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In this paper, we study closely the relationship between arms exports, labor productivity and economic growth. Using a connectedness measurement technology fundamentally grounded in modern network theory, we determine the size and direction of the spillover effects between these three variables. Our findings indicate that shocks from arms exports have direct spillovers over the labor productivity and GDP growth, whereas the reverse is not captured by our data. We also provide a dynamic analysis of the spillovers that confirm the direction of spillovers from arms exports to the other variables. The recent evolution of arms exports from the United States together with the changes in arms exports policy show the timeliness of studying the effects of this particular trade to the rest of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic brought up issues with healthcare costs, national economic development and welfare of the society in forefront. Nations across the globe followed different approaches to deal with COVID-19, such as zero tolerance, herd immunity, containment to build treatment capability. National healthcare became a contentious sociopolitical issue involving healthcare costs, technologies and societal health. In the United States even during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government approach was pursuing a sustainable improvement in patient care through adoption of medical and information technologies. The national healthcare policies are framed around technological interventions with the assumption that deployment of technologies could keep healthcare costs under control and at the same time improve health outcomes. However, evidences show that the healthcare costs are in the rise even with impressive progress in technological deployment. This article highlights some of the recent trends in healthcare costs, technological preparedness, medical technology developments in managing COVID-19 pandemic. The US government mandated electronic health record (EHR) systems implementation and assess its impact on healthcare costs and health outcomes. This article emphasizes the need for understanding the interconnectedness of costs, technology and societal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Export activity from the southern United States has outpaced exports from the US at large, in addition to exceeding growth in overall southern economic output. • Southern export activities have been spatially uneven and shown signs of volatility, indicating heterogeneous evolutionary paths. • Many southern states continue to serve longtime export partners, markets, yet the export concentration in the top markets has largely diminished over the past two decades. The southern United States has seen explosive economic growth over the past several decades. One component of this growth has entailed rapid (and often widely varying) increases in goods-related exports, with overall growth numbers that have exceeded the US at large in addition to eclipsing overall southern economic output. However, has this growth in internationalization been shared across the region and moreover, do southern states serve similar export markets? Within the contexts of evolutionary economic geography and research on the geographies of exporting, this paper examines the trajectories of goods-related exports across the southern US, particularly in relation to recent shifts in the global economy including during the pandemic. The analyses reveal that export growth and performance are largely uneven in spatial terms, yet many states share leading export markets and also show signs of less dependence on dominant markets. On balance, exports appear to be tied to large, branch-plant production or related to extractive industries. The paper concludes with discussions on whether exports have been beneficial to the region and possible futures for exporting across the South in light of evolutionary changes in globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the economic impact of discretionary fiscal and monetary actions taken in the United States during 2020 and 2021. The fiscal actions are The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or the "CARES" Act, passed in March 2020; The Consolidated Appropriations Act, passed in December 2020; and The American Rescue Plan Act, passed in March 2021. The paper focuses on the impact of the "economic impact payments" that underlie these fiscal actions. The paper also examines discretionary monetary policy actions taken during the same period. The overall implication is that there is a need to return to policies that increase economic growth and stability, including rules-based fiscal and monetary policy, rather than to continue with these one-time discretionary actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the economic growth imperative not only drives climate change and created the conditions for the development and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic but is also the context for climate change inaction and ineffective responses to the pandemic. Focusing on the United States, the paper identifies pretenses for collective inaction on COVID-19 that are similar in content to familiar justifications for delay in climate action: (1) denialism, (2) individualism, and (3) techno-optimism. These justifications must be identified as strategies to maintain the status-quo and benefit the wealthy few while allowing avoidable human suffering and loss. Adequately addressing climate change and future pandemics requires overcoming these false narratives and transitioning to social conditions that are resilient, healthy, and sustainable – specifically conditions where social and ecological well-being are prioritized over economic growth for the sake of profit maximization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the development of the venture capital (VC) industry in the United States and assesses how VC financing affects firm innovation and growth. The results highlight the essential role of VC financing for U.S. innovation and growth and suggest that VC development in other countries could promote their economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explain the relationship between price and financial stability in monetary policy designs that have developed since the 1990s and to empirically examine the relationship between price and financial stability in the monetary policy designs of the US. To this effect, the study examines the time-varying structure of the relationship between price and financial stability in the