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Email etiquette is an important skill, especially in professional settings. Research demonstrates that undergraduate students follow email rules when given written instructions plus an example. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of computer‐based email instruction on undergraduate students' email etiquette and to assess the social validity of that instruction. The email instruction package was delivered through an online learning management system and consisted of written instructions plus a model, a quiz, and quiz feedback. We measured email etiquette by scoring emails from course assignments using a checklist. The instruction package produced a replicated increase in mean email checklist scores across two sections of introductory psychology, and checklist scores were elevated when participants sent emails in a novel context. The results of the social‐validity assessments suggest that the goals were important, the procedures were acceptable, and there were meaningful improvements in email etiquette for some participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a computational approach to examining immigrant incorporation through shifts in the social "mainstream." Analyzing a historical corpus of American etiquette books, texts from 1922–2017 describing social norms, we identify mainstream shifts related to long-standing groups which once were and may currently still be seen as immigrant outsiders in the United States: Catholic, Chinese, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Mexican, and Muslim groups. The analysis takes a computational grounded theory approach, combining qualitative readings and computational text analyses. Using word embeddings, we operationalize the chosen groups as focal group concepts. We extract sections of text that are salient to the focal group concepts to create group-specific text corpora. Two computational approaches make it possible to examine mainstream shifts in these corpora. First, we use sentiment analysis to observe the positive sentiment in each corpus and its change over time. Second, we observe changes in each corpus's position on a semantic dimension represented by the poles of "strange" and "normal." The results indicate mainstream shifts through increases in positive sentiment and movement from strange to normal over time for most of the group-specific corpora. These research techniques can be adapted to other studies of social sentiment and symbolic inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in electric vehicles as a low‐carbon mobility option has driven interest from many workplaces and local governments to offer charging services for employees, customers and visitors. However, the lack of incentives to limit over‐consumption in shared charging resources has led to congestion issues. In this paper, we use high‐frequency data to study two deterrence mechanisms implemented at one of the largest workplace charging programs in the United States. We study both price and nonprice interventions that encourage adoption of workplace norms and charging etiquette for resource sharing in charging stations. To study these mechanisms, we use a dynamic regression discontinuity design to separately identify treatment effects with digital platform data. Our findings provide new evidence that group norms can play an important role in driving behavioral compliance when setting EV access policies. We also find that workplace norms are complements to dynamic pricing policies. We discuss the implications of this data discovery for the effective management of common pool resources in the context of workplace charging and space‐constrained environments. This article met the requirements for a Gold‐Gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gratitude is much discussed these days as an area of research in the positive psychology movement. But the quality has not been given much historical attention—despite the surge of historical attention to other types of emotional response. This article lays out the evidence for extensive reliance on gratitude in the nineteenth-century United States and its measurable decline in the twentieth century—at least until the recent revival. From childrearing materials to comments on etiquette, both references and conventions shifted measurably. The essay goes on to establish the context for these changes, relating gratitude to developments in gender relations and, particularly, to a heightened sense of self and, arguably, of self-entitlement. Current efforts to promote gratitude operate against the contemporary historical dynamic, and the resulting tensions deserve attention from historians and psychologists alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the style and process of the Soviet Union's commercial negotiations, often comparing it to that of the U.S. Soviet negotiations which are noted for being lengthy and time-consuming. Difficulties experienced by the U.S. when negotiating with the Soviets, such as their hazy understanding of concepts like as markets and profits, are discussed. The Soviets tend to propose countertrade after agreements have been made and prices have been settled. Economic relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union have historically been overshadowed and influenced by their political discourses. The author notes that Soviets are traditionally sensitive towards issues of etiquette. The author also describes the Soviet's negotiation techniques as unsympathetic and uncompromising.

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's focus on etiquette in the case "Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission." An overview of the U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy's perspective on the Colorado Civil Rights Commission's treatment of religious liberty of public officials, including in regard to discrimination based on gay sexual orientation, is provided.

