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Noting the emerging global policyscape toward creating global information networks, this article analyzes policymaking across Europe, the United States, and East Asia. Employing a political-economy perspective, it compares seven countries' networks, highlighting the state's role and varying relationships among education, economy, and society, and outlines a research agenda. (Contains 68 references.) (MLH)

Grades at US colleges and universities have increased precipitously over the last 50 years, suggesting that their signalling power has become attenuated. Moreover, average grades have risen disproportionately in some departments, implying that weak students in departments with high grades may obtain better class ranks than strong students in departments with low grades. Using a unique data set, we show that Colby College has experienced both trends and that variation in student ability does not fully explain variation in grades awarded in different departments. We then propose a simple alternative measure of calculating class ranks based on z-scores, and demonstrate that this relative measure of rank mitigates the bonus (penalty) associated with taking courses in departments with high (low) grading distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of parent involvement in the education of young adolescents in middle schools in the U.S. It notes a particular quote from the National Middle School Association's book titled "This We Believe: Keys to Educating Young Adolescents", which emphasizes the relationship between the school and parents. It also offers information about the "Parent College" seminar of Oconee County Middle School in Georgia.

A reprint of the article "Postwar Reconstruction," by Philip Marshall Brown, which appeared in the September 1941 issue of "World Affairs" is presented. It focuses on the problem of planning for peace after World War II. Some guiding principles on which to base a comprehensive understanding between the U.S. and all the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations planning for peace are presented.

We examine the relation between pre-seasoned equity offering (SEO) announcement date misvaluation and long-run post-SEO performance for a large sample of Australian SEOs made between 1993 and 2001. Our study is motivated by inconsistent findings across countries with respect to the SEO long-run underperformance anomaly first documented in the USA, inconclusive findings with respect to the hypothesis that managers exploit market misvaluation when timing equity issues, and a recent Australian Stock Exchange proposal to loosen SEO regulation. We find SEO firms underperform common share market benchmarks for up to 5 years after the announcement. Using a residual income valuation method, we show that this underperformance is related to pre-announcement date misvaluation. An unexpected result is that underperformance and misvaluation are more severe for private placements than rights issues. Institutional factors unique to the Australian setting, particularly the large number of smaller loss-making firms among private placement issuers, appear to explain the poorer performance of placement firms. Our results are robust to various measurement methods and assumptions, and demonstrate the importance of researching SEO performance in alternative institutional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative analysis of classic and recent literature explores the developmental and social implications of biracial identity in the U.S. Though specific attention was given to Black-White biracial persons, a broader analysis yielded some surprising insights into the nature and implications of the ‘biracial personality’ and the accompanying differences in interpersonal styles and social relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the second world war Great Britain had fallen behind the U.S. industrially to an extent that is not generally realized. Output per worker in manufacturing as a whole was between one-third and one-half as great as in the U.S. In coal mining, building construction, agriculture, public utility operation, distributive trades and in the performance of personal and business services, labor productivity appears to be less in Great Britain than in U.S., but the difference was, of course, much less than in manufacturing and mining. Shipbuilding is the only important industrial category in which a labor productivity is known to have been about the same in Britain and U.S. The difference between British and the U.S. labor productivity before the war was not readily apparent merely from a comparison of living standards because a larger fraction of the population sought employment in Great Britain than in the U.S. and also because there was proportionally less involuntary unemployment in Great Britain. Also, residents of Great Britain received an appreciable net income from overseas investments and even drew upon overseas capital in some years, in the immediate pre-war years they imported 200 to 300 million pounds' worth of goods annually for which they did not pay either in goods or services.

Simple Summary: Phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of toxic levels of phosphate in the body, is associated with tumor growth and bone mineral abnormalities. Based on shared associations with phosphate toxicity, the hypothesis of the present study proposes that breast cancer is associated with bone mineral abnormalities in middle-aged women from the U.S. Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. The results of the present mixed methods–grounded theory study confirmed that women self-reporting breast cancer had a greater magnitude of changes in bone mineral density over time compared with women who remained cancer-free. These findings have implications for phosphate toxicity as a potential cause of bone metastasis in metastatic breast cancer, and future studies should investigate a low-phosphate diet to reduce tumorigenesis and bone mineral abnormalities in breast cancer patients. Breast cancer is associated with phosphate toxicity, the toxic effect from dysregulated phosphate metabolism that can stimulate tumorigenesis. Phosphate toxicity and dysregulated phosphate metabolism are also associated with bone mineral abnormalities, including excessive bone mineral loss and deposition. Based on shared associations with dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity, a hypothesis proposed in the present mixed methods–grounded theory study posits that middle-aged women with incidence of breast cancer had a greater magnitude of changes in bone mineral density over time compared with women who remained cancer-free. To test this hypothesis, a mixed-effects model was used to analyze the associations of breast cancer incidence with spinal bone mineral density changes in the U.S. Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Compared with women in the cohort who remained cancer-free, women who self-reported breast cancer had higher bone mineral density at baseline, but had more rapid losses in bone mineral density during follow-up visits. These findings agree with the hypothesis that a greater magnitude of changes in bone mineral density over time is associated with breast cancer in a cohort of middle-aged women. The findings also have implications for studies investigating dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity as causative factors of bone metastasis in metastatic breast cancer. Additionally, the authors previously found increased breast cancer risk associated with high dietary phosphate intake in the same cohort of middle-aged women, and more studies should investigate a low-phosphorus diet to reduce bone mineral abnormalities and tumorigenesis in breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing efforts to exclude trans people from the public sphere in the United States include the proposal - and, often, passing - of Bills seeking to exclude trans people from sport. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, we analyse four such Bills. We argue that, in seeking to regulate the participation of trans students in school athletics, legislatures are producing essentialist gendered subjects. Sporting spaces are amenable to such legislation because they are strongholds for simplistic, binary conceptualisations of sex and gender. Further, by operationalising an instrumental view of sport - wherein winning and thus achieving material reward motivates participation - legislatures can construct trans girls as threats to cisgender girls' future success and mobilise affect and emotion to both produce subjects and to justify transphobic discrimination. This paper contributes to literature on the outcomes of trans-exclusionary regulations by exploring the rhetorical work done by such regulations and what regulation and discipline these strategies make possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay takes up Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg's invitation to use a social science approach to establish or ascertain some facts about international law scholarship in the United States. The specific research question that this Essay seeks to answer is to what extent scholarship has addressed international law's historical and continuing complicity in producing racial inequality and hierarchy, including slavery, as well as the subjugation and domination of the peoples of the First Nations. To answer this question, this Essay uses the content published in the American Journal of International Law (AJIL) from when it was first published in 1907 to May 2021. It also uses the content published in its sister publication AJIL Unbound from when it was first published in 2014 to May 2021. The most significant finding of this Essay is that only 64, or 1.25%, of 5,109 AJIL documents substantially engaged with race in the body of their texts. In AJIL Unbound, only 11, or 1.94%, of the 568 documents substantially engaged with race in the bodies of their text. To account for the extremely low number of documents substantially engaging with race in the pages of the leading international law journal, I advance four hypotheses. First, that this absence is a reflection of the conscious exclusion of African Americans in the American Society of International Law in the first six decades of its existence, as the 2020 Richardson Report found. Second, it is the result of the stringent scrutiny race scholarship in international law has faced in AJIL and AJIL Unbound. Third, that the big or defining debates about international law in the United States have focused on issues other than race, and fourth that color-blindness has been the default view of American international law scholarship as represented in the journal. Ultimately, the point of this Essay is threefold. First, to show that the social science approach that Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg advance can be useful to answer questions that critical scholars like myself are interested in. Second, that when this social science approach is applied to answer questions like the one pursued in this Essay the distinction between the neutrality of the scientific methodology of this social scientific approach, on the one hand, and the normativity of critical approaches that Abebe, Chilton, and Ginsburg argue characterizes other approaches, on the other, falls apart. Third, this Essay shows that there is still ample scope for more international law scholarship on race that needs to be taken up not only by scholars of color but by all scholars of international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the turn-of-the-year effect, the firm size effect, and the relation between these two effects for a sample of OTC stocks traded via the NASDAQ reporting system over the period 1973-1985. We find results similar to those based solely on listed stocks. The importance of these findings stems from the existence of nontrivial differences between the characteristics of the OTC/NASDAQ sample and the samples of listed firms examined previously in the literature. We also find that NASDAQ quoted bid-ask spreads are highly negatively correlated with firm size, are not highly seasonal, and are large enough to preclude trading profits based upon a knowledge of the seasonality of small firms' returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although private foreign aid has expanded dramatically in recent years, we still lack detailed information on the allocation of those private aid flows. We use a novel approach to examine the funding decisions of individuals with respect to international development assistance. We analyze the speed at which requests from microentrepreneurs in developing countries are fulfilled through a US-based Internet organization that bundles individual contributions and transfers them as interest-free loans to developing countries. Survival analysis finds little evidence for the expectation that private donors behave as rational aid givers, nor do we see private funders mimicking the behaviors of official aid agencies. Rather, private microloans seem principally influenced by humanitarian crises, along with the presence of migrant and diaspora networks from recipient countries. We conclude that international private aid is shaped by social linkages between individual donors and recipients. It can therefore fund areas neglected by traditional foreign aid. As a result, private foreign aid serves, in at least some cases, as a complement to official development assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the membership roster for the Idaho State Bar association for 2018-2019, and it mentions the cities in Idaho where attorneys such as Steve L. Stephens, Devin J. Burton, and James David White are located.

