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Two-thirds of US adults report hearing news stories about diet and health relationships daily or a few times a week. These stories have often been labeled as conflicting. While public opinion suggests conflicting nutrition messages are widespread, there has been limited empirical research to support this belief. This study examined the prevalence of conflicting information in online New York Times' news articles discussing published nutrition research between 1996–2016. It also examined the contextual differences that existed between conflicting studies. The final sample included 375 news articles discussing 416 diet and health relationships (228 distinct relationships). The most popular dietary items discussed were alcoholic beverages (n = 51), vitamin D (n = 26), and B vitamins (n = 23). Over the 20-year study period, 12.7% of the 228 diet and health relationships had conflicting reports. Just under three-fourths of the conflicting reports involved changes in study design, 79% involved changes in study population, and 31% involved changes in industry funding. Conflicting nutrition messages can have negative cognitive and behavioral consequences for individuals. To help effectively address conflicting nutrition news coverage, a multi-pronged approach involving journalists, researchers, and news audiences is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some preliminary studies indicate that components in coffee may have anticarcinogenic effects. However, the association between coffee-drinking habits and the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) remain controversial. To examine the relationship between coffee intake and NHL incidence in a large prospective study of postmenopausal US women. The participants included 74,935 women from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study who were recruited from 1993 through 1998. Information about coffee-drinking habits was collected at baseline via self-administered questionnaires. Newly diagnosed NHL was validated by medical records and pathology records. Separate analyses were performed for the following three subtypes of NHL: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 244), follicular lymphoma (n = 166), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (n = 64). Age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine associations of coffee intake (specifically, the total amount of coffee consumed daily, coffee types, and coffee preparation methods) with risk of NHL. A total of 851 women developed NHL during a median 18.34 years of follow-up (range = 0.01 to 24.30 years; ± 6.63 years). Overall, no associations were observed between coffee intake and risk of NHL regardless of the total amount of daily coffee intake (P value for trend = 0.90), caffeinated (P = 0.55) or decaffeinated coffee intake (P = 0.78), and filtered or unfiltered coffee intake (P = 0.91) after controlling for sociodemographic factors, lifestyle risk factors, and clinical risk factors/current medical conditions. No significant associations were observed between coffee intake with specific subtypes of NHL. A statistically significant interaction was found between alcohol intake, coffee intake, and incident NHL (P value for interaction = 0.02) based on the adjusted analysis. Specifically, among women who frequently consumed alcohol (> 7 drinks/week), those who had moderate coffee intake (2 to 3 c coffee/day) had a significantly reduced risk of developing NHL (hazard ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.98), compared with those who did not drink coffee. The findings from this study do not support an association between coffee consumption and NHL risk, irrespective of the total amount of daily coffee intake, coffee types, or coffee preparation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of coffee intake in US-based 23andMe participants (N = 130,153) and identified 7 significant loci, with many replicating in three multi-ancestral cohorts. We examined genetic correlations and performed a phenome-wide association study across hundreds of biomarkers, health, and lifestyle traits, then compared our results to the largest available GWAS of coffee intake from the UK Biobank (UKB; N = 334,659). We observed consistent positive genetic correlations with substance use and obesity in both cohorts. Other genetic correlations were discrepant, including positive genetic correlations between coffee intake and psychiatric illnesses, pain, and gastrointestinal traits in 23andMe that were absent or negative in the UKB, and genetic correlations with cognition that were negative in 23andMe but positive in the UKB. Phenome-wide association study using polygenic scores of coffee intake derived from 23andMe or UKB summary statistics also revealed consistent associations with increased odds of obesity- and red blood cell-related traits, but all other associations were cohort-specific. Our study shows that the genetics of coffee intake associate with substance use and obesity across cohorts, but also that GWAS performed in different populations could capture cultural differences in the relationship between behavior and genetics., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.)

Background: The association between coffee and caffeine intake and the risk of COPD and lung function has not been thoroughly discussed in Americans, with subgroup and threshold effects remaining unclear., Objectives: This study investigated the association between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as well as lung function utilizing data from the NHANES 2007-2012., Methods: We assessed the associations of coffee and caffeine consumption with the risk of COPD and lung function parameters, including FEV1 and FVC, adjusting for common demographic and disease characteristics in a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data., Results: A total of 9763 participants were included in the study, and 592 were diagnosed with COPD. Multivariate regression models revealed positive associations between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of COPD and lung function. Subgroup analyses stratified by sex, DM, hypertension status, and smoking habits identified potential effect modifiers as well as inflection points from threshold effect examinations., Conclusions: The results of this cross-sectional study indicated significant positive correlations between coffee and caffeine consumption and the risk of COPD. Additionally, positive correlations between exposure variables and FEV1 and FVC were detected. Among the stratification factors, smoking status exhibited the most potential for modifying effects. Future practices and research are needed to validate the results and explore the underlying mechanisms., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Although representative data on caffeine intake in Americans are available, these data do not include US service members (SMs). The few previous investigations in military personnel largely involve convenience samples. This cross-sectional study examined prevalence of caffeine consumers, daily caffeine consumption, and factors associated with caffeine use among United States active duty military service members (SMs).Methods: A stratified random sample of SMs were asked to complete an on-line questionnaire on their personal characteristics and consumption of caffeinated products (exclusive of dietary supplements). Eighteen percent (n = 26,680) of successfully contacted SMs (n = 146,365) completed the questionnaire.Results: Overall, 87% reported consuming caffeinated products ≥1 time/week. Mean ± standard error per-capita consumption (all participants) was 218 ± 2 and 167 ± 3 mg/day for men and women, respectively. Caffeine consumers ingested 243 ± 2 mg/day (251 ± 2 mg/day men, 195 ± 3 mg/day women). On a body-weight basis, men and women consumed respectively similar caffeine amounts (2.93 vs 2.85 mg/day/kg; p = 0.12). Among individual caffeinated products, coffee had the highest use (68%), followed by sodas (42%), teas (29%), energy drinks (29%) and gums/candy/medications (4%). In multivariable logistic regression, characteristics independently associated with caffeine use (≥1 time/week) included female gender, older age, white race/ethnicity, higher body mass index, tobacco use or former