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The article examines the impact of increased child-care funding on the employment and earnings of welfare families in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Welfare reform has brought about profound changes in the welfare system and in the child-care subsidy system. On October 1, 1996, Florida's welfare reform, known as Work and Gain Economic Self Sufficiency (WAGES), went into effect. This law, designed to increase the employment of welfare recipients, limited the amount of time families could receive welfare payments. WAGES also separated the budget for subsidized child care into two main parts, one reserved exclusively for cash recipients and former recipients and the other portion reserved for families at risk of becoming dependent on welfare and for other non-welfare, income-eligible families. Related changes include establishing a priority system for awarding child-care subsidies and requiring that welfare recipients make co-payments to cover part of the costs of providing care for their children.

Discusses the accomplishments of feminist organizations created as part of the World Student Christian Federation. Challenges of working for the World Student Christian Federation; Struggle for liberation and sexism.

We estimate the general deterrent effect of criminal justice resources on criminal behavior using panel data for a sample representative of young men in U.S. urban areas. Our data, which combine individual-level information on arrests and personal characteristics with aggregate information on criminal justice resources, allow us to obtain deterrence measures that reflect theoretical concepts and are of potential policy relevance. We find robust evidence of a general deterrent effect flowing from criminal justice, particularly police, resources. The nature of our data also allows us to conduct extensive exogeneity tests and to explore a number of possible “third causes” for the deterrent effect. We find strong evidence that our deterrence variables are exogenous and no evidence that our deterrence result stems from commonly hypothesized third causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different promotion rates may be one manifestation of employer discrimination against women. There have been several studies, some based on the United States labor market as a whole and others on case studies, that compare men's and women's wage growth with seniority. However, directly measuring how wages grow in jobs and comparing this growth for men and women gives biased estimates of sex differences in wage raises offered workers if males and females have different quit patterns. Biases in the portion of wage increases attributed to seniority has been the subject of much contemporary discussion. The issue is of importance as men are more likely than women to base their decision to leave a job on their promotion prospects. If EEO policy tried to redress cases where males have higher returns to seniority than females, they might be trying to solve a nonexistent problem, and, if successful, the policy could lower men's true promotion rates below that of women. The article discusses the application of the EEO policy in promotions, and evaluates resulting consequences in the macroeconomic domain.

Small cell transformation (SCT) is a typical mechanism of adaptive resistance to third generation epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRi) which have become the standard of care for EGFR-driven non-small cell lung cancer (EGFR+ NSCLC). Little is known about the optimal management of SCT patients. This study aimed to compare outcomes under platinum/etoposide chemotherapy alone (chemo) or in combination with EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi+chemo) or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI+chemo). In addition, DLL3 expression was explored as potential novel therapeutic target. We conducted a retrospective study on patients with EGFR+ NSCLC and SCT treated at 19 centers in Europe and the United States. A total of 47 patients were included of whom 17 received chemo , 20 ICI+chemo, and 10 EGFRi+chemo. We analyzed DLL3 expression by immunohistochemistry. In the entire cohort, median overall survival (OS) from start of first SCT therapy was 11 months (95 % confidence interval [95 %CI] 9.1–12.9) and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5 months (95 %CI 4.2–5.8). Median PFS was similar in all three groups (chemo and ICI+chemo 4 months, EGFRi+chemo 6 months), and 12-months PFS was 12 % (95 %CI 2 %−31 %), 13 % (95 %CI 0 %−43 %), and 0 % for ICI+chemo, EGFRi+chemo , and chemo, respectively. Median OS in the ICI+chemo group was 13 months (95 %CI 5.5–20.5) compared to 10 months (95 %CI 7.6–12.4) with chemo and EGFRi+chemo (95 %CI 8.1–11.9), respectively. Before and after SCT, 0 % and 93 % of tumors were DLL3-positive. Our results suggest that ICI+chemo and DLL3-targeting agents are worth further exploration in EGFR+ NSCLC undergoing SCT. Part of this work has been presented at ESMO annual meeting in Madrid, Spain in October 2023 (Poster 1336 P). • Small cell transformation occurs about 1.5 years after start of targeted therapy. • Immunotherapy was associated with a non-significant trend towards longer survival. • Efficacy of treatment lines after platinum/etoposide is limited. • The majority of tumors acquires DLL3 expression with small cell transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]