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Heating and cooling requirement differences across climates not only have carbon emissions and energy efficiency implications but also impact indoor air quality (IAQ) and health. Energy and IAQ building simulation models help understand tradeoffs or co‐benefits, but these have not been applied to evaluate climate zone or multi‐family home differences. We modeled a four‐story multi‐family home in six U.S. climate zones and quantified energy, IAQ, and health outcomes with EnergyPlus, CONTAM, and a pediatric asthma systems science model. Pollutant sources included cooking and ambient. Outputs were daily PM2.5 and NO2 indoor concentrations, infiltration, energy for heating and cooling, and asthma exacerbations, which were compared across climate zones, apartment units, and resident behaviors. Daily ambient‐sourced PM2.5 decreased and cooking‐sourced PM2.5 increased with higher ambient temperatures. Infiltration air changes per hour were higher on the first versus the fourth floor and in colder climates. Window opening during cooking led to decreases in total pollutant concentrations (11%–18% for PM2.5 and 9%–15% for NO2), 3%–4% decreases in asthma exacerbations within climate zones, and minimal impacts on cooling, but led to increased heating demand (4%–8%). Our results demonstrate the influence of meteorology, multi‐family building characteristics, and resident behavior on IAQ, energy, and health, focused on multi‐zone methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the participation of women and girls in sport has increased tremendously. Much of this growth has been attributed to relatively recent changes in national and international law, yet few empirical studies exist that test this assertion. In this study, the role of law, specifically gender-based sports doctrine, is examined across four nations: the USA, Australia, Canada, and Iran. Results are mixed, suggesting women have increased their participation in elite sporting events despite national legal and bureaucratic variations regarding women in sport. On this basis, liberal feminist reliance on law as the primary determining factor for promotion of increased international opportunities for women is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the difference between single perpetrator and multiple parties in domestic violence situations and arrest in the United States. Notion on arrest decisions of responding police officers; Comparison between men and women's use of violence; List of arrest factors; Significance of arrest factors in single perpetrator and multiple party incidents.

This article examines the role of the United States Supreme Court in constraining federal intervention in response to white supremacist violence during the Reconstruction Period from 1866 to 1877. Contemporary research on the modern civil rights movement stresses the importance of a triad pattern of civil rights protest, white violence and federal intervention. Sociologists have devoted considerable efforts to analyze the modern civil rights movement. They have given little attention, however, to civil rights activity in the Reconstruction era 1865-1877. Social movement theorists contend that the political system's openness to change varies, thereby affecting the chances for successful collective protest. Research has shown that there is no consistent relationship between repression and social movement growth. Evidence indicates that repression can have both positive and negative effects on social movements. The Supreme Court's states' rights stance during Reconstruction had a major impact on the viability of a civil rights movement. Judicial decisions consigned almost all trials involving white violence and civil and voting rights violations to state courts.