The proliferation of devices enabled with texting and messaging capabilities has exponentially increased the rate of decay in terms of social etiquette in the United States. Texting has overtaken e-mails in terms of popularity and thus set a new standard in terms of written etiquette. Anonymity in the public sphere is increasingly dealt with through the use of fake intimacy in the service sector. While the United States is known for its low power distance as well as by the easy going nature of its citizens, recent developments in the complete omission of titles makes social interaction difficult and at times may actually increase conflict and thus social instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile phones are used around the world, however, there are no definitive rules regarding their appropriate use. In the absence of such codification, the researchers surveyed 225 American and 115 Chinese college students to understand their perceptions of etiquette and appropriate use of mobile phones both in the classroom and in other public places. Several cultural similarities and significant mean differences were found. Similarly, results evince the need for established rules for mobile phone etiquette and the need to implement mobile phones as learning tools in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Czech Hospitality & Tourism Papers is the property of Vysoka Skola Hotelova v Praze 8, spol. S. r.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although immigration is an essential element in the American national story, it presents difficulties for constructing national membership and national identity in terms of shared intrinsic values. In this article, I analyze speeches made at naturalization ceremonies during two time periods (1950–1970 and 2003–present) to examine the evolving roles of immigrants, as articulated to immigrants themselves. Naturalization ceremonies are a unique research site because the usually implied nationalist content is made explicit to brand new members of the nation. I find a shift in the framing from immigrants as potential liabilities and weak links in the earlier period to immigrants as morally superior redeemers of the American nation in the later period. I discuss the significance of this shift and the relationship between the roles presented at naturalization ceremonies and the discourse found elsewhere in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into whether there are any differences in demonstration of attentiveness between different generations and different cultures. By attentiveness I mean a demonstrator's preemptive response to a beneficiary's verbal/non-verbal cues or situations surrounding a beneficiary and a demonstrator, which takes the form of offering. When and how often one would demonstrate attentiveness may vary according to such factors as generation and culture. Three groups of people from different generations and different cultural backgrounds (Japanese and Americans) served as the participants (280 people for the questionnaire data and 18 people for the interview data). It was investigated whether there were any differences among the participants in demonstration of attentiveness, in the reasons for demonstration of attentiveness, and in rating degree of imposition to demonstrate attentiveness. It was also examined whether there was any relationship between degree of imposition to demonstrate attentiveness and demonstration of attentiveness; and in which relationship (the relationship between a demonstrator and a beneficiary of attentiveness varied from very familiar to not very familiar at all) attentiveness was demonstrated. The data were collected using a questionnaire with six situations, based on field notes; and the interviews were conducted using the same six situations. The results show that in most situations there were no major differences among the participants in the choice of demonstration of attentiveness and the reasons for it. The participants chose to demonstrate attentiveness in four situations in the questionnaire, because they wanted to be of help to the other party. There was a relationship between degree of imposition to demonstrate attentiveness and demonstration of attentiveness in four situations. Overall, the interview data confirmed the questionnaire data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are certain areas of study where present-day pragmatics can benefit from history. This study investigates the processes of identity construction and negotiation through face work, using as a case study the historical courtroom in 18th century America. Adopting a social constructionist perspective to identity, the paper proposes that face is inextricably intertwined with identity, as it involves the process in which interlocutors position themselves, through discourse, in social interaction. Drawing upon the framework of self-politeness (Chen 2001), the paper reveals the ways in which an expert identity is constructed and negotiated during a trial where two medical professionals testified as expert witnesses and, at the same time, were challenged by the hostile interrogators. It is found that the experts resorted to two main discursive strategies which enhanced and restored their self-face, namely redressive and off-record, in their struggle for an expert identity, primarily because in the context of cross-examination, such strategies enabled the experts to directly or indirectly voice their response to previous face damaging utterances, instead of being silent on an issue (i.e. the withhold self-face threatening act strategy) or admitting that there was inconsistency in their testimony (i.e. the bald, on-record strategy). Such strategies helped the experts to construct and renew their identity or even resist others' identity ascriptions, enabling them to present themselves in a favourable light as their identity was under constant face threats from the adversarial interlocutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: I discuss two recent articles (Pinker, Steven, Nowak, Martin, Lee, James, 2008. The logic of indirect speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (3), 833–838, and Lee, James, Pinker, Steven, 2010. Rationales for indirect speech: the theory of the strategic speaker. Psychological Review 117 (3), 785–807), in which the authors dissociate off-record indirect speech from politeness and propose an alternative explanation for it in terms of payoffs for the speaker and the listener, and the digital nature of language interpretation. I suggest that, contrary to their claims, on closer scrutiny, the authors’ examples still rely on a narrower sense of locutionary cooperation, and that their discussion of uses of indirect speech when deniability is not required could be expanded by taking into account instances of off-record indirectness between intimates or members of different social groups, where indirect speech may serve to underline the interlocutors’ common ground and/or to construct the speaker''s identity. Finally, I propose that a multi-component theory of indirect speech may offer a more productive way of accounting for off-record indirectness as the outcome of several different, sometimes opposing, motivations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pioneering work on compliments based on corpora collected almost 30 years ago examined the formulaic and gendered nature of compliments. However, the passage of time and questions about collection methods justify a new data collection and analysis. This article is based on two corpora of compliments among status equals collected on a small Midwestern campus in the US in 2008 and 2010. Analysis of the corpora reveals the importance of distinguishing between compliments given in unstructured versus goal-oriented settings. In unstructured settings, appearance compliments between women on apparel and hairstyle predominated and served as phatic communication that reinforced the norm of effortful attention to daily appearance. In goal-oriented settings, however, men and women gave and received compliments on an almost equal basis, with men giving and receiving slightly more compliments than women. For both men and women, compliments on performance far outnumbered all other topics in goal-oriented settings. Men''s use of performance compliments on sports in unstructured settings, however, suggests that men used these types of compliments to each other to reinforce values of heterosexual masculinity. Through the types of compliments they gave, men and women revealed gendered values. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Increasing attention to the distinction between first- and second-order im/politeness has led to considerable soul-searching among theorists regarding which of the two should form the basis of a theory of im/politeness. In this article, I take an alternative path: I build on norms of Politeness1, as attested in influential texts laying out Politeness1 norms in different parts of the world from antiquity to this day, to extract from them the core elements of a theory of Politeness2. By affording us with some glimpses into the diachronic intertwining of Politeness1 and Politeness2, this analysis helps explain why it has been so difficult to keep these two notions apart in previous research. At the same time, it suggests some possible ways forward. Specifically, this survey reveals two overarching themes regarding the role of politeness (and, by implication, impoliteness) in these cultures. The first concerns the social regulatory role of Politeness1 norms, while the second concerns the relationship of Politeness1 norms with an underlying morality. I propose that these two elements should be placed at the heart of an empirically grounded theory of Politeness2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses etiquette manuals and literature discussing women's self defense throughout the 20th century. According to the author, the late 20th century saw a shift from etiquette literature, which emphasized rights and privileges gained as a result of following rules, to self-defense literature which reinforced fears of violence, danger, and disorder. It is suggested that attitudes towards women's presence in cities are connected to attitudes towards cities themselves and to popular understandings of public space. Topics discussed include respectability, single women, and popular beliefs surrounding women's responsibilities in preventing sexual assault.