use, greater alcohol intake, and higher enlisted or officer rank.Conclusion: Compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, daily caffeine consumption (mg/day) by SMs was higher, perhaps reflecting higher mental and physical occupational demands on SMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by multiple metabolic disorders and is a serious global health problem. The coffee effect, acting as one of the most prevalent beverages on metabolic syndrome, is debatable., Methods: We included patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018 and used a comprehensive evaluation called the MetS z-score to assess the severity of metabolic syndrome. The relationship between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, and MetS z-scores was explored using a weighted linear regression. We also divided the participants into metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome groups according to the NCEP/ATP III criteria for the subgroup analysis., Results: A total of 14,504 participants were included in this study. The results demonstrated that drinking more than three cups of coffee daily was significantly linked to lower MetS z-scores (p < 0.001). Daily coffee consumption was also associated with lower BMI (p = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p < 0.001), while it was positively correlated with HDL-C (p = 0.001). Participants who consumed more than three cups of coffee daily had a lower MetS z-score in the MetS (p < 0.001) and non-MetS (p = 0.04) groups., Conclusion: This research indicates that coffee consumption is linked to MetS severity. However, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake were unrelated to MetS severity., (© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background & Aims: Previous studies have reported an inconsistent relationship between overactive bladder (OAB) and the consumption of tea, coffee, and caffeine. Our study aims to determine these associations in a large and nationally representative adult sample., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 15,379 participants from the 2005-2018 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The outcome was the risk of wet OAB that was diagnosed when the OAB symptom score was ≥3 with urgent urinary incontinence and excluded other diseases affecting diagnosis. The exposures were the consumption of tea, coffee, and caffeine. Weighted logistic regression models were established to explore these associations by calculating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), as did restricted cubic splines (RCS) used to analyze the nonlinear associations., Result: Of all the participants (n = 15,379), 2207 had wet OAB. Mean [SE] consumption of tea, total coffee, caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine was 233.6 [15.7] g/day, 364.3 [15.5] g/day, 301.6 [14.9] g/day, 62.7 [7.9] g/day, 175.5 [6.6] mg/day in participants with wet OAB, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, compared to those without tea consumption, the high consumption of tea (>481 g/day) was associated with an increased risk of wet OAB (OR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.01-1.64). Low decaffeinated coffee (0.001-177.6 g/day) had a negative association with the risk (OR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.49-0.90). In the RCS analysis, tea consumption showed a positive linear association with the risk of wet OAB, and decaffeinated coffee showed a nonlinear relationship with the risk and had a turning point of 78 g/day in the U-shaped curve between 0 and 285 g/day. Besides, total coffee, caffeinated coffee, and caffeine consumption had no significant association with the risk. Interestingly, in the high tea consumption, participants with high total coffee consumption [>527.35 g/day, OR and 95%CI: 2.14(1.16-3.94)] and low caffeine consumption [0.1-74.0 mg/day, OR and 95%CI: 1.50(1.03-2.17)] were positively associated with the risk of wet OAB., Conclusion: High tea consumption was associated with the increased risk of wet OAB, especially intake together with high total coffee and low caffeine consumption, but no significant association with the single consumption of total coffee and caffeine. Low decaffeinated coffee was associated with a decreased risk of wet OAB. It is necessary to control tea intake when managing the liquid intake of wet OAB patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest All authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background A growing body of literature suggests chronically higher bile acid (BA) concentrations may be associated with multiple health conditions. Diet may affect BA metabolism and signaling; however, evidence from human populations is lacking. Objectives We systematically investigated cross-sectional associations of a priori–selected dietary components (fiber, alcohol, coffee, fat) with circulating BA concentrations. Methods We used targeted, quantitative LC-MS/MS panels to measure 15 circulating BAs in a subset of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC; n  = 2224) and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO; n  = 986) comprising Finnish male smokers and United States men and women, respectively. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations of each dietary component with log-transformed BAs; exponentiated coefficients estimate proportional differences. We included the median of the dietary component quartile in linear regression models to test for trend. Results In ATBC, fiber was inversely associated with multiple circulating BAs. The proportional difference was –10.09% (95% CI: −19.29 to 0.16; P- trend = 0.04) when comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest fiber quartile. Alcohol, trans fat, and polyunsaturated fat were positively associated with BAs in ATBC. The proportional difference comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest alcohol quartile was 8.76% (95% CI: –3.10 to 22.06; P- trend = 0.03). Coffee and monounsaturated fat were inversely associated with BAs. The proportional difference comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest coffee quartile was –24.03% (95% CI: –31.57 to –15.66; P- trend < 0.0001). In PLCO, no dietary components were associated with BAs except fiber, which was inversely associated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid. Conclusions Alcohol, coffee, certain fat subtypes, and fiber were associated with circulating concentrations of multiple BAs among Finnish male smokers. Given the potential role of BAs in disease risk, further investigation of the effects of diet on BAs in humans is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of some cancers, but the evidence for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is inconclusive. We investigated the relationship between coffee and RCC within a large cohort.Methods: Coffee intake was assessed at baseline in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study. Among 420 118 participants eligible for analysis, 2674 incident cases were identified. We fitted Cox-regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coffee consumption vs non-drinkers.Results: We observed HRs of 0.94 (95% CI 0.81, 1.09), 0.94 (0.81, 1.09), 0.80 (0.70, 0.92) and 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) for usual coffee intake of <1, 1, 2-3 and ≥4 cups/day, respectively (Ptrend = 0.00003). This relationship was observed among never-smokers (≥4 cups/day: HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.46, 0.83; Ptrend = 0.000003) but not ever-smokers (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70, 1.05; Ptrend = 0.35; Pinteraction = 0.0009) and remained in analyses restricted to cases diagnosed >10 years after baseline (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51, 0.82; Ptrend = 0.0005). Associations were similar between subgroups who drank predominately caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee (Pinteraction = 0.74).Conclusion: In this investigation of coffee and RCC, to our knowledge the largest to date, we observed a 20% reduced risk for intake of ≥2 cups/day vs not drinking. Our findings add RCC to the growing list of cancers for which coffee consumption may be protective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current evidence on the associations between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intakes and mortality is inconsistent, whereas the evidence on artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) was sparse. We aimed to investigate the associations of SSB and ASB intakes with mortality in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Methods: Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2014; n = 31,402) were linked to the US mortality registry by the end of 2015. SSB and ASB intakes were collected using 24-h dietary recalls. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the associations of intakes of SSBs, ASBs, and added sugar from SSBs with mortality with adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, comorbidity, and dietary factors. Results: After a mean follow-up of 7.9 years, 3878 deaths were identified. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) associated with each additional serving/d of SSB were 1.05 (1.01–1.09) for all-cause mortality and 1.11 (1.03–1.21) for heart disease mortality. Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing the extreme quintiles of added sugar intakes from SSBs were 1.22 (1.05–1.42) for all-cause mortality and 1.45 (1.06–1.97) for heart disease mortality. No significant relationship was found between SSB intakes and cancer mortality or between high ASB intakes and mortality. Substituting one serving/d of SSB by an equivalent amount of ASBs, unsweetened coffees and teas, and plain water was associated with a 4–7% lower risk of all-cause mortality. Conclusion: Higher SSB intakes were associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality and heart disease mortality. High ASB intakes were not significantly associated with mortality. ASBs, unsweetened coffees and teas, and plain water might be optional alternatives for reducing SSB intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of coffee consumption on functional disability has been scarcely investigated. Thus, this study aimed to examine the association between coffee consumption and functional disability in older American adults. Participants (≥60 years old, n 7704) were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2016. Coffee consumption was assessed through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Five domains of functional disability including lower extremity mobility (LEM), general physical activity (GPA), leisure and social activities (LSA), activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were self-reported. Age- and multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline analyses were used. Total coffee consumption was inversely associated with LEM, GPA, LSA and IADL disability. Compared with non-drinkers of total coffee, those who consumed ≥2 cups/d reported lower odds of LEM (OR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·50, 0·91), GPA (OR 0·65, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·88), LSA (OR 0·61, 95 % CI 0·45, 0·83) and IADL (OR 0·59, 95 % CI 0·44, 0·78) disability. The dose–response analyses confirmed these relationships. Intake of ≥2 cups/d caffeinated coffee was also inversely linked to GPA (OR 0·67, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·92), LSA (OR 0·66, 95 % CI 0·46, 0·93) and IADL (OR 0·57, 95 % CI 0·43, 0·75) disability, whereas the inverse association of 2+ cups/d decaffeinated coffee was only on LEM (OR 0·43, 95 % CI 0·23, 0·81) and LSA (OR 0·39, 95 % CI 0·16, 0·94) disability. The present study suggested that coffee consumption was inversely associated with functional disability in older American adults. Those associations of diverse coffee types differed across domains of functional disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee is among the most popular daily beverages in the United States. Importantly, coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of multiple health outcomes including a reduction in adiposity. DXA is a means to assess body fat and distribution.Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the relation between coffee consumption and DXA-assessed adiposity and adiposity distribution.Methods: Cross-sectional data from the NHANES were used. Participants were adults aged 20-69 y from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 waves. Information on coffee consumption was assessed through the FFQ (categorized as no coffee, 0 to <0.25 cup/d, 0.25 to <1 cup/d, 1 cup/d, 2-3 cups/d, or ≥4 cups/d). Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption were included. Trunk fat and total fat percentage were measured via whole-body DXA scans. The association between coffee consumption and body fat was investigated using age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted linear regression models which accounted for sample weights.Results: Higher coffee consumption was associated with significantly lower total body fat percentage and trunk body fat percentage in a dose-response manner (all P values < 0.05) among women. Although this dose-response relation was nonsignificant among men, men aged 20-44 y who drank 2-3 cups/d had 1.3% (95% CI: -2.7%, 0.1%) less total fat and 1.8% (95% CI: -3.3%, -0.4%) less trunk fat than those who did not consume coffee. Furthermore, the association between coffee consumption and body fat percentage exhibited for both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee among women (all P for trend < 0.001) but not among men (all P for trend > 0.05).Conclusions: The present study found a significant association between higher coffee consumption and lower DXA-measured adiposity. Moreover, a gender difference in this association in the general US adult population was also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this report, we investigated the association between established risk factors and type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 5 distinct ethnic groups and explored differences according to T2D definition within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study., Methods: Using the full MEC, with participants in Hawaii and Los Angeles (N=172,230), we applied Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). All participants completed questionnaires asking about demographics, anthropometrics, lifestyle factors, and regular diet. T2D status was determined from self-reported diagnosis/medication and Medicare claims. We assessed the associations between well-established risk factors and T2D in the full cohort, after stratification by ethnic group, according to the T2D definition, and in a biorepository subset. Effect modification by ethnicity was evaluated using Wald's tests., Results: Overall, 46,500 (27%) participants had an incident T2D diagnosis after a mean follow-up of 17.1±6.9 years. All predictors were significantly associated with T2D: overweight (HR=1.74), obesity (HR=2.90), red meat intake (HR=1.15), short (HR=1.04) and long (HR=1.08) sleep duration, and smoking (HR=1.26) predicted a significantly higher T2D incidence, whereas coffee (HR=0.90) and alcohol (HR=0.78) consumption, physical activity (HR=0.89), and diet quality (HR=0.96) were associated with lower T2D incidence. The strength of these associations was similar across ethnic groups with noteworthy disparities for overweight/obesity, physical activity, alcohol intake, coffee consumption, and diet quality., Conclusions: These findings confirm the importance of known risk factors for T2D across ethnic groups, but small differences were detected that may contribute to disparate incidence rates in some ethnic groups, especially for obesity and physical activity., (Copyright © 2023 Canadian Diabetes Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Motivated by the importance of coffee to Americans and the significance of the coffee subsector to the US economy, we pursue three notable innovations. First, we augment the traditional Phillips curve model with the coffee price as a predictor, and show that the resulting model outperforms the traditional variant in both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample predictability of US inflation. Second, we demonstrate the need to account for the inherent statistical features of predictors such as persistence, endogeneity, and conditional heteroskedasticity effects when dealing with US inflation. Consequently, we offer robust illustrations to show that the choice of estimator matters for improved US inflation forecasts. Third, the proposed augmented Phillips curve also outperforms time series models such as autoregressive integrated moving average and the fractionally integrated version for both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample forecasts. Our results show that augmenting the traditional Phillips curve with the urban coffee price will produce better forecast results for US inflation only when the statistical effects are captured in the estimation process. Our results are robust to alternative measures of inflation, different data frequencies, higher order moments, multiple data samples and multiple forecast horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Studies have found beneficial effects of plant-based diets on weight. However, not all plant foods are necessarily beneficial. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine associations of changes in intake of 3 variations of plant-based diet indices (overall, healthful, and unhealthful) with weight change over 4-y intervals spanning >20 y. Methods Data from 3 ongoing prospective observational cohort studies in the United States were used, namely the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHS2, and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), with 126,982 adult men and women. Self-reported diet data were collected every 4 y, and self-reported weight data were used to compute weight change every 4 y over >20 y of follow-up. Results On average, participants gained a mean of 0.90 kg (HPFS) to 1.98 kg (NHS2) over 4-y intervals. Different types of plant-based diet indices were associated with different amounts of weight gain. After adjusting for several potential confounders, including concomitant changes in other lifestyle factors, a 1-SD increase in intake of an overall plant-based diet index was associated with 0.04 kg less weight gain over 4-y periods (95% CI: 0.05, 0.02 kg; P  < 0.001). A 1-SD increase in intake of a healthful version of a plant-based diet index (emphasizing whole grains, fruits/vegetables, nuts/legumes, vegetable oils, tea/coffee) was associated with 0.68 kg less weight gain over 4-y periods (95% CI: 0.69, 0.66 kg; P  < 0.001). Conversely, a 1-SD increase in an unhealthful version of a plant-based diet index (emphasizing refined grains, potato/fries, sweets, sweetened drinks/juices) was associated with 0.36 kg more weight gain (95% CI: 0.34, 0.37 kg, P  < 0.001). Conclusion Plant-based diets, especially when rich in healthier plant foods, are associated with less weight gain over 4-y intervals. This supports current recommendations to increase intake of healthy plant foods, and reducing intake of less-healthy plant foods and animal foods, for improved health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background An inverse relationship between coffee consumption and mortality has been reported in the general population. However, the association between caffeine consumption and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains uncertain. Methods We analysed 4863 non-institutionalized USA adults with CKD [defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio >30 mg/g] in a nationwide study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010. Caffeine consumption was evaluated by 24-h dietary recalls at baseline and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality were evaluated until 31 December 2011. We also performed an analysis of caffeine consumption according to its source (coffee, tea and soft drinks). Quartiles of caffeine consumption were <28.2 mg/day (Q1), 28.2–103.0 (Q2), 103.01–213.5 (Q3) and >213.5 (Q4). Results During a median follow-up of 60 months, 1283 participants died. Comparing with Q1 of caffeine consumption, the adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.91] for Q2, 0.74 (95% CI 0.62–0.89) for Q3 and 0.78 (95% CI 0.62–0.98) for Q4 (P = 0.02 for trend across quartiles). There were no significant interactions between caffeine consumption quartiles and CKD stages or urinary albumin:creatinine ratio categories regarding all-cause mortality. Conclusions We detected an inverse association between caffeine consumption and all-cause mortality among participants with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, is obtained from the coffee plant family 'Rubiaceae.' Kratom is available in the form of capsules, whole, processed and powdered leaves, and as liquids. Secondary to its 'natural herb' status and opioid effects, it is misconceived to be a safe alternative for the treatment of chronic pain. The use of kratom has increased by tenfold in the United States since 2010. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report a term neonate who was born to a chronic kratom user and required treatment with opiates for neonatal drug withdrawal. CONCLUSION: Physicians should be aware of these herbal supplements and its potential withdrawal effects in newborn which cannot be picked up by the standard toxicology screen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Workers using flavoring formulations containing diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione may be at risk of inhalational exposure, as these volatile hazardous chemicals are emitted from the bulk material, especially at elevated temperatures. However, flavoring formulations that contain diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione might not list these ingredients because they are generally recognized as safe to ingest, may be part of a proprietary mixture deemed a trade secret, or may not be required to be listed if they are present at <1% composition. The objective of this study was to investigate whether potential inhalational hazards present in flavoring samples were reported as chemical ingredients on their corresponding safety data sheets (SDSs). Methods A convenience sample of 26 bulk liquid flavorings obtained from two coffee roasting and packaging facilities in the USA was analyzed for 20 volatile organic chemicals present in the headspaces of vials containing flavoring liquids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Flavoring samples were included in the study if headspace analysis results and SDSs were available. Flavoring samples included hazelnut, French vanilla, amaretto, chocolate, and caramel as well as some flavoring mixtures containing added fruit flavors such as cherry and raspberry. The presence of a chemical in the flavoring formulation was then compared to the ingredient list on the SDSs. Results All the flavoring SDSs contained trade secret designations. None of the SDSs listed diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. Headspace analyte concentrations revealed that diacetyl was present in 21 of 26 samples (81%) with a maximum concentration of 5.84 × 104 µg m−3 in flavor 18 (caramel). 2,3-Pentanedione was present in 15 flavors (58%) with a maximum concentration of 3.79 × 105 µg m−3 in flavor 24 (oatmeal cookies). Conclusions A majority of the flavorings tested had diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, or both as volatile constituents in the headspace. These chemicals were not listed on the SDSs, but inclusion of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione on SDSs would serve to protect downstream users from unrecognized exposure and potential respiratory disease. The headspace technique presented here is a viable tool to rapidly screen for volatile hazardous chemicals that may be present in flavoring formulations. Facilities that use flavorings should be aware that constituents in flavorings may present a potential inhalational hazard even if not identified as such by the SDS. A precautionary approach is warranted when working with flavorings, including exposure monitoring and effective exposure control strategies such as containment and local exhaust ventilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the retail price competition and advertising's role. It states that local markets often have several supermarkets and foodstores offering similar products. It comments that these firms primarily advertise through local newspapers and of product prices. It mentions a shift in advertising content concerning non-price elements of retail advertising, which has resulted in a decline of interest in price advertising. It talks about the competitiveness of retail food prices between stores.