Applying qualitative historical methods, we examined the consideration and implementation of school closures as a nonpharmaceutical intervention (NPI) in thirty US cities during the spring 2009 wave of the p A(H 1N 1) influenza pandemic. We gathered and performed close textual readings of official federal, state, and municipal government documents; media coverage; and academic publications. Lastly, we conducted oral history interviews with public health and education officials in our selected cities. We found that several local health departments pursued school closure plans independent of CDC guidance, that uncertainty of action and the rapidly evolving understanding of pA(H1N1) contributed to tension and pushback from the public, that the media and public perception played a significant role in the response to school closure decisions, and that there were some notable instances of interdepartmental communication breakdown. We conclude that health departments should continue to develop and fine-tune their action plans while also working to develop better communication methods with the public, and work more closely with education officials to better understand the complexities involved in closing schools. Lastly, state and local governments should work to resolve lingering issues of legal authority for school closures in times of public health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ermeni Arastirmalari is the property of Center for Eurasian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações is the property of Revista de Contabilidade e Organizacoes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A list of schools with their corresponding Phil Alpha Theta Initiates is presented. The list includes Adrian College with its Omicron Tau, Alma College with its Lambda Psi, California State University-Fresno with its Alpha Kappa Beta, California State University-Stanislaus with its Alpha Epsilon Lambda, and Carnegie Mellon University with its Upsilon Kappa.

This article presents a list of new Phi Alpha Theta initiates from various universities and colleges in the U.S. as of September 2005.

Presents a bibliography of articles related to comparative education published in the August 2003 issue of Comparative Education Review journal in the U.S.

Analyzes the economic model of delegates' voting behavior on specific issues at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention of 1787. Influence of economic interests on the formation of U.S. Constitution; Use of multivariate statistical techniques; Econometric results on individual roll-call votes.

Numerous studies document stock return anomalies as they relate to firm size, earnings-price ratios, and share price. The causes of these anomalies have not been adequately explained. This study provides additional information in this area by examining the relationships among the anomalies for NASDAQ traded stocks and those for NYSE and AMEX stocks. The results suggest that the relationships among the anomalies are not constant across the two groups of stocks. The anomalies are different for NASDAQ stocks than for NYSE and AMEX stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]