine and by increasing adherence to quarantine measures. The analysis is undertaken using a behavioral SIR model for the United States with 5 age groups, 66 economic sectors, screening and diagnostic testing, and partial adherence to instructions to quarantine or to isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion Papers is the property of Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Defending national security will become increasingly interconnected with developing, controlling and exploiting technological innovation, as well as preserving domestic financial stability and core economic strength. Sovereigns are empowered through shareholding to control corporations, and thus "conquer," or substantially influence and control another sovereign's political governance, industrial strength and economic future. Obtaining economic leverage and technological prowess over an adversary through share accumulation and share voting provides a compellingly attractive alternative (with a potential benefit of profiting from such leverage and supremacy) to open military confrontation and the associated costs and risk of loss. Nations will need to evaluate these concerns and determine whether share ownership by foreign governments poses national security risks warranting a re-evaluation of shareholding regulation. While foreign investment review procedures such as the United States' CFIUS can serve as important vetting mechanisms, such regimes are focused on large transactions; share purchases will generally not be on the radar. Therefore, securities regulation should be updated to reflect the transformational developments in emerging technology and threats to financial stability, both directly and indirectly implicating national security concerns, particularly in the context of the hegemonic rivalry. Some have advocated for strictly limiting or outright banning Chinese investment in the United States. Rather than draconian bans on sovereign investing, foreign governmental entities purchasing shares should be more strictly monitored to ensure core economic sectors and emergent technology are protected. Legitimate governmental investors should not object to heightened disclosure and reporting requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advancements in the availability of models and data to characterize the economic impacts of climate change have improved our ability to project both the physical impacts and economic effects of climate change across economic sectors of the United States. These advancements have in turn provided an opportunity to estimate these impacts across multiple economic sectors using a consistent set of damage functions. These functions can be used to inform decision making regarding the diversity and magnitude of future impacts and how adaptation and other actions can affect the risk of economic impacts. This article shows how damage functions can be developed from the results of detailed modeling studies and then used to estimate future economic impacts. We estimate damage functions based on 15 sectoral impact models that project the economic impacts of climate change on human health, infrastructure, and ecosystems and, with a focus on temperature, apply these functions to changes in economic impacts for seven U.S. regions through 2100. We also discuss the uncertainty of these results. We conclude that, although further research is needed, the methods presented here can be usefully applied to a range of alternative temperature trajectories to estimate the economic effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the center of Schumpeter's theory of competitive behavior is the assertion that competitive advantage will become increasingly more difficult to sustain in a wide range of industries. More recently, this assertion has resurfaced in the notion of hypercompetition. This research examines two large longitudinal samples of firms to discover which industries, if any, exhibit performance that is consonant with Schumpeterian theory and the assertions of hypercompetition. We find support for the argument that over time competitive advantage has become significantly harder to sustain and, further, that the phenomenon is limited neither to high-technology industries nor to manufacturing industries but is seen across a broad range of industries. We also find evidence that sustained competitive advantage is increasingly a matter not of a single advantage maintained over time but more a matter of concatenating over time a sequence of advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between economic specialization and government expenditures. We hypothesize that citizens and firms in economically specialized regions pressure politicians to invest in core economic sectors in lieu of spending on public goods that benefit the broader economy, such as education. We investigate our hypothesis through an examination of the United States and India. We confirm a negative relationship between economically specialized U.S. states and education spending, and a positive relationship between economically specialized U.S. states and firm subsidies. Next, we examine the effects of an immediate shock in a region's level of economic specialization by comparing Indian states created from federal bifurcation. We show how the creation of two highly specialized states (Bihar and Jharkhand) from a diversified state (Undivided Bihar) was associated with a decline in education spending but an increase in subsidies for core sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) is a new type of market-based performance measure for firms, industries, economic sectors, and national economies. The authors discuss the nature and purpose of ACSI and explain the theory underlying the ACSI model, the nation-wide survey methodology used to collect the data, and the econometric approach employed to estimate the indices. They also illustrate the use of ACSI in conducting benchmarking studies, both cross-sectionally and over time. The authors find customer satisfaction to be greater for goods than for services and, in turn, greater for services than for government agencies, as well as find cause for concern in the observation that customer satisfaction in the United States is declining, primarily because of decreasing satisfaction with services. The authors estimate the model for the seven major economic sectors for which data are collected. Highlights of the findings include that (1) customization is more important than reliability in determining customer satisfaction, (2) customer expectations play a greater role in sectors in which variance in production and consumption is relatively low, and (3) customer satisfaction is more quality-driven than value- or price-driven. The authors conclude with a discussion of the implications of ACSI