US, where monetary policies are designed to achieve price stability, full employment and moderate long-term interest rate targets using the TVP-SVAR model for the period 1993:12-2020:12. The results of the study demonstrate the presence of a reciprocal relationship within the scope of the new environment hypothesis, which varies over time between price and financial stability in the US over the study period. These results broadly suggest the necessity of redesigning monetary policies in the US based on the propositions of the new environment hypothesis and considering the varying structure of the relationships, symmetrical or asymmetrical, between monetary and financial stability variables over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic development at the municipal level often necessitates that local governments make trade-offs between firm- and locality-based strategies. In recent decades, economic development researchers have described these efforts over time as exhibiting certain patterns and metaphors: as a series of waves, as embodying a type of lock-in effect, and as a policy layering process; however, the mechanisms behind these patterns remain unclear. This article draws upon 30 years of economic development policy decision making across the United States to understand what leads local governments to prioritize growth- or equity-oriented policies. We find that equity-enhancing economic development policies are more likely when local governments face less competitive pressure, have greater resource capacities, and experience greater intergovernmental involvement in the economic development planning process. Leveraging these factors can aid governments as they struggle to navigate a more sustainable path toward growth and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7be United States established a record of economic growth in tbe nineteentb century unmatched by other nations. Wbat bas not been recognized is tbe role of the distribution of income in generating an aggregate demand tbat sustained sucb growth. By comparing tbe economies of Great Britain and tbe United States, this article demonstrates tbat tbe egalitarian distribution of farmland in tbe sixteen states of the US North generated a roughly egalitarian distribution of farm income tbat resulted in a broad demand for goods and services. Britain's lopsided agrarian economy, in wbicb tbe bulk of tbe rural population was poor, bad a weak domestic demand and bad to obtain overseas markets, by international trade and byforging an empire, to gain tbe consumers necessary to sustain an industrial economy. Northern farms generated most of the demand for consumer goods beyond a subsistence bundle. By estimating yearly incomeforvarious income categories in northern agriculture, manufacturing, and service activities (banking, commerce, nonmanufacturing and nonagricultural labor), it becomes obvious tbatfree-state agriculture was responseble for 47 to 58 percent of supra-subsistence purchasing ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article details a qualitative descriptive case study of affective factors of effective decision-making of one local government organization in the United States of America. The specific problem was that many elected American local government representatives lack effective decision-making strategies. This research focus indicated a lack of qualitative research on the real-world experience of factors that were taken into consideration during decision-making within American local government organizations. Design/methodology/approach: Using a local government organization in southwest Illinois, elected representatives were interviewed and observed. The interviews and observations surfaced how the representatives made decisions. Data were analyzed using manual coding and theming to determine themes and patterns. Findings: The results produced six themes about factors, including emotional intelligence, which impacted decision-making. They are: (1) remembering the past, (2) communication and respect, (3) spurring economic growth and development, (4) fairness, (5) recognizing and removing emotions and bias and (6) accountability. Research limitations/implications: Being a single case study, this research is limited in generalization. The research was limited to the identification of current, real-world experience of elected local government representatives. Practical implications: The findings of this research can be used to create more effective decision-making practices for local government organizations of similar size. Originality/value: This is the first study to review, in-depth, the decision-making and emotional intelligence factors of local government organizations in the United States of America. The conceptual background, discussion, implications to local government organizations, limitations and recommendations for future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide interest and support for worker cooperatives at all levels, from global to local are increasing. The 2030 UN Agenda, Goal 8 aims to promote "sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all". Even so, worker cooperatives are still rare in the United States. Unfortunately, as there is no comprehensive regulatory framework for worker cooperatives in the USA or a minimum legislation covering their concept at a federal level, the study is conducted through the judicial interpretation of sections 1381 through 1388 in subchapter T to the Internal Revenue Code. Nonetheless, a clear pattern and conclusions can be deducted out of it. The obsolete, partial, incomplete and inadequate regulation calls for a revision as it hinders potential worker cooperatives from getting the strength and resilience they need. This paper seeks to explore the reasons for this relative neglect, looking at a) the meaning of worker cooperatives at a federal level in the US, b) their possible separate regulation and federal/States competence issues, and c) possible ways of promoting worker cooperatives through US tax law complying with the 2030 UN agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was written in 2003-04 and aims to investigate the two cycles of US economic expansion in the late of the 20th Century and the 2001 financial crisis. For this purpose, it starts an examination of the mutations of the capital since the 1970s. In the end, it analyzes the international context and the changes in the US hegemony nature at the beginnings of the 21st Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current economic expansion in the United States, which began in the summer of 2009, has lasted