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Payola in radio and television broadcasting may be defined as undisclosed payments which are given to bring about the inclusion of material in broadcast programs in the U.S. The making of such payments has become a crime as a result of amendments to the Communications Act in 1960. The aim of this paper is to discover why these payments came to be made and to consider whether the results of allowing such payments should be regarded as beneficial or harmful and to evaluate the worth of the 1960 amendments to the Communications Act and regulations by the Federal Communications Commission.

There appears to be an error in the neutron fluence for neutrons with energies between 9 and 10 MeV for the tabulated D2O-moderated Cf source in ISO 8529-1. If the referenced spectrum is used as tabulated, the error contributes a total error to neutron dose values from this source of approximately 3%.

A useful technique for determining the relationships between irradiation position and air kerma or neutron dose equivalent rate is presented. The standard geometric model (1/r2) is expanded allowing the user to include curvature in the model caused by scattered radiation. This technique applies to clean irradiation geometries that are well modeled by the standard geometric model, high-scatter geometries encountered in well irradiators, and neutron irradiation fields used to calibrate health physics instruments and personnel dosimeters. The technique, with slight modification, is also useful for determining the quality of x-ray beams. The basic equations and the implementing Excel functions are listed. In addition, several examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the technique.