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Marketing technology has universal validity and potential universal applicability. To date, however, both practitioners and academicians have emphasized the differences between marketing at home and abroad. The author believes that emphasis on the inherent similarities rather than differences will enable a better understanding of the nature of foreign marketing by U.S. firms. To the extent that these similarities are perceived, they will make possible the formulation of more integrated marketing theory, business structure, and academic offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effectiveness of direct regulation of consumer credit in the U.S. Regulation was in force for this purpose, as restrictions upon credit buying by consumers was thought to lessen demand, check price rises, and even counteract cyclical tendencies. However, the author asserts that consumer credit is not erratic but the normal expression of consumer buying habits. He feels it is a normal part of the consumption process, and purely a transaction between businesses and individuals and that there is no need to regulate it.

The article focuses on a book published by the committee which was established by the American Marketing Association on Comparative Marketing to undertake a systematic study of marketing systems around the world. The committee has progressed slowly and the publication of a book is its first solid product. It presents analytical descriptions of wholesaling in West Germany, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, India, Japan, Australia, Tropical Africa, Central America, Communist China and Yugoslavia. The studies are written by nationals of the countries or Americans who have worked in them. The objective of the committee is to produce studies which are similar in content so that the marketing systems may be effectively compared. The committee set up as a guide for all of the studies an extended outline which appears in the book. The objectives were only partially achieved. Some of the studies are very thorough, notably that on Turkey. The pioneering contribution of the book is that it is the first systematic comparative analysis of marketing systems.

The use of differential equations such as Eikonal, Hamilton-Jacobi, and Poisson for the economical calculation of the nearest (normal) wall distance d, which is needed by some turbulence models, is explored. Modifications that could palliate some turbulence-modeling anomalies are also discussed. Economy is of especial value for deforming/adaptive grid problems. For these, ideally, d is repeatedly computed. It is shown that the Eikonal and Hamilton-Jacobi equations can be easy to implement when written in implicit (or iterated) advection and advection-diffusion equation analogous forms, respectively. These, like the Poisson Laplacian term, are commonly occurring in computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) solvers, allowing the reuse of efficient algorithms and code components. The use of the NASA CFL3D CFD program to solve the implicit Eikonal and Hamilton-Jacobi equations is explored. The reformulated d equations are easy to implement and are found to have robust convergence. For accurate Eikonal solutions, upwind metric differences are required. The Poisson approach is also found effective and easiest to implement. Hence this method is recommended. Modified distances are not found to affect global outputs such as lift and drag significantly, at least in common situations such as airfoil flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]