The author gives his assessment of the competitive relations in the U.S. coffee industry in the 1930's. The author contends that competition between local and national growers stems from geographic and strategic factors. He notes the competitive issue between advertised and non-advertised coffee brands. He believes the most significant issue is the legal control confusion in the industry between state and federal legislation.

Objective: This study aims to explore the association between coffee consumption and the prevalence of hearing loss in American adults based on a national population-based survey., Design: Cross-sectional analysis of reported audiometric status and coffee intake from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate logistic regression, forest plots and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were used to explore the associations and dose-response relationships between coffee consumption frequency and hearing loss., Setting: The USA., Participant: This study included 1894 individuals aged ≥ 20 from the 2003-2006 NHANES., Results: In this study, the prevalence of speech-frequency hearing loss (SFHL) and high-frequency hearing loss (HFHL) among the participants was 35·90 % and 51·54 %, respectively. Compared with those who no consumed coffee, non-Hispanic White who consumed ≥ 4 cups/d had higher prevalence of SFHL (OR: 1·87; 95 % CI: 1·003. 3·47). And a positive trend of coffee consumption frequency with the prevalence of HFHL was found ( P trend = 0·001). This association of HFHL was similar for participants aged 20-64 ( P trend = 0·001), non-Hispanic White ( P = 0·003). The forest plots analysis found that the association between 1 cup-increment of daily coffee consumption and the prevalence of HFHL was statistically significant in males. RCS model supported a positive linear association of coffee consumption with SFHL ( trend = 0·002), non-noise exposure participants ( P for nonlinearity = 0·48) and a positive non-linear association of coffee consumption with HFHL ( trend = 0·03) and noise-exposed participants ( P trend = 0·003). The forest plots analysis found that the association between 1 cup-increment of daily coffee consumption and the prevalence of HFHL was statistically significant in males. RCS model supported a positive linear association of coffee consumption with SFHL ( P for overall association = 0·02, P for nonlinearity = 0·48) and a positive non-linear association of coffee consumption with HFHL ( P for overall association = 0·001, P for nonlinearity = 0·001)., Conclusion: Our findings suggested that coffee consumption was associated with higher prevalence of hearing loss. Further cohort studies in larger population are needed to investigate these findings.

In the last few decades, numerous studies pertaining to research groups worldwide have investigated the effects of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. However, there is no bibliometric analysis to assess the large volume of scientific output associated with this topic. A bibliometric analysis of this topic may be used by researchers to assess the current scientific interest in the application of caffeine as a nutritional strategy to augment fat oxidation, the journals with more interest in this type of publication, and to draw international collaborations between groups working in the same area. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to assess the research activity regarding oral caffeine intake and fat oxidation rate in the last few decades by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1992 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 182 total publications, while the number of annual publications is saw-shaped with a modest increase of 11.3% from 2000 to 2009 to 2010 to 2019. The United States was the country with the highest number of publications (24.17% of the total number of articles), followed by the Netherlands (17.03%). According to citation analyses, the average number of citations per document is 130, although there are 21 documents that have received more than 100 citations; the most cited document reached 644 citations. These citation data support the overall relevance of this topic in the fields of nutrition and dietetics and sport sciences that when combined harbored 85.71% of all articles published in the WoS. The most productive author was Westerterp-Plantenga with 16 articles (8.79% of the total number of articles). Nutrients was the journal that published the largest number of articles on this topic (6.59% of the total number of articles). Last, there is a tendency to include keywords such as "performance", "carbohydrate", and "ergogenic aid" in the newer articles, while "obesity", "thermogenic", and "tea" are the keywords more commonly included in older documents. Although research into the role of caffeine on fat oxidation has existed since the 1970s, our analysis suggests that the scientific output associated with this topic has progressively increased since 1992, demonstrating that this is a nutritional research area with a strong foundational base of scientific evidence. Based on the findings of this bibliometric analysis, future investigation may consider focusing on the effects of sex and tolerance to caffeine to widen the assessment of the effectiveness of oral caffeine intake as a nutritional strategy to augment the use of fat as a fuel, as these terms rarely appear in the studies included in this analysis. Additionally, more translational research is necessary as the studies that investigate the effect of oral caffeine intake in ecologically valid contexts (i.e., exercise training programs for individuals with excessive adiposity) are only a minor part of the studies on this topic.