for public policymakers, managers, consumers, and marketing in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the relative contribution of the public and private sectors, through their employment and wages, to the black/white wage convergence that occurred in the U.S. economy over the 1963-92 period. Applying standard decomposition methods to Current Population Survey data, the authors show that almost all the convergence in black/white relative wages in the 1963-75 period was due to black/white convergence in the private sector. Similarly, the post-1975 slowdown in black/white wage convergence was almost completely due to a corresponding slowdown in the private sector. The unimportance of the public sector, the authors argue, arises for two reasons: the public sector never accounted for more than 20% of civilian employment over the 1963-92 period; and blacks' historic success in that sector left relatively little room for further wage gains there, whereas in the private sector blacks had considerable ground to make up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital goods spending is a vital element in the structure and movement of the nation's economy. The following article reviews the development of a new and impressively accurate study in this vital field. In addition, the outlook for capital spending in the 1960s is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do modern convenience foods cost a lot more than less highly-processed ones? Are housewives really being extravagant in using them to save time and effort? Are they the real culprits in slashing the farmer's share of the food dollar in recent years? These are some of the questions that have been debated in Congress, the press, and within the food industry as pre-cooked meals, cake mixes, frozen fruits and vegetables, and a host of other convenience items have grown in popularity. In the past few years an increasing volume of material has been coming from the U.S. Department of Agriculture that throws more light on these controversial questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of retail distribution is so complex and dynamic that any method used to compile and class its statistics should be reviewed for possible improvement. The purpose of this article is to review analytically the present retail-trade classifications, and to suggest changes that would improve the usefulness of the data. The changes suggested probably would result in more pertinent criteria for improving retail efficiency and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probably more attention is given to the development and study of food statistics than to those for any other group of consumer goods. This is due to the significance of food even in an "affluent society," and to concern over the agricultural situation in the American economy. Most economic analyses of food marketing begin with a review of food expenditure data of the U.S. Department of Commerce. But recent revisions in these data, discussed in this article, may modify our ideas considerably about past and future trends. Certainly there appears to be a continuing decline in the proportion of income allocated to food and food-marketing services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the Hackman-Oldham model, this study analyzes job characteristics of selected manufacturing and service industries of the U.S. and Central and South American countries (Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico, Costa Rico, Belize, Honduras, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama). Results of the U.S. industries are compared to those of non-U.S. industries. Scores were calculated for each of the five dimensions of the Hackman-Oldham model and analyzed by respective parameters of comparison. Our findings suggest that cross-cultural differences contribute to the understanding of worker motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency gains in public-private partnerships (PPP) derive from risk transfer and the bundling of different tasks. We study the factors that explain bundling in single contracts. We focus on the choice between integrating operational tasks alone or construction tasks alone, versus vertically integrating both operational and construction tasks. We analyze a new data set that includes 553 PPPs that were concluded in the United States. We find evidence that some financial variables play a role in bundling decisions. In addition, market size and the type of economic sectors involved, are also important drivers of contract choice and bundling decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade, extreme and exceptional droughts have significantly impacted many economic sectors in the US, especially in California, Oklahoma, and Texas. The record drought of 2011–2014 affected almost 90% of Texas areas and 95% of Oklahoma state areas. In 2011 alone, around $1.6 billion in agricultural production were lost as a result of drought in Oklahoma, and $7.6 billion in Texas. The agricultural sectors in Oklahoma and Texas rely mainly on groundwater resources from the non-replenishable Ogallala Aquifer in Panhandle and other aquifers around the states. The exceptional droughts of 2011–2014 not only caused meteorologically induced water scarcity (due to low precipitation), but also prompted farmers to overuse groundwater to maintain the imperiled production. Comprehensive studies on groundwater levels, and thus the actual water availability/scarcity across all aquifers in Oklahoma and Texas are still limited. Existing studies are mainly focused on a small number of selected sites or aquifers over a short time span of well monitoring, which does not allow for a holistic geospatial and temporal evaluation of groundwater level variations. This paper aims at addressing those issues with the proposed geospatial groundwater visualization model to assess availability of groundwater resources for agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses both in Oklahoma and Texas in the time frame of 2003–2014. The model is an evaluation tool that can be used by decision-makers for designing sustainable water management practices and by teachers and researchers for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a paper that examined the effectiveness of banking regulation. The author contends that the paper did not offer useful information in explaining the re-regulation phase of the regulatory cycle. The author also points out that the paper did not effectively address the costs of de-regulation, the benefits of regulation or give an accurate portrayal of bankers. The author credits the paper with providing an overview of the rapidly changing financial environment; however, he adds that it could have been improved had it included a more thorough discussion of business risk.