for more than nine years as of this writing, making it the second longest expansion since the end of World War II. The previous two expansions, of the 1990s and 2000s, were prolonged by big asset bubbles, which have played a key role in the neoliberal era in promoting long economic expansions. However, the current expansion has not seen an asset bubble large enough to significantly affect the macroeconomy. This paper examines the expansion since 2009 by analyzing the movements of the rate of profit, and its determinants, and the role of aggregate demand, with the aim of determining the factors that have kept crisis tendencies at bay so far. JEL Classification: E32, E30, E11, E02 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify the longest expansion in U.S. history, a recession-free 16-year period from 1841 to 1856 that we call America's First Great Moderation. Using newer data on industrial production, we show that the record-long expansion was primarily driven by a boom in transportation-goods investment following the discovery of gold in California. Furthermore, the low volatility of industrial production and stock returns during the First Great Moderation, which occurred during a period without a U.S. central bank, is similar to that observed for the Second Great Moderation (1984–2007). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development history of human society has always been accompanied by the continuous upgrading of industrial structures brought about by technological progress. Due to different production technologies, industries generally have different driving forces for their economic and social development, which can be described with scale characteristics. In recent years, studies have been conducted on the evolution path and growth conditions of high-tech industries; however, most of these studies have been limited by focusing on specific countries or cities. Based on gross domestic production (GDP) data and the urban scaling law for the counties of the United States, the current paper presents a universal path of industrial upgrading from a cross-regional perspective. The results show that while low-GDP counties have a comparative advantage in regard to low-tech industries, with the expansion of economic scale, high-GDP counties show a comparative advantage in regard to high-tech industries. This reversal phenomenon demonstrates the presence of a stable transition point at a GDP near $ 1 0 10 during the period ranging from 2001 to 2019. The use of the scaling law and comparative advantage helps to capture the path of industrial upgrading using GDP empirical data. This information could help shed light on suggestions for the healthy and effective evolution of counties, both for governments and the research field. • Indicates that the significance of high-tech industries emerges when GDP reaches a certain threshold. • Analyzes the evolution of high-tech industries and illustrates their universal upgrading conditions and limitations. • Finds a critical point as the industrial structure evolutionary bifurcation. • Identifies high-tech industries through superlinear scaling with production instead of the exogenous evaluation index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding employment trends is important for discerning the economic vitality of U.S. hardwood lumber users. After a period of growth in the 1990s, employment in industries consuming hardwood lumber has declined in the 21st century. The wood household furniture industry has experienced the greatest decline, with North Carolina, Virginia, and California being the states most affected. Nearly all of the decline in employment in the furniture industry can be attributed to increased importation of this product. Millwork and kitchen cabinets are industries associated with home construction. Both of these industries experienced declines in employment in the 21st century. Employment in millwork started to decline after 2000, while employment in the kitchen cabinet industry started to decline after 2006. While there was little change in the relative regional employment rankings in the millwork industry, Indiana displaced California and Texas to become the largest employer in the kitchen cabinet industry. Employment in the pallet industry has declined in the 21st century, but mostly during the two recessionary periods. The pallet industry was the only industry that had an employment increase after 2009. Ohio was once the major pallet producing state, but it was displaced by California and Texas after 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the role of outmigration in determining public higher education funding from the 1993-1994 to the 2011-2012 academic years. The results of a fixed-effects estimation show that outmigration has a statistically significant and negative effect on the level of state funding when controlling for various state indicators, but the impact varies across state recessions and expansions. Findings on the role of state business cycles provide updated estimates of the relationship between migration and education funding but are generally in line with previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine how internal migration redistributes earned income across U. S. states between 1995 and 2010. We examine interregional income flows by first describing the movement of earned income between U. S. states. Second, we examine the effect of income migration on spatial patterns of income inequality. The question we ask is, 'does migration increase or decrease convergence income across U. S. States?' A primary contribution of this paper is that instead of using only 1 year of income migration data to explore these issues, we use yearly data from the first year the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) data started including income (1995/1996) up to the most current data available (2009/2010). Results indicate that income convergence/divergence across states varies by whether or not there is general economic expansion or contraction. Nevertheless, some high-amenity states continually attract high-income households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various presentations made at the "Worlds of Welfare: An Interdisciplinary Conference at the Free University of Berlin" held in Dahlem, Germany, during July 9-10, 2015, that focused on the welfare state in North America and Europe. Topics discussed at the event included the history of disaster relief in the U.S.; the politics of civil rights, economic development and labor in North Carolina; and the culture of volunteerism in the U.S. during the 20th century.

