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Background: England, Australia and the United States have approached the regulation of e‐cigarettes in very different ways, yet all three countries have appealed to the concept of evidence as underpinning policy responses. We compared these policy responses using a combination of the methodologies of historians and policy scientists in order to elucidate the factors that had influenced policy in each country. Argument/Analysis: Each country's evidence and values intersected in different ways, producing very different responses within specific national contexts and histories. Our analysis accordingly emphasized the historical precursors of the policy issues raised by e‐cigarettes and placed the policy debate within the context of regulatory bodies and the networks of researchers and advocates who influenced policy. Issues also of importance were the nature of the state; political context; the pre‐history of nicotine for smoking cessation; the role of activism and its links with government; the influence of harm reduction ideas from drugs and HIV; and finally, whom policy was perceived to benefit. In the United Kingdom, based on this pre‐history of the smoking issue, it was the existing smoker, while in the United States and Australia, protecting children and adolescents has played a central role. Conclusions: Structural and historical factors appear to underpin differences in e‐cigarette policy development in England, Australia and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing education across the globe is rapidly evolving in terms of curricular expectations and professional preparation. While there is a plethora of curricular resources and graduate programs in the United States, in some countries, these resources are limited. Methods: The Fulbright Specialist program, the application process, and challenges as well as the benefits of the role are described. The deliverables by the Fulbright Specialist, e.g. demonstrating classroom pedagogical methods, providing access to an online doctoral program, and explaining publication strategies, are noted. Results: Immediate and 2-month follow-up information regarding the Specialist's deliverables are described. The benefits to the Specialist are also detailed. Conclusion: Nursing educators in the U.S. and leaders of nursing schools outside of the U.S. are invited to share pedagogical practices and provide faculty development through the Fulbright Specialist program. The benefits of a collaboration are mutually beneficial. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(11):781–784.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the U.S. Supreme Court's decisions at the end of its extended term, which concluded on July 1, 2024. Topics include the overturning of the Chevron doctrine in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the implications of this ruling on future legal challenges to federal regulations, and the Court's dismissal of significant cases such as Moyle v. U.S. and Idaho v. U.S., as well as the rejection of a challenge to abortion pill access.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether hospitals participating in Medicare's Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program for joint replacement changed their referral patterns to favor higher-quality skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study using 2009-2015 inpatient and outpatient claims from a 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing joint replacement in US hospitals (N = 146,074) linked with data from Medicare's BPCI program and Nursing Home Compare. METHODS: We ran fixed effect regression models regressing BPCI participation on hospital-SNF referral patterns (number of SNF discharges, number of SNF partners, and SNF referral concentration) and SNF quality (facility inspection survey rating, patient outcome rating, staffing rating, and registered nurse staffing rating). RESULTS: We found that BPCI participation was associated with a decrease in the number of SNF referrals and no significant change in the number of SNF partners or concentration of SNF partners. BPCI participation was associated with discharge to SNFs with a higher patient outcome rating by 0.04 stars (95% CI, 0.04-0.26). BPCI participation was not associated with improvements in discharge to SNFs with a higher facility survey rating (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.11), staffing rating (95% CI, -0.07 to 0.04), or registered nurse staffing rating (95% CI, -0.09 to 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: BPCI participation was associated with lower volume of SNF referrals and small increases in the quality of SNFs to which patients were discharged, without narrowing hospital-SNF referral networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Pharmacy Futures 2024, which will offer more than 45 dynamic education sessions on relevant issues in contemporary practice.