Most theatre-goers in 1919 would have recognized the dual significance of the banquet in Edna St. Vincent Millay's "Aria da Capo" as a reference to both the war effort and elite popular culture. Two years earlier, the Food Administration had launched an aggressive publicity and volunteer campaign for food conservation. The decadent food being eaten in the opening scene of the play, however, raises questions about the effectiveness of these efforts and the propaganda used to achieve them. At the same time, this banquet offers a parody of the growing entertainment and restaurant culture in New York City. By 1913, New York was the restaurant capital of the United States. Lobster palaces and other ostentatious dining establishments were hotspots for prosperous urbanites and the uptown theatre crowd—people seeking an escape from everyday life to indulge in material pleasures and the illusions of extreme wealth. The meanings associated with food here reinforce Millay's message about some of the dangerous excesses of American culture more broadly—a culture that often valued escapism over social and political engagement and encouraged audiences to forget history rather than to contemplate its consequences. Just as this play condemns the brutality of war and the coercive power of nationalistic propaganda, it warns that the escapist pleasures of entertainment and modernist art could be socially irresponsible as well. They could, as the title of the play suggests, lead people and nations into thoughtless repetition, into committing the same atrocities over and over again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown and Levinson's ([[1978]] Politeness: Some universals in language use, Cambridge University Press, 1987) politeness theory has been criticized as being ethnocentric by displaying a Western preoccupation with autonomy and individualism. Many non-western societies, it is argued, are better understood by appealing to cultural discernment or group face. Whether or not this is a fair criticism of Brown and Levinson, is it a fair understanding of Western politeness notions? This paper examines how people manage the face of a third party, one who is neither the speaker nor the hearer, in interactions through apology behavior in Korea and the United States. A Discourse Completion Task containing 6 situations was given to 163 participants. In each situation, a family member of the speaker commits a possible offense to another individual. If the speaker apologizes to that individual, it is taken as evidence that the speaker takes responsibility and feels regret for an action they themselves did not commit. A mixed-effects regression analysis was used to examine the factors of (1) the participant's country, (2) the participant's gender, (3) the relation's gender, (4) the intimacy of the situation, and (5) the presence of the speaker during the offense. Contrary to the typical collectivist/individualist distinction, both Koreans and Americans apologized, overall, in similar situations. The speaker's presence was the overriding factor predicting the chance of an apology. The factors did operate in different patterns within each nation, however. Rather than a simple collectivist/individualist distinction, both the qualitative and quantitative results suggest that people in both societies attempt to manage the face of groups to which they belong, though there are indeed differences concerning the specific situations and responsible players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines whether there are emerging interpersonal norms of text messaging-an etiquette ('textiquette') of texting-that guide its use in India and the United States. One hundred and thirty-seven participants recorded multiple text messages sent and received in specially designed text logs. Each log secured data on the following dimensions: (1) the context in which a text was sent and received/read; (2) who each participant was with-and the reaction of this person(s)-when the participant sent or received/read a text message; and (3) what constitutes impolite text messaging behavior. Results reveal emerging interpersonal norms of text messaging in both countries that vary significantly across cultures on all three dimensions. Implications and limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this qualitative study was to compare the ethnic identities of 2 groups of Filipino Americans, 1 born in the United States and 1 born in the Philippines. Results from consensual qualitative research analysis (C. E. Hill et al., 2005; C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, & E. N. Williams, 1997) suggested that U.S-born participants saw the distinguishing feature of their identity as the "American lifestyle," that is, the availability of material goods and technology. Typically, these participants were curious and wanted to explore their Filipino American identity, which they saw as influenced by both Philippine and U.S. cultures. Philippine-born individuals, in contrast, identified the following important aspects of their identity: valuing family relationships; being hospitable, polite, and respectful; having faith in God; speaking Tagalog; and having Filipino physical characteristics. Although most of the latter individuals defined their identity as a combination of both cultures, they were more likely than the U.S.