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Background Mechanical thrombectomy has become the standard of care for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusions. Racial differences in outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke have not been extensively studied. We evaluate the real-world evidence for differences between races in the outcomes of thrombectomy for large vessel occlusions using the NeuroVascular Quality Initiative-Quality Outcomes Database (NVQI-QOD). Methods Data from the NVQI-QOD acute ischemic stroke registry were analyzed and compared for racial differences in outcomes after mechanical thrombectomy in 4507 patients from 28 US centers (17 states) between January 2014 and April 2021. Race was dichotomized into non-Hispanic White (NHW, n=3649) and non- Hispanic Black (NHB, n=858). We performed 1:1 propensity score matching resulting in a subsample of matched groups (n=761 each for NHB and NHW) to compare study endpoints using Welch's two-sided t-tests and χ² test for continuous and categorical outcomes, respectively. Results Prior to matching, NHW and NHB patients significantly differed in age, comorbidities, medication use, smoking status, and presenting stroke severity. No significant difference in functional outcomes or mortality, at discharge or follow-up, were revealed. NHB patients had higher average postprocedure length of stay than NHW patients, which persisted following matching (11.2 vs 9.1 days, P=0.004). Conclusion Evidence from the NVQI-QOD acute ischemic stroke registry showed that outcome metrics, such as modified Rankin Scale score and mortality, did not differ significantly between racial groups; however, disparity between NHW and NHB patients in postprocedure length of stay following mechanical thrombectomy was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how the transnational lives of two Sinhalese-speaking Sri Lankan families in the rural U.S. influenced family language policy (FLP) and how they (re)positioned themselves in response to their transnational lives. Employing an ethnographic design, including interviews and observations, this study explores the families' language ideologies and management strategies and the factors that shaped their policies. Both families held similar language ideologies but contrasting management strategies that were informed by a differing socioeconomic status and eventual home country return, and which in turn led to different ways of FLP formation and implementation. FLPs were aimed at accruing capital and social prestige to facilitate the navigation of spaces in family members' present and (imagined) future lives in Sri Lanka and the U.S., and possibly beyond; yet, these same policies created a sense of ambivalence in regards to transnationals' cultural and linguistic identities and attachments. The findings show the competing and contradictory forces at play in transnational bilingual children's heritage language development. This study draws attention to how transnationals navigate global citizenry and how they make decisions about language as they reimagine and refashion their membership into multiple communities in an interconnected world.

Nursing is a profession with high rates of workplace injuries, hazards, and turnover. Improving the health and safety of nurses at work is vital to retain and grow the workforce to meet future demands. The purpose of this study was to describe the breadth of pain among American nurses and explore the relationships between this pain and modifiable work factors and perceived work performance. We used a cross-sectional descriptive design of 2312 nurses from across the United States. Nurses completed a survey containing questions about demographics. the presence of pain in the past week, the number of pain sites, pain locations, severity, and the impact on work performance. The median number of pain locations reported was 2, back pain was the most reported pain site, and average pain severity ranged from 4 to 5. Significant modifiable work factors associated with pain were average patient load and shift length. Many participants indicated that their pain impacted work performance, while a smaller proportion acknowledged that their pain impacted patient care. Pain among nlirses spans multiple locations, is moderately severe, and impacts work performance. Addressing related modifiable work factors may decrease pain and the impact on the health. safety, and work performance of the nursing workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given recent study abroad trends, Latin America (LATAM) offers untapped potential to contribute to U.S. campus internationalization. To diversify student populations and increase enrollment from LATAM, stakeholders should consider the language, academic, and cultural experiences of LATAM students admitted to U.S. graduate schools. This study bridges the gap between higher education institutions and potential students. To do so, mixed methods were employed to analyze the following: (1) responses to a 67-question survey completed by LATAM graduate students (n = 126) studying abroad at a large public R1 university in the Midwest, (2) TOEFL scores, and (3) transcripts of 13 follow-up interviews about academic, cultural, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Results underscore the importance of effective English language instruction during college years to help students meet graduate school admission scores, especially in cases where K-12 English language training was inadequate. The study considers the extent to which participants became part of a community of practice, characterized by attributes such as language proficiency, high levels of achievement, and personal investment in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Correct identification of estrogen receptor (ER) status in breast cancer (BC) is crucial to optimize treatment; however, standard of care, involving biopsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and other diagnostic tools such as 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose or 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), can yield inconclusive results. 16α-[18F]fluoro-17β-fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) can be a powerful tool, providing high diagnostic accuracy of ER-positive disease. The aim of this study was to estimate the budget impact and cost-effectiveness of adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC in the determination of ER-positive status in metastatic (mBC) and recurrent breast cancer (rBC) in the United States (US). Methods: An Excel-based decision tree, combined with a Markov model, was developed to estimate the economic consequences of adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC for determining ER-positive status in mBC and rBC over 5 years. Scenario A, where the determination of ER-positive status is carried out solely through biopsy/IHC, was compared to scenario B, where [18F]FES PET/CT is used in addition to biopsy/IHC. Results: The proportion of true positive and true negative test results increased by 0.2 to 8.0 percent points in scenario B compared to scenario A, while re-biopsies were reduced by 94% to 100%. Scenario B resulted in cost savings up to 142 million dollars. Conclusions: Adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC may increase the diagnostic accuracy of the ER status, especially when a tumor sample cannot be obtained, or the risk of a biopsy-related complication is high. Therefore, adding [18F]FES PET/CT to biopsy/IHC would have a positive impact on US clinical and economic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which examined the change in Internet use during the COVID-19 pandemic for people with Medicare aged 65 and older in the U.S. Cited are the method used to calculate for the proportion of people with Medicare who reported ever using the Internet at home in each year, overall and by person-level characteristics, and the reasons why racially or ethnically minoritized people with Medicare may be less likely to have access to telemedicine.

The article examines the U.S. Constitution's relationship with American colonialism and imperialism. It discusses professor Maggie Blackhawk's foreword in the book "The Constitution of American Colonialism" in which she describes the influence of colonialism and imperialism on Americans' constitutional experience. It describes an alternative conception of the American constitutional order. It also explores the central role of slavery in the history of U.S. expansion.

Among Latinx people living with HIV (PLWH), neurocognitive (NC) function, culture, and mental health impact medication adherence. Similarly, health beliefