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This article presents information related to novation. Novation in the Roman law was effected by the stipulation. But there is nothing in our law corresponding to the Roman stipulation. Novation, by a change in the form of the obligation, as by the substitution of a specialty for a simple contract, has existed in English law from time immemorial under the name of merger. The first step towards the modern novation is illustrated by the case of Roe v. Haugh (1697). The count alleged that B was indebted to C in the sum of 42 dollars and that A, in consideration that C would accept A as his debtor for the 42 dollar in the room of B, undertook and promised C to pay him the said 42 dollar and that C, trusting to A's promise, accepted A as his debtor. But there was no averment that C discharged B.

The article presents a discussion on a decision given for the court case: Price v. Neal. The rule established by the decision of the case, Price v. Neal, that a drawee pays (or accepts) at his peril a bill, on which the drawer's signature is forged, has been repeatedly recognized both in Great Britain and the United States. The same rule prevails in Scotland and on the continent of Europe. The drawee's inability to recover the money paid is often referred to his supposed negligence. He ought, it is said, to know the signature of the drawer.

Focuses on a report on cruise-ship-associated legionnaires disease (LD) in the U.S. from November 2003 to May 2004. Surveillance systems that can be used to report LD to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Percentage of patients who had comorbidities or risk behaviors; Impact of cruise-ship-associated travel on the notification and investigation of LD cases.

Modern biomedical data collection is generating exponentially more data in a multitude of formats. This flood of complex data poses significant opportunities to discover and understand the critical interplay among such diverse domains as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, including imaging, biometrics, and clinical data. The Big Data for Discovery Science Center is taking an "-ome to home" approach to discover linkages between these disparate data sources by mining existing databases of proteomic and genomic data, brain images, and clinical assessments. In support of this work, the authors developed new technological capabilities that make it easy for researchers to manage, aggregate, manipulate, integrate, and model large amounts of distributed data. Guided by biological domain expertise, the Center's computational resources and software will reveal relationships and patterns, aiding researchers in identifying biomarkers for the most confounding conditions and diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

New Solutions interviewed Alden Meyer, the director of strategy & policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). His work focuses primarily on climate change policy at the state, federal and international levels. He discusses the current state of climate change policy, progress and innovation on the state and international fronts, and the tangible impacts we can make as citizens to hasten political action.

Objective: As biomedical technology becomes increasingly sophisticated, researchers can probe ever more subtle effects with the added requirement that the investigation of small effects often requires the acquisition of large amounts of data. In biomedicine, these data are often acquired at, and later shared between, multiple sites. There are both technological and sociological hurdles to be overcome for data to be passed between researchers and later made accessible to the larger scientific community. The goal of the Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) is to address the challenges inherent in biomedical data sharing., Materials and Methods: BIRN tools are grouped into 'capabilities' and are available in the areas of data management, data security, information integration, and knowledge engineering. BIRN has a user-driven focus and employs a layered architectural approach that promotes reuse of infrastructure. BIRN tools are designed to be modular and therefore can work with pre-existing tools. BIRN users can choose the capabilities most useful for their application, while not having to ensure that their project conforms to a monolithic architecture., Results: BIRN has implemented a new software-based data-sharing infrastructure that has been put to use in many different domains within biomedicine. BIRN is actively involved in outreach to the broader biomedical community to form working partnerships., Conclusion: BIRN's mission is to provide capabilities and services related to data sharing to the biomedical research community. It does this by forming partnerships and solving specific, user-driven problems whose solutions are then available for use by other groups.

The algorithm used for the equitable allocation of hearts and heart-lungs to potential recipients in the United States is presented. A brief history of the development of the algorithm is followed by discussion of the input criteria and implementation. The current computer system is discussed with emphasis on access by organ procurement personnel.