-born participants to view themselves as primarily Filipino and the American aspect of their identity as a result of circumstance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been tremendous growth in the cellular telephone industry in recent years. This evolving technology has given rise to concerns over the social rules of etiquette governing cellphone usage behaviour. The present study was undertaken to better understand the perceptions of cellphone usage propriety among one of the most important target markets for cellphone products – young adults attending college. Data were collected from a total of 383 cellphone consumers residing in geographically diverse regions of the United States. Overall, the results indicated a high degree of agreement among respondents as to appropriate and inappropriate situations for cellphone usage. Respondents considered inappropriate situations for cellphone usage to include during worship/church, during class, in a library and in a movie theatre during a movie. Respondents considered it to be appropriate to use cellphones while on public transportation, in a supermarket, and to use a hands-free set while driving. Specific differences were found as a function of geographic regions, gender and employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze climate change as a "predictable surprise," an event that leads an organization or nation to react with surprise, despite the fact that the information necessary to anticipate the event and its consequences was available (Bazerman and Watkins, 2004). I then assess the cognitive, organizational, and political reasons why society fails to implement wise strategies to prevent predictable surprises generally and climate change specifically. Finally, I conclude with an outline of a set of response strategies to overcome barriers to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the defining features of Persian genuine and ostensible invitations based on a collection of spontaneous Persian invitations and the results of interview data. The results are compared with the structure of invitations in English reported by Isaacs and Clark (1990). The framework for data collection and data analysis designed by Isaacs and Clark and their results were used in this study. Our results show that the structure of ostensible invitations in Persian is more complex than in English. The features suggested for ostensible invitations in English are present, but these are not sufficient to distinguish ostensible invitations from genuine invitations in Persian. Invitations that meet the criteria for being genuine invitations in English can be classified as ostensible by Persian speakers. In contrast to the claim made by Isaacs and Clark regarding English speakers that ‘‘ostensible invitations are rare in most situations’’ (p. 494), our observations show that Persian speakers use a considerable number of ostensible invitations in their daily activities as a manifestation of ritual politeness ( ta’arof ). The study concludes that enhancing face (Brown & Levinson 1987) for both interlocutors is the main underlying factor in using ostensible invitations in Persian. In Persian, the speaker, in adhering to societal norms, enhances his / her face as well as that of his / her interlocutor by using ostensible invitations in everyday language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the results of an experiment examining whether presenting a request that included the word "please" would facilitate greater compliance than would a request that did not include the word please. We hypothesized that the plead request (incorporating the word please) would elicit higher rates of compliance than would a nonplead request. Participants consisted of 165 male and 139 female undergraduates, aged 18-24. from a private, comprehensive university in the Midwest of the USA. Participants were surveyed by 8 callers, trained to uniformly verbalize the requests for compliance. Results showed that a greater proportion of participants in the nonplead condition complied than did in the plead condition (χ2=6.432, df = 1,p< 0.05). The implications of this analysis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviews author Judith Martin about the etiquette of people in the U.S. Views of Martin on non-smoking laws; Comments on the manners of people who live in different places; Reaction to the possibility that U.S. citizens will become etiquette conscious.

Focuses on the definition of etiquette for men from the later part of the 19th century to the early part of the 20th century in the United States. Prevalence of publications called universal educators during the period; Samples of the so called universal educator literature; Description of the American society during this period.

Explores the connection between race and etiquette in the late twentieth century in the United States. Story of the 1993 film, `Six Degrees of Separation'; Message of the 1967 film, `Guess Who's Coming to Dinner'; Advices on interracial contact from book `Cultural Etiquette,' by Amoja Three-Rivers.

Features the social norms of middle class society in the United States during the early 19th Century. Distinction between rural and urban social circles; Role of women in social gatherings and networkings; Importance of physical appearances when socializing; Hybrid sociability in provincial societies; Appropriation of manners, customs and entertainment.

Focuses on etiquette in relation to biology in the United States. Details on legislation passed to regulate conduct of biomedical research; Definition of etiquette; Examination of etiquette and the law; Discussion on bioetiquette.