In this study, proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were compared for the authentication of geographical and farming system origins of Brazilian coffees. For this purpose, n = 19 organic (ORG) and n = 26 conventional (CONV) coffees from distinct producing regions were analyzed. Overall, differences (p ≤ 0.05) in 44 and 71 ion intensities were observed between the main producing regions and farming systems, respectively. Principal component analysis was not effective in illustrating differences between the coffees according to the farming system or geographical origin using neither PTR-MS nor NIRS data. However, when the PLS-DA was applied, which produced the best performing models compared to several other chemometric techniques, the farming system was adroitly differentiated. The fact that the classification performance (>80%) was independent of the data acquisition method used gives NIRS an edge over PTR-MS in the differentiation of the farming system because of its rapid analysis and cost. Differentiating geographic location of coffee was rather complex. The PTR-MS calibration models showed slightly better PLS-DA classification rates compared to the NIRS models (69% vs. 61%, respectively), which is even more evident when the alternative classifier is used (LDA-kNN, 69% vs. 39%, respectively). Coffee samples from either Minas Gerais (MG) or Sao Paulo (SP) were differentiated from the other regions. In conclusion, our study provides information on alternative rapid analysis coupled with chemometric techniques to differentiate the farming system and trace the geographical provenance of Brazilian specialty coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate whether caffeine intake among adolescents and adults in the U.S. varies across the week or throughout the day, data from a 7-day online beverage consumption survey (2010–2011) were analyzed. Mean (206.8–213.0 mg/day) and 90th percentile (437.4–452.6 mg/day) daily caffeine intakes among consumers 13 years and older were relatively constant across the week with no marked difference among weekdays versus weekend days. Percent consumers of caffeinated beverages likewise remained stable across the week. Mean daily caffeine intake for coffee and energy drink consumers 13 years and older was higher than contributions for tea and carbonated soft drink consumers. Caffeinated beverage consumers (13 + yrs) consumed most of their caffeine in the morning (61% versus 21% and 18% in the afternoon and evening) which was driven by coffee. Caffeinated beverage consumption patterns among adolescents (13–17 yrs) - who typically consume less daily caffeine - were more evenly distributed throughout the day. These findings provide insight into U.S. temporal caffeine consumption patterns among specific caffeinated beverage consumers and different age brackets. These data suggest that while caffeine intakes do not vary from day-to-day, mornings generally drive the daily caffeine intake of adults and is predominantly attributed to coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: By modulating the levels of sex steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), caffeine could be a factor in the development of several conditions in men, including prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate if caffeine consumption is associated with concentrations of sex steroid hormones and SHBG in men.Methods: 1,410 men aged 20 + years who attended the morning examination session of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1991) were included in the analysis. Coffee and soft drink consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Daily caffeine intake was estimated by multiplying caffeine content per cup times the daily frequency of coffee, tea, or soft drink consumption. Serum levels of hormones and SHBG were measured by immunoassay. Associations of frequency of beverage consumption or estimated caffeine intake with hormone levels were examined using multivariable linear regression.Results: Coffee consumption was positively associated with SHBG concentration (p = 0.045) taking lifestyle factors into account, but mutually adjusting for testosterone and estradiol attenuated the association; no association with SHBG was observed for soft drink consumption or caffeine intake. No associations between caffeinated beverage consumption and androgen or estrogen concentrations were observed.Conclusion: Men who drink coffee more frequently may have higher circulating SHBG concentration, but there were no consistent associations for soft drinks or caffeine intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 1991, coffee was classified as a group 2B carcinogen, possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on limited epidemiologic evidence of a positive association with bladder cancer. In 2016, the International Agency for Research on Cancer downgraded this classification due to lack of evidence from prospective studies particularly for never smokers.Methods: Baseline coffee drinking was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire in the NIH-AARP prospective cohort study. Among 469,047 US adults, who were cancer free at baseline, 6,012 bladder cancer cases (5,088 men and 924 women) were identified during >6.3 million person-years of follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), with non-coffee drinkers as the reference group.Results: Coffee drinking was positively associated with bladder cancer in models adjusted for age and sex (HR for ≥4 cups/d relative to coffee nondrinkers = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.70, 2.14; P trend < 0.0001). However, the association was substantially attenuated after adjustment for cigarette smoking and other potential confounders (HR for ≥4 cups/d relative to coffee nondrinkers = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05, 1.33; P trend = 0.0007). Associations were further attenuated after additional adjustment for lifetime smoking patterns among the majority of the cohort with this available data (P trend = 0.16). There was no evidence of an association among never smokers (P trend = 0.84).Conclusions: Positive associations between coffee drinking and bladder cancer among ever smokers but not never smokers suggest that residual confounding from imperfect measurement of smoking or unmeasured risk factors may be an explanation for our positive findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicated that 89% of Americans regularly consumed caffeinated products, but these data did not include military personnel. This cross-sectional study examined caffeine consumption prevalence, amount of daily consumption, and factors associated with caffeine intake in active duty United States (US) Air Force personnel. Service members (N = 1787) stationed in the US and overseas completed a detailed questionnaire describing their intake of caffeine-containing products in addition to their demographic, lifestyle, and military characteristics. Overall, 84% reported consuming caffeinated products ≥1 time/week with caffeine consumers ingesting a mean ± standard error of 212 ± 9 mg/day (224 ± 11 mg/day for men, 180 ± 12 mg/day for women). The most commonly consumed caffeinated products (% users) were sodas (56%), coffee (45%), teas (36%), and energy drinks (27%). Multivariate logistic regression modeling indicated that characteristics independently associated with caffeine consumption (≥1 time/week) included older age, ethnicity other than black, tobacco use, less aerobic training, and less sleep; energy drink use was associated with male gender, younger age, tobacco use, and less sleep. Compared to NHANES data, the prevalence of caffeine consumption in Air Force personnel was similar but daily consumption (mg/day) was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, whether individuals with mental illness use high energy drinks (HED) to offset their symptoms, or whether their use began after diagnosis or psychoactive drugs were prescribed is unknown. Their degree of knowledge regarding their symptoms, diagnosis, or what strategies they have used to feel better is also undetermined. A search of the literature yielded no studies about these areas or domains. The current article provides background information on caffeine and HED, with or without alcohol, and the use patterns of consumers of mental health services, as well as their attitudes and knowledge. Participants in the Network for Psychiatric Nursing Researchers, who were consumers, influenced the current study group to expand their thinking