Supervisor retention is important due to their critical role in child welfare; nevertheless, most research examining child welfare workforce retention has an explicit focus on caseworkers, with less attention to supervisors. This study examined the differences in work experiences between child welfare supervisors and caseworkers and the specific factors contributing to their retention, with a focus on various domains of support. Data were drawn from a large survey, the Comprehensive Organizational Health Assessment (COHA), conducted by the National Child Welfare Workforce Institute (NCWWI). The findings revealed that child welfare supervisors and caseworkers had different work experiences. Supervisors were less satisfied with peer support and supervision than caseworkers. Supervisors and caseworkers had similar factors predicting their retention; however, job position was found to be a critical factor influencing their intent to stay. Position-related characteristics should be considered when designing strategies to improve workforce retention in child welfare. It is essential to provide supervisors with more consistent, evidence-informed supervision, aligning with their high-demand job requirements. Facilitating communication at all levels and increasing networking among workers would strengthen peer support and then encourage supervisors to stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: With the increasing attention to bruxism, the research on bruxism is increasing rapidly. However, there is still a lack of systematic bibliometric analysis in the field of bruxism in adults. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and visualize the global trends and research hotspots in the field of bruxism in adults during 1991–2021. Methods: The study searched the literature published during 1991–2021 in the Web of Science Core Collection database without language restrictions. VOSviewer, CiteSpace and Microsoft Excel were applied to analyse the authors, institutions, journals, countries, cited references, keywords and other information of the included publications, and construct visualized cooperation networks. Results: A total of 878 articles were finally included. The top two most productive authors in the past 30 years were Lobbezoo F and Manfredini D. ACTA‐Amsterdam, Univ Sao Paulo, Univ Helsinki, Univ Padua, Univ Montreal, et al. were prominent institutions in this field. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation made outstanding contributions in this field. The United States produced the most documents in this field, followed by Brazil. Both countries and authors cooperated closely around the world. The two most cited articles focused on the definition, assessment and classification of bruxism. In recent years, diagnostic criteria and stress have begun to receive a lot of attention. Conclusion: From 1991 to 2021, the attention to bruxism in adults continued to increase. Diagnostic criteria and stress may be potential research hotspots in this field. This study references relevant scholars on development trends and research hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For learning to influence change in palliative clinical practice, education needs to be ongoing, incorporating specific interventions targeted to the learner, in a format that enhances knowledge and networking. This novel, online, interactive, case-based educational offering provided a method to allow ongoing integration of palliative care principles for health care professionals who attended the End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium/Open Medical Institute courses in Salzburg during 2019-2022. Eight monthly teleconferences based on challenging clinical cases allowed discussion between palliative care professionals from 9 countries, serving as a mechanism for deepening theoretical information, allowing incorporation of best practice into the clinical setting, and, ultimately, improving care for all with serious illness. Many of the challenges encountered providing palliative care are universal. Through case vignettes, the group has been able to offer specific interventions, advances in practice, and discussions of approaches toward family and other health care professionals to provide optimal care. The participants report that the opportunity to learn from and support peers in other countries has been a rewarding and emotionally uplifting experience. These discussions were highly rated by participants who strongly voiced that the interactions would change their clinical practice to positively impact patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes recent scientific production in health literacy, assessing professional involvement and identifying areas for attention, gap addressing, and collaboration network establishment to enhance health outcomes. This comprehensive analysis examined scientific literature from 2018 to 2022 retrieved from Scopus database. The study focused on original articles in multiple languages and utilized tools like Biblioshiny and VOSviewer. It explored publication patterns, citation metrics, authorship trends, country contributions, keyword evolution, clusters of related terms, and professional involvement. This analysis yielded valuable insights into the research landscape of health literacy during the specified time frame, providing a deeper understanding of the field. The analysis encompassed 3,489 articles, revealing a significant increase in publications since 2019. Prolific authorship did not always correlate with citation impact in health literacy research. Nguyen H.C. emerged as the most cited author, particularly in COVID-19-related symptoms and health literacy. The analysis revealed significant contributions from influential countries such as the United States, Australia, Germany, Iran, and China. "Mental health" emerged as a prominent area of investigation based on keyword analysis. The study also found underrepresentation of nursing professionals but identified diverse health-related professionals and institutes as influential contributors. Health literacy publications, particularly related to COVID-19, have significantly increased, indicating a rising interest in addressing pandemic-related health literacy needs. The research landscape on health literacy is global, with the USA, Australia, Iran, China, Germany, Norway, and Denmark as leading contributors. Collaborations among institutions like the University of Houston, Uppsala University, and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences highlight the importance of international cooperation in advancing health literacy research. Research hotspots in health literacy include COVID-19, interventions, chronic disease management, healthcare access, and health disparities, guiding future research to improve health outcomes and tackle key challenges in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the professional policies approved by the American Society of Health-System (ASHP) House of Delegates at its March 2024 virtual meeting. Topics include the role of pharmacy workforce in improving mental health, the pharmacist access to provider networks, and risk assessment of health information technology.