The article discusses the legal aspects of gender and racial diversity and risk mitigation in relation to an inquiry about whether Section 342 of the U.S. Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 can help stabilize the financial sector as of 2016. The global financial crisis of 2007-2009 is addressed, along with American financial regulations, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and the claim that cognitive biases influence group decision-making.

Objectives. To describe, and provide a nomenclature and taxonomy for classifying, the economic sectors and functional assets that could be mobilized as partners in an intersectoral health system. Methods. MAPSCorps (Meaningful, Active, Productive Science in Service to Community) employed local youths to conduct a census of all operating assets (businesses and organizations) on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois, in 2012. We classified assets by primary function into sectors and described asset and sector distribution and density per 100 000 population. We compared empirical findings with the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) conceptual representation and description of intersectoral health system partners. Results. Fifty-four youths mapped a 62-square-mile region over 6 weeks; we classified 8376 assets into 23 sectors. Sectors with the most assets were food (n = 1214; 230/100 000 population), trade services (n = 1113; 211/100 000), and religious worship (n = 974;185/100 000). Several large, health-relevant sectors (2499 assets) were identified in the region but not specified in the IOM's representation. Governmental public health, central to the IOM concept, had no physical presence in the region. Conclusions. Local youths identified several thousand assets across a broad diversity of sectors that could partner in an intersectoral health system. Empirically informed iteration of the IOM concept will facilitate local translation and propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. economy has been going through a striking structural transformation--the secular reallocation of employment across sectors--over the past several decades. We propose a decomposition framework to assess the contributions of various margins of firm dynamics to this shift. Using firm-level data, we find that at least 50 percent of the adjustment has been taking place along the entry margin, due to sectors receiving different shares of startup employment than their employment shares. The rest is mostly due to life cycle differences across sectors. Declining overall entry has a small but growing effect of dampening structural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel and tourism industry has evolved over the past six decades into one of the world’s most significant economic sectors. Travel and tourism are critical to the American economy. This growing industry offers significant potential for job creation across all regions of the country. A considerable competitive advantage of the USA as a tourism destination lies in the variety of experiences the country offers, ranging from large cities and small-town to the many unique historic places and ethnic heritage sites, national parks, camping, hiking, environmental or ecological sites, and well-known theme park. The United States leads the world in revenues from international travel and tourism and ranks second in the number of international visitors. The United States welcomed nearly 75 million international visitors and received 177,2 billion dollars International Tourism Receipts in 2014. But the global travel market has become increasingly competitive. Other countries actively market themselves, and new destinations are aggressively competing for market share. According to World Bank data, the United States received 6,6% of global tourism arrivals in 2014 and accounted for nearly 14,2% of global spending on travel and tourism, down from 7,4% and 17%, respectively, in 2000. Because of that the U.S. market share of spending by international travelers has decreased and the government needs to work hard to support sectors of the economy such as the tourism industry. American experience is highly relevant for countries like Ukraine, which only seek their niche in the global tourism market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the economic sector choices of Mexican labor migrants who intended to cross the US border in 2011 using data from the EMIF Norte Border Survey. We identify migrants according to prior work experience and intended sector of work in an effort to determine what demographic and socioeconomic characteristics explain economic sector mobility. We begin by estimating a probit model with sample selection to identify migrant characteristics that explain differences between industry of employment at place of origin and the intended sector of work at their destination. We find that sector mobility is significantly more likely for migrants who are documented and those with higher educational attainment, specifically, spoken English skills. The probability that prior and intended sectors of work coincide is significantly higher for migrants who are male, married, from large households, have family in the USA and earned a higher wage prior to migration. We also estimate a multinomial probit of the choice of sector and find that work sector prior to migration is more likely to match intended sector in the agriculture, construction, transportation and trade industries and significantly less likely to match in the services sector relative to other occupational categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the geo-strategic determinants of bilateral trade flows between the USA and the rest of the world. We develop a three-party model of security and trade patterns and use data on military assistance and troop deployments over the 1950-2009 period to validate its predictions. We find that security assistance has significant, positive impacts on the shares of bilateral trade between the USA and the recipient country, results that are robust to issues of reverse causality and hold across different sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the recent financial crisis change the wage structures of the US finance and nonfinance sectors? In this article, we study the wage gap between workers in these two sectors between 1990 and 2011. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that the finance wage premium increased over time and only dropped modestly during the crisis. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder method to decompose the wage gap into ‘explained’ and ‘unexplained’ parts, we also find that the wage gap was entirely driven by unexplained factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]