about how to address the unknown areas. Their related work and publication are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal conditions for simultaneous determination of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and European Union (EU) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee beans and coffee brews were developed. The QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) technology combined with high performance liquid chromatography - temperature-controlled fluorescence detection and gas chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry were used in the investigation. PAHs could be determined in commercially available green coffee beans (possibly caused by environmental contamination), and their PAHs content increased with the degree of roasting. Coffee beans brewed with the coffee machine released more PAHs into their brews than those brewed with the drip bag. The PAHs consumption risk of the brewed coffee samples was not high due to their low PAH level. Nevertheless, the methods of roasting and brewing and the amount of drinking could still be considered to reduce the intake of PAHs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Lifestyle factors are well associated with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the impact of reducing adverse lifestyle behaviours on population-level burden of HCC is uncertain., Methods: We conducted prospective analysis of the population-based multi-ethnic cohort (MEC) with linkage to cancer registries. The association of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, diet quality assessed by alternate Mediterranean diet score, coffee drinking, physical activity and body mass index) with HCC incidence was examined using Cox regression. Population-attributable risk (PAR, %) for the overall, lean and overweight/obese populations was determined., Results: A total of 753 incident cases of HCC were identified in 181,346 participants over median follow-up of 23.1 years. Lifestyle factors associated with elevated HCC risk included former/current smoking, heavy alcohol use, poor diet quality, lower coffee intake and obesity, but not physical activity. The lifestyle factor with highest PAR was lower coffee intake (21.3%; 95% CI: 8.9%-33.0%), followed by current smoking (15.1%; 11.1%-19.0%), obesity (14.5%; 9.2%-19.8%), heavy alcohol use (7.1%; 3.5%-10.6%) and lower diet quality (4.1%; 0.1%-8.1%). The combined PAR of all high-risk lifestyle factors was 51.9% (95% CI: 30.1%-68.6%). A higher combined PAR was observed among lean (65.2%, 26.8%-85.7%) compared to overweight/obese (37.4%, 11.7%-58.3%) participants. Adjusting for viral hepatitis status in a linked MEC-Medicare dataset resulted in similar PAR results., Conclusions: Modifying lifestyle factors, particularly coffee intake, may have a substantial impact on HCC burden in diverse populations, with greater impact among lean adults. Diet and lifestyle counselling should be incorporated into HCC prevention strategies., (© 2023 The Authors. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A conference paper about the role of coffee in Latin American trade is presented. The author notes the importance of the mutually beneficial relationship between the United States and Latin American countries who sell coffee to the U.S. Also discussed is the effect of overproduction of coffee on selling prices.

Recommendations and guidance from scientific bodies do not provide clear messages about potential health risks or benefits of coffee consumption. Numerous studies have demonstrated inverse (beneficial) effects of coffee consumption for many adverse outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular disease; fewer studies demonstrate risks. However, the risk-benefit relationship has not yet been fully assessed using quantitative metrics preferred by policy makers (disability-adjusted life years [DALYs]). Conduct a quantitative analysis of the risk-benefit for coffee consumption and all-cause mortality using the Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO) framework and the DALY as a quantitative metric. A systematic search and appraisal of meta-analyses investigating coffee consumption and all-cause mortality was conducted. Using the BRAFO framework, evidence was assessed in context of potential risks or benefits associated with the reference scenario – coffee consumption (assessed by varying the consumption level in three analyses) in adults aged 15+ versus the alternative scenario of no coffee consumption. DALYs were used to quantify risks and benefits based on risk ratios from meta-analyses with populations from the United States. Meta-analyses consistently report an inverse (beneficial) relationship between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality; subsequently, even while varying consumption amounts and prevalence of coffee consumption, DALYs calculated consistently demonstrated findings in the direction of prevention of healthy years of life lost with variable magnitude. More than 3.5 million DALYs, or ∼3.35% of estimated years of healthy life lost could be prevented by consuming one cup of coffee per day, up to 4.7% of estimated years of healthy life lost could be prevented at current consumption rates ranging from 1 to 8 cups/day, and even more benefit could be seen (prevention of an estimated 6% of years of healthy life lost) if consumers all drank 3 cups of coffee per day. Policy that directs consumers to avoid drinking coffee may be a detriment to the overall health of the population given the substantial potential benefits of coffee consumption on all-cause mortality for adults. • A quantitative analysis of the risk-benefit for coffee consumption and all-cause mortality was conducted. • DALYs calculated consistently demonstrated findings in the direction of benefit with variable magnitude. • ∼3.35% of estimated years of healthy life lost could be prevented by consuming one cup of coffee per day. • Up to 4.7% of estimated years of healthy life lost could be prevented at current consumption rates. • Policy that directs consumers to avoid drinking coffee may be a detriment to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests a relationship between polyphenol intake and health benefits. Polyphenol intake among a large US cohort with diverse dietary practices ranging from meatless to omnivorous diets has not been previously evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to compare polyphenol intakes of several vegetarian and non-vegetarian dietary patterns and to assess phenolic intake by food source. To characterise dietary intake, a FFQ was administered to 77 441 participants of the Adventist Health Study-2. Dietary patterns were defined based on the absence of animal food consumption as vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and non-vegetarian. Polyphenol intakes were calculated based on chromatography-derived polyphenol content data of foods from Phenol-Explorer, US Department of Agriculture databases and relevant literature. Results revealed a mean unadjusted total polyphenol intake of 801 (SD 356) mg/d, and the main foods contributing to polyphenol intakes were coffee, fruits and fruit juices. Total polyphenol intake differed significantly between dietary patterns, with phenolic acids from coffee contributing the greatest variation. The dominant classes and sources of dietary polyphenols differed between vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets. Flavonoid intake was the highest among pesco-vegetarians, and phenolic acid intake was the highest among non-vegetarians. In addition, coffee consumers appeared to have a different dietary profile than non-coffee consumers, including greatly reduced contribution of fruits, vegetables and legumes to total phenolic intake. Coffee drinkers were more likely to be non-vegetarians, which explained several of these observations. Further evaluating these differences may be important in identifying relationships between plant-based diets and health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An econometric model is developed and estimated for all brands of coffee sold at the retail level in four supermarkets in Columbus, Ohio. These brands are segmented into 24 categories, and the four stores are classified into two groups, inner-city and suburban, based on 2010 census tract data. Using estimated measures of price-sensitivity, these 24 categories are further segmented into four groups to help guide and clarify the discussion. Estimated results show different purchasing patterns and different