The geoeconomic discourses that underpinned the commercial expansion of the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century drew on and produced an imagined geography that positioned the United States in the center of a world in which commerce and trade moved freely around a globe comprised of nations whose economic growth potentials were just being realized. Drawing on two case studies of large corporations that expanded outside the United States, and in response to scholarly interrogations of the historicization of geoeconomics and geopolitics, I argue that geoeconomic imaginations fueled and legitimized economic expansion in the early decades of the twentieth century, thus refiguring the narrative that positions geoeconomics as a more recent phenomenon and reconceptualizing the term geoeconomics as a discursive field. In addition, by analyzing the intersections of the discourses of civilization, geoeconomics, and commercial geography, I provide an important new chapter in critical examinations of the histories of geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute la desigualdad de ingresos con un enfoque en la política macroeconómica y los planes de expansión económica nacional en la reunión anual de economistas organizada por la Reserva Federal de los Estados Unidos (FED). El artículo también se enfoca en las políticas económicas de los Estados Unidos, la desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso y las políticas públicas para el bienestar.

The article focuses on Gen busting which all about busting the generational barriers that are generating generational super storm. It states about the generational phenomena that are increasingly evident in workplaces across the U.S. and informs about the workshop presented by the GEN Busters: Terminating Tension on the Team at the 2012 Annual Conference of International Economic Development Council (IEDC) .

