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Objective: Major negative life events, such as trauma exposure, can play a key role in igniting or exacerbating psychopathology. However, few disorders are diagnosed with respect to precipitating events, and the role of these events in the unfolding of new psychopathology is not well understood. The authors conducted a multisite transdiagnostic longitudinal study of trauma exposure and related mental health outcomes to identify neurobiological predictors of risk, resilience, and different symptom presentations., Methods: A total of 146 participants (discovery cohort: N=69; internal replication cohort: N=77) were recruited from emergency departments within 72 hours of a trauma and followed for the next 6 months with a survey, MRI, and physiological assessments., Results: Task-based functional MRI 2 weeks after a motor vehicle collision identified four clusters of individuals based on profiles of neural activity reflecting threat reactivity, reward reactivity, and inhibitory engagement. Three clusters were replicated in an independent sample with a variety of trauma types. The clusters showed different longitudinal patterns of posttrauma symptoms., Conclusions: These findings provide a novel characterization of heterogeneous stress responses shortly after trauma exposure, identifying potential neuroimaging-based biotypes of trauma resilience and psychopathology.

Purpose: Socioeconomic adversity in early years and young adulthood are risk factors for poor health in young adulthood. Population differences in exposure to stressful socioeconomic conditions partly explain the higher prevalence of disease among black young adults. Another plausible mechanism is that blacks are differentially vulnerable to socioeconomic adversity (differential vulnerability hypothesis), which has not been adequately investigated in previous research. The present study investigated variation in the vulnerability of black young adults leading to cardiometabolic (CM) disease risk., Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of 8,824 adolescents who participated in the Add Health study. Early and later adversity was measured using a cumulative index of social and material adversity in adolescence and young adulthood. CM disease risk was assessed using nine biomarkers. Path analysis within a structural equation modeling framework was used., Results: The findings indicated that both early and later socioeconomic adversity act as stressors with independent additive influences on young adults' CM disease risk, consistent with the differential exposure hypothesis. Moreover, the results showed that black youth are less vulnerable to early socioeconomic adversity than whites, but they are more vulnerable to later adversity., Conclusions: The findings provide support for the unique and additive influences of early and later socioeconomic adversity on CM disease risk contributing to the black-white health disparity in young adulthood. The results also suggest that vulnerability to adversity varies depending on the life stage, which highlights the need for life-stage specific interventions to mitigate the existing black-white disparity in young adults' physical health., (Copyright © 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction characterized by a syndrome of dermatologic and systemic signs and symptoms, at times including cardiovascular collapse from distributive shock. Although it is recognized that the incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing, the extent of its prevalence, both from individual causes and in toto, remains unclear. Common causes include pharmacologic agents, such as antibiotics and radiocontrast media, as well as foods, insect stings, and latex exposure. The available literature suffers from methodologic shortcomings, limiting the accuracy of estimated prevalence. However, current data suggest that there are approximately 1500 annual deaths from anaphylaxis, and between 2.8 million and 42.7 million Americans are at risk of experiencing an episode of anaphylaxis during their lives.

The gold standard for assessing the adequacy of nutrient intake in pediatrics is that diet which promotes optimal growth and development. Thus, it is crucial that our methods for measuring these outcomes be valid, reliable, and widely accepted. A review of the recent medical literature in the field of clinical nutrition indicates that both growth data and dietary standards continue to evolve as more data accrue concerning their applicability in both health and disease. In addition, oral nutrition is clearly a determinant of perhaps the most prevalent infectious disease in pediatrics: dental caries. Research in this field stresses the importance of oral fluoride intake in the prevention of caries, as well as the fact that current efforts at reducing milk-bottle tooth decay are inadequate.

International and national research has documented the relations between socio-economic conditions and health. Nonetheless, racial/ethnic group comparisons of health indices frequently are presented in the United States without stratifying or adjusting for socio-economic conditions that could affect interpretation of the data. This paper examines how racial/ethnic group identifiers have been used in past research. While some studies assume biologic differences; others presume that race/ethnicity is a proxy for socio-economic race factors. One consequence of these presumptions has been an underdevelopment of knowledge about racial/ethnic minority populations that could help shape public policies and preventive interventions to reduce disparities in health. Findings from studies that examine the influence of both race and social class on health are reviewed in an effort to clarify the state-of-knowledge. Although the findings vary for particular health indices, the studies provide considerable evidence that socio-economic conditions are a powerful, although not necessarily exclusive, explanatory variable for racial disparities in health. The findings are used as the basis for encouraging more theoretically grounded and methodologically rigorous research rather than avoiding an assessment of the influence of race/ethnicity on health.