The abundance of library associations provides many choices to academic librarians about where and how to belong. This exploratory article identifies and compares benefits of library professional organizations through content analysis of the groups' websites. Examination of the benefits described on the websites of 76 organizations indicates that they have a high degree of overlap. Many benefits are also achievable by participating in other external professional activities. While data were collected just prior to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, thematic analysis of these benefits provides a framework for comparing the value of participation in formal and informal professional communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on her 50 years as a psychiatric mental health clinical nurse specialist. She talks about the start of her nursing career and her interest in psychiatric mental health nursing, the place of psychiatric nursing in the future, and a critical global initiative to increase the number of competently prepared nurses.

The article discusses the annual "Towards Trauma-Responsive Perinatal Care meeting held by the National Perinatal Association on May 15-17, 2024 in Anaheim, California. Highlights of the conference include inspirational keynote address by Mary Coughlin entitled "All We Need Is Love: Trauma-Responsive Living," events participated by the attendees, and awards given to posters that best exemplify the spirit of each abstract domain.

Perinatal Quality Collaboratives (PQCs) are now present in nearly all states and provide important tools and strategies for improving maternal outcomes. State PQCs can focus their strengths to address rural maternal health challenges using support groups of rural hospitals, of tertiary facilities that network with them, and of other PQCs to share best practices for rural hospitals to: (1) Support networks of care and telehealth; (2) Support remote education and training; (3) Implement rural appropriate versions of National Safety Bundles; (4) Engage and support providers beyond obstetricians; and (5) Engage community members and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms’ boards of directors affect many strategic outcomes. Yet the impact of boards on new products, a key organizational adaptation mechanism, has been overlooked. Addressing this gap, the authors consider the effect of the firm’s board interlock centrality, the extent to which board members are connected to boards of other firms, on its new product introductions. They propose that board interlock centrality provides firms access to market intelligence, creating opportunities to introduce incremental new products. Applying the motivation-opportunity-ability theory, the authors propose that two aspects of board leadership moderate this relationship: internal (vs. external) leadership and marketing leadership. They test the hypotheses using a panel of publicly listed U.S. consumer packaged goods firms, in which most new products are incremental innovations. As hypothesized, board interlock centrality increases new product introductions. This effect is stronger when firms have high internal leadership, internal marketing leadership, and a marketing CEO; it is weaker with high intra-industry external leadership. The findings highlight the unexpected role of board interlocks on innovation outcomes and advance the literature on marketing leadership, board interlocks, and social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, a network of nurses in the US and Vietnam applied complexity science by adapting a previous project structure to meet the evolving needs of nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The global COVID-19 pandemic brought about widespread use of telepractice to provide services to children with communication disorders, including students who use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) such as speech-generating devices. This descriptive quantitative study utilized network analysis to investigate the nature of speech-language pathologists' (SLPs') professional resource networks during the pandemic, including what aspects of their professional networks were associated with their confidence to use telepractice to serve students who use aided AAC and whether there were differences for school-based compared to nonschool-based SLPs. Method: Participants were 283 SLPs who responded to an online survey that consisted of closed- and open-ended survey items. A resource generator approach was used to gather data about SLPs' professional resource networks for AAC telepractice. Results: SLPs varied widely in their confidence for AAC telepractice. Schoolbased SLPs and SLPs who had 3 years or fewer of AAC experience reported lower confidence, whereas SLPs who spent more work time each week using telepractice and who accessed a greater number of different types of training reported higher confidence. The number of people in different roles providing personal support and the number of different electronic/print resources accessed were not significant predictors of SLPs' confidence. The majority of SLPs wanted additional training, support, or resources related to AAC telepractice. Conclusion: The findings from this research suggest the importance of SLPs' access to quality training and support in the areas of AAC and telepractice, particularly for school-based SLPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science education and research have the potential to drive profound change in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through encouraging innovation, attracting industry, and creating job opportunities. However, in LMICs, research capacity is often limited, and acquisition of funding and access to state-of-the-art technologies is challenging. The Alliance for Global Health and Science (the Alliance) was founded as a partnership between the University of California, Berkeley (USA) and Makerere University (Uganda), with the goal of strengthening Makerere University's capacity for bioscience research. The flagship program of the Alliance partnership is the MU/UCB Biosciences Training Program, an in-country, hands-on workshop model that trains a large number of students from Makerere University in infectious disease and molecular biology research. This approach nucleates training of larger and more diverse groups of students, development of mentoring and bi-directional research partnerships, and support of the local economy. Here, we describe the project, its conception, implementation, challenges, and outcomes of bioscience research workshops. We aim to provide a blueprint for workshop implementation, and create a valuable resource for bioscience research capacity strengthening in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Board of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors (APPD) partnered with the APPD Global Health Learning Community (GHLC) to establish the APPD Global Pediatric Educator Scholarship. This award seeks to recognize pediatric educators who demonstrate leadership in improving pediatric education in low- and middle-income countries, and provide them with career development opportunities by attending the APPD Spring meeting. Two educators per year have been awarded the scholarship since 2017. The authors sent survey questions via email and obtained responses from 6 (100%) of the scholarship awardees, 8 (75%) APPD GHLC leadership individuals, and 4 (67%) APPD Board members. Three authors analyzed the responses with consensus achieved on themes. Awardees noted learning about educational strategies, academic opportunities through networking, and context for stronger bilateral exchange with partners. APPD leaders noted an expansion of the organization's mission to include global presence. Challenges included program visibility, sustainable funding, and logistics. Suggestions included better incorporation of awardees into APPD membership, longitudinal mentorship, targeted conference navigation, and visits to local academic institutions. The APPD Global Educator Scholarship is a replicable model of organizational global outreach that expands the concept of bidirectional exchange to include career sponsorship for global partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of physician-scientists in physical medicine and rehabilitation remains a critical problem. The Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program was developed in 1995 to provide structured career development training for aspiring rehabilitation medicine researchers. Initially funded by a 5-yr K12 grant from the National Institutes of Health National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research, the structure was revised in 2001, continued in a stable format through three additional funding cycles (2001-2006, 2006-2012, and 2012-2016), and was again revised to a research education program (National Institutes of Health R25) model in 2019. With this change in format of the Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program, we now report the productivity of funded trainees and discuss future directions informed by the Rehabilitation Medicine Scientist Training Program's current R25 structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the value of firm political connections using a regression discontinuity design in a sample of close, off-cycle U.S. congressional elections. I compare firms donating to winning candidates and firms donating to losing candidates and find that postelection abnormal equity returns are 3% higher for firms donating to winning candidates. Connections to politicians serving on powerful congressional committees, such as appropriations and taxation, are especially valuable and impact contributing firms sales. Firms'campaign contributions are correlated with other political activities such as lobbying and hiring former government employees, suggesting that firms take coordinated actions to build political networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable progress that organizations have made during the past 20 years to increase the representation of women at board level, they still hold few board seats. Drawing on a qualitative study involving 30 companies with women directors in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Ghana, we investigate how the relationship between gender in the boardroom and corporate governance operates. The findings indicate that the presence of a minority of women on the board has an insignificant effect on board performance. Yet the chairperson's role is vital in leading the change for recruiting and evaluating candidates and their commitment to the board with diversity and governance in mind. Our study also sheds light on the multifaceted reasons why women directors appear to be resisting the discourse of gender quotas. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how cross‐border movements of goods (trade), people (migration) and capital (FDI) interact comprehensively. While previous studies have examined partial interactions of these factors, such as trade–immigration relationships, little work has been done to examine the effects of global networks on trade balance. Using bilateral trade data, our dynamic panel‐data analysis provides empirical evidence of bidirectional migration networks (i.e. immigration and emigration) and business networks (i.e. inward and outward FDI). The analysis shows that the migration network effect is not definitive but varies depending on countries. The trade deficit in the United States (Germany) increases (decreases) with an increase of immigrants in these countries. For both countries, the trade deficit decreases with emigrants moving abroad. The results imply that the acceptance of immigrants is not a universal cause of trade deficit. Considering that the origin of immigrants differs between the two countries, their respective trade balance is subject to the influence of not only the number of immigrants but also the immigrants' skill level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of life course health development (LCHD) framework in the advancement of maternal and child health. Topics mentioned include the importance of health care access and quality, the benefit of Maternal and Child Health Bureau's investment on life course research, and a description of maternal and child health programs funded by the bureau.