The article discusses the manufacturing industries in the U.S., their decline and the possibility of economic development in the coming years. It is mentioned that the manufacturing industry suffered the most during the 2000s with a great decrease in the jobs throughout the industry. Also, it is discussed that the revival of manufacturing industries can help in bringing new jobs, and aid in economic development at both local and national levels.

The article discusses U.S. political economist Tench Coxe and his support for American manufacturing and western migration and expansion during the beginning of the American republic. The author compares and contrasts Coxe's support for expansion and the policies of U.S. president Thomas Jefferson with Coxe's previously held political beliefs and support for Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton. The article outlines Coxe's arguments for expansion, specifically the complementary facets of domestic growth, stability among the states, and military security. The article examines Coxe's belief that the Republican Party's economic actions were signs of support for industrial development, as well as the importance of the cotton industry in expansion.

The article offers information on the implementation of solar energy projects by U.S. President Barack Obama Administration, that helps in the economic development of the U.S. It states that Solar Energy Development Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement has been conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to identify locations best suited for solar energy production. It offers information on economic development of Oneida Farms/Agriculture Center (ONFAC).

Abstract: Casinos have been introduced throughout the U.S. to spur economic development and generate tax revenues. Yet, casinos may also be associated with a variety of social ills. One issue that has not been empirically tested in the literature is whether there is a link between casino expansion and alcohol-related fatal traffic accidents. We suspect a link may exist since casinos often serve alcohol to their patrons and, by their dispersed nature, could impact driving distances after drinking. Using the variation in the timing and location of casino openings over a 10-year period, we isolate the impact of casino introduction on alcohol-related fatal accidents. Results indicate that there is a strong link between the presence of a casino in a county and the number of alcohol-related fatal traffic accidents. However, this relationship is negatively related to the local-area (county) population. Results prove durable, as we subject them to robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant breeders contributed enormously to the agricultural and economic development of the United States. By improving the profitability of farming, plant breeders improved the economic condition of farmers and contributed to the growth and structure of rural communities. In the years since World War II, agriculture and the quality of rural life have been driven by policies that encouraged and subsidized an agroindustrial production model. Plant breeders responded by developing methods and deploying products attuned to agroindustrial clients. Major achievements by plant breeders of the era include the development of higher-yielding crops suitable to new environments and mechanized harvesting and shipping. As social, technological, and economic changes reinforced the expansion and dominance of the agroindustrial model, rural communities sustained high levels of out-migration. At the same time, a variety of societal, and economic forces have eflcouraged new food system models, including the locavores and community-supported agriculture. Sustainability indices reflect the desire of megaretailers to make the relationship between consumers and the production of their food more transparent. These forces, along with an increased focus on the quality of rural life in America, represent opportunities for plant breeders to address the needs of new clients, to develop methods appropriate to their client's values, and to serve traditional clients in new ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Friedman's 2005 book The world is flat was meant as a wake-up call to those in the United States who direct its corporate boardrooms and govern its political/economic state, a warning that globalization has brought about a level economic 'playing field' in which the United States might be losing the game. As rhetoric, the title certainly works well to raise fears about North America's future economic role. It also works in concretizing a popular view of globalization, a view that obscures its uneven, discordant, and decidedly unflat processes and practices. In this paper I help deconstruct this view by fleshing out the everyday ways through which United States expanded economically in its early (1890-1927) global empire. Based on archival work in Argentina, Russia, Scotland, and the United States, I provide a historical look at encounters between North American business men and women and their foreign customers, students, and workers. Focusing on the diverse practices and personal encounters that were critical to the early global efforts of select United States-based corporations, I expose the uneven, contested, and messy ways in which economic expansion works. By analyzing early global encounters when the economic dominance of the United States was just becoming apparent, I am able to highlight the sheer complexity and truly relational nature of United States' expansion in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

there is no abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the various new policies of Turkey's ruling political party Justice and Development Party in order to develop a better relations with its developing countries. It mentions that the increased concern about Turkey's security and economic development has caused the Turkish government to formulate new and better economic and political policies. The Turkish government is not only working on its foreign policies and relations but is working on its regional policies. It further discusses the relationship of Turkish government with European Union leaders and the U.S. government and the challenges to be faced by Turkey in order to implement its policies.

An unprecedented expansion of ratepayer-funded energy efficiency is underway. Can it be done, and what are the implications for the country''s broader energy goals and energy policies? [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article explains the relationship between the components of the Kansas City Financial Stress Index (KCFSI) and financial stress in the U.S. It states that high values of the KCFSI have seem to coincide with known periods of financial stress and offer important information about future economic growth. The article also discusses a set of financial variables, explores the link between the KCFSI and economic activities, and examines how the KCFSI can be used in determining the severity of financial stress.

This paper presents a case that the financial and economic crisis that began in the United States in 2008 indicates the start of a systemic crisis of neoliberal capitalism. The same institutional features of neoliberal capitalism that promoted a series of long economic expansions over several decades also created long-run trends that have led to a systemic crisis. Major economic restructuring is likely to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this document, we analyze the dynamics of per capita value added in manufacturing as a proxy of per capita income in Mexico's municipalities and US counties. Specifically, we seek to determine if there is convergence (absolute or conditional), divergence, or stratification. A dynamic panel model without exogenous regressors is utilized, and the problem of bias in this specific context is considered. In general, it is concluded that the dynamics of per capita value added of US counties shows conditional convergence and low steady state dispersion. However, in the case of Mexico the dynamics are congruent with stratified growth. This study also finds that manufacturing growth in US counties and Mexican municipalities is divergent over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the government's power in possessing private properties for economic development in the U.S. Under just compensation, the government can transfer property from A to B when it is rationally conceivable that B's use will benefit the public. Meanwhile, governments have made use of eminent domain for the construction of roads and other projects with a clear public use.

The article examines awarding a share in the gains to takees in the context of economic development projects. It also examines the current measures of compensation and considers justifications for awarding after value in the economic development context. It also discusses the need for a new conception of the Takings Clause in the context of economic development condemnations. In a 5-4 decision in Kelo v. City of New London, The U.S. Supreme Court has held that economic development is a "public purpose" for which a government may use its eminent domain power under the Takings Clause of the U.S. Constitution.