levels of price-sensitivity for inner-city and suburban shoppers. Further, these purchasing patterns and levels of price-sensitivity suggest alternative marketing strategies for retailers. Private-label coffee brands are shown to be quite competitive with many national brands, and indeed private-label brands command a market share among inner-city shoppers that is more than double that for the nation (21.95% vs. 9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A majority of Americans consume beverages and discretionary foods—foods that are typically low in nutrient value but high in sugar, sodium, fats, and cholesterol—as part of their daily diet, which profoundly impacts their energy balance and nutritional status. Objective This study examined consumption of different types of beverages in relation to discretionary food intake and diet quality among US adults. Methods Nationally representative sample of 22,513 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2012 waves were analyzed. The discretionary food category identifies energy-dense, nutrient-poor food products that do not necessarily provide essential nutrients that the human body needs, but can add variety. First-difference estimator addressed confounding bias from time-invariant unobservables (eg, eating habits, taste preferences) by using within-individual variations in diet and beverage consumption between 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. Results Approximately 21.7%, 42.9%, 52.8%, 26.3%, and 22.2% of study participants consumed diet beverage, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), coffee, tea, and alcohol, respectively, and 90.1% consumed discretionary foods on any given day. Across beverage types, alcohol (384.8 kcal) and SSB (226.2 kcal) consumption was associated with the largest increase in daily total calorie intake; coffee (60.7 kcal) and diet-beverage (48.8 kcal) consumption was associated with the largest increase in daily calorie intake from discretionary foods, and SSB consumption was associated with the largest reduction in daily overall diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index 2010. The impact of beverage consumption on daily calorie intake (overall and from discretionary foods) and diet quality differed across individual sociodemographics and body-weight status. The incremental daily calorie intake from discretionary foods associated with diet-beverage consumption was highest in obese adults, and that associated with SSB was highest in normal-weight adults. Conclusions Interventions to promote healthy eating should assess beverage consumption in the context of overall dietary behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concerns about high caffeine intake and coffee as a vehicle for added fat and sugar have raised questions about the net impact of coffee on health. Although inverse associations have been observed for overall mortality, data for cause-specific mortality are sparse. Additionally, few studies have considered exclusively decaffeinated coffee intake or use of coffee additives. Coffee intake was assessed at baseline by self-report in the Prostate, Lung, Colo-rectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Among 90,317 US adults without cancer at study baseline (1998-2001) or history of cardiovascular disease at study enrollment (1993-2001), 8,718 deaths occurred during 805,644 person-years of follow-up from 1998 through 2009. Following adjustment for smoking and other potential confounders, coffee drinkers, as compared with nondrinkers, had lower hazard ratios for overall mortality (<1 cup/day: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.07); 1 cup/day: HR = 0.94 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.02); 2-3 cups/day: HR = 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.88); 4-5 cups/ day: HR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.86); ≥6 cups/day: HR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.95)). Similar findings were observed for decaffeinated coffee and coffee additives. Inverse associations were observed for deaths from heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, pneumonia and influenza, and intentional self-harm, but not cancer. Coffee may reduce mortality risk by favorably affecting inflammation, lung function, insulin sensitivity, and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although beverage intake patterns have been shown to differ by smoking status, it is unknown whether the contributions of beverages to intakes of energy and MyPlate components also differ. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare beverage intakes and contributions of energy and MyPlate components by source (food alone, beverages alone, and food and beverages together) in diets of adult current, former, and never smokers. Design and participants Dietary data from 4,823 men and 4,672 women aged ≥20 years who participated in What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008, were analyzed. Main outcome measures Beverage intake and the contributions to energy and MyPlate components by beverages. Statistical analysis Regression analyses identified differences in intake among groups. Results Current smokers consumed more total beverages, coffee, and sugar-sweetened beverages than never and former smokers ( P <0.001). Male current smokers drank more alcoholic beverages than never and former smokers, whereas female current and former smokers both consumed more alcoholic beverages than never smokers. Current smokers obtained more energy from beverages than their nonsmoking counterparts, although total energy intake did not differ. Intakes of added sugars, alcohol, and empty calories were higher for current than never smokers, and differences were accounted for by current smokers’ beverage choices. Conclusions This study adds to the body of research on smoking and dietary behavior by showing that not only do smokers consume a higher volume of beverages, but they also have a higher intake of energy provided by beverages, mainly empty calories from added sugars and alcohol. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing beverages’ contribution to the total diet. Recognizing the common co-occurrence of smoking and specific beverage choices can help target health promotion and disease prevention efforts for this subpopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and the prevalence of obesity varies by geographic region. Although information on whether SSB intake differs geographically could be valuable for designing targeted interventions, this information is limited. Objective This cross-sectional study examined associations between living in specific census regions and frequency of SSB consumption among US adults using 2010 National Health Interview Survey data (n=25,431). Methods SSB consumption was defined as the consumption of four types of beverages (regular sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks, and sweetened coffee/tea drinks). The exposure variable was census region of residence (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West). We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% CIs for drinking SSBs after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Approximately 64% of adults consumed SSBs ≥1 time/day. The odds of drinking SSBs ≥1 time/day were significantly higher among adults living in the Northeast (aOR=1.13; 95% CI=1.01, 1.26) but lower among adults living in the Midwest (aOR=0.70; 95% CI=0.64, 0.78) or West (aOR=0.78; 95% CI=0.71, 0.87) compared with those living in the South. By type of SSB, the odds of drinking regular soda ≥1 time/day was significantly lower among adults living in the Northeast (aOR=0.51; 95% CI=0.45, 0.57), Midwest (aOR=0.86; 95% CI=0.78, 0.96), or West (aOR=0.56; 95% CI=0.51, 0.62) than those living in the South. The odds of drinking sports/energy drinks ≥1 time/day were significantly lower among adults living in the West (aOR=0.77; 95% CI=0.64, 0.93) than those living in the South. The odds of drinking a sweetened coffee/tea drink ≥1 time/day were significantly higher among adults living in the Northeast (aOR=1.60; 95% CI=1.43, 1.78) but lower among adults living in the Midwest (aOR=0.70; 95% CI=0.62, 0.78) than those living in the South. Conclusions Total frequency of SSB consumption and types of SSB consumption differed by geographic region. Interventions to reduce SSB intake could consider regional variations in SSB intake, particularly when more local data are not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]