An analysis of who owns large companies and how they are organised is overdue in the study of Latin American elites, especially at transnational level. It is a limitation that has hampered debates on the emergence of transnational business elites in the region. This paper identifies the owners of the largest companies in Latin America and analyses the networks they form. The results reveal the formation of an interlocking ownership network between a small number of transnational owners, most of whom are financial corporations in the United States and Europe. These findings allow us to discuss regional integration and the dominance of economic models imported from those territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 2020 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Virtual Conference for Pharmacy Leaders to be held on October 19 and 20, 2020, with topics mentioned such as continuing education, John W. Lebb Lecture Award, and institutional financial health.

The Distance Library Services Conference was founded in 1982 by the librarians of the Off-Campus Library Services department at Central Michigan University. From its inception through its 18th conference in 2018, Central Michigan University planned and administered this conference for the benefit of librarians serving distance learners and faculty at their institutions. This article discusses the founding of the Distance Library Services Conference and its role as the library profession's preeminent forum for the exchange of ideas on the topic of distance librarianship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this project was to demonstrate and assess approaches of urban local health departments (LHDs) to simultaneously address climate change, health, and equity; incorporate climate change into program practice; and participate in their jurisdiction's climate change work. Methods: From January 2016 through March 2018, the Center for Climate Change and Health created learning activities, networking and relationship-building opportunities, communication platforms, and information sharing for 12 urban LHDs in the United States. We used administrative data and conducted interviews with participants and key informants to assess success in meeting learning collaborative goals. Results: LHDs developed diverse projects that incorporated internal capacity building, climate and health vulnerability assessments, surveillance, and community engagement. Projects fostered greater LHD engagement on climate change, broadened community partnerships, and furthered LHD integration into jurisdictions' climate planning. LHD engagement helped shift the dialogue in the community and jurisdiction about climate change to include public health. Conclusions: LHDs have skills and expertise to rapidly partner with other governmental agencies and community-based organizations and to help communities identify vulnerabilities, take action to reduce the health harms of climate change, and—through Health in All Policies approaches and community partnerships—to ensure that climate policies are optimized for positive health and equity outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What drives mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in different institutional environments? This article builds on the resource dependence perspective and argues that networks, learning, and institutions represent three building blocks that can enhance our understanding of the drivers behind M&As. Specifically, we consider firms as learning actors embedded in network relations and influenced by institutional development, and compare and contrast firms' acquisition activities across the United States and China. Our findings show that there are indeed important learning and network factors that lead to M&As. More interestingly, the impact of such learning and network factors varies sharply across countries with different market-based institutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are increasing in number among corporations' boards of directors, yet their representation is far from uniform across firms. In this study, we adopted a resource dependence theory lens to identify organizational predictors of women on boards. We tested our hypotheses using panel data from the 1,000 U.S. firms that were largest in terms of sales between 1990 and 2003. We found that organizational size, industry type, firm diversification strategy, and network effects (linkages to other boards with women directors) significantly impact the likelihood of female representation on boards of directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on embedded intergroup relations theory and social identity theory, I propose a multilevel model of external team networking. In light of the growing diversity of the U.S. workplace, the propositions outlined in this paper examine the joint effects of organizational demography and team composition on specific sociometric properties of a team's external networks. The proposed model provides the basis for identifying team networking strategies in multiple organizational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined how network structure (density overlap and embeddedness) and technology characteristics of a platform (dominance and newness) shaped interorganizational coordination of product launches in the U.S. video game industry. We found that the developers' choices to launch games for particular game consoles were significantly explained by these four factors using multiprobability regression on a primary data set of 2,815 launches between 1995 and 2002. This analysis was complemented with application of a network visualization technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effects of partner substitutability and alliance network structure on organizational profitability. Although firms are expected to benefit from the exclusive resources brought in by resource-rich, nonsubstitutable alliance partners, the costs of allying with such partners could offset those benefits. Analyzing alliances in the U.S. telecommunications industry, we show that a firm facing nonsubstitutable partners was better off when its alliances were embedded in third-party ties, which allowed the firm to gain indirect leverage on such partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the concept of the network architect to extend theory explaining how brokers create and manage structural holes in mediated markets. We argue that a broker's social resources and dependence on the market, along with exogenous deal conditions, influence the broker's motivations and willingness to make tradeoffs between long-term and short-term considerations when constructing deal networks. We develop our model and propositions in the context of the U.S. initial public offerings market and then generalize these arguments to other market contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an empirical examination of inequity in interorganizational relationships, we found similarities and differences in Dutch and U.S. automobile dealers' reactions to inequity in their relationships with their automobile suppliers. As predicted by equity theory, both positive and negative inequity have detrimental effects on the reactions of Dutch firms. In contrast, U.S. firms do not react negatively to positive inequity; only negative inequity has deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from a study that combined two theoretical perspectives--top manager and network/institutional--to examine the factors influencing organizations to adopt innovative management practices. The study setting was a system of public hospitals and the innovation was Total Quality Management (TQM). Study results indicate that both top manager and network/institutional factors are important determinants of whether and when organizations adopt innovations. However, as predicted, the relative importance of these two sets of factors appears to change as an innovation becomes more widely diffused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines long-term block ownership by corporations and performance changes in firms with corporate block owners. We also examine potential reasons for corporate ownership including benefits in product market relationships, alleviation of financing constraints, and board monitoring by corporate owners. We find the largest significant increases in targets' stock prices, investment, and operating profitability when ownership is combined with alliances, joint ventures, and other product market relationships between purchasing and target firms, especially in industries with high research and development. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that block ownership by corporations has significant benefits in product market relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a longitudinal examination and comparison of two multilateral networks of small and medium-sized firms in the U.S. wood-products manufacturing industry. The research focused on how each of these networks built legitimacy over the course of their early evolution, from the pre-network field, to initial formation and growth, and toward sustainment, culminating in the success of one and the demise of the other. Our findings demonstrate that despite differences in their early bases of support, which resulted in very different strategic emphases, the two networks ultimately had to address three conceptually distinct dimensions of legitimacy--the network as form, the network as entity, and the network as interaction. Based on the findings, we develop specific propositions and draw some tentative conclusions about how legitimacy is established in multilateral networks and how the failure to build legitimacy across the three dimensions may lead to network collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imputation problem is how to account for the sources of the value of the firm. I propose that part of the value of the firm derives from its participation in a network that emerges from the operation of generative rules that instruct the decision to cooperate. Whereas the value of firm-level capabilities is coincidental with the firm as the unit of accrual, ownership claims to the value of coordination in a network pit firms potentially in opposition with one another. We analyze the work on network structure to suggest two types of mechanisms by which rents are distributed. This approach is applied to an analysis of the Toyota Production System to show how a network emerged the rents were divided to support network capabilities, and capabilities were transferred to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article centers on the 17th Annual HerbDay Celebration organized by the American Botanical Council (ABC) in May 2023, featuring presentations by herbalists on topics like ginger cultivation, herbal medicine, and the connection between people and plants.

The role of immigrant ethnic entrepreneurs in the small business milieu of the developed world has been studied within sociology for the past three decades. This article attempts to generate interest in the study of ethnic entrepreneurs within marketing and international business, especially noting the distinct business and marketing systemic features of ethnic entrepreneurial networks. Using prior literature and the findings from a qualitative study, the authors build some elements of theory of ethnic business systems and demonstrate aspects on which such systems differ from other business firms and networks, especially in the United States. The authors argue that ethnic enterprises make tremendous contributions to local and international economies while bridging small business, globalization, and the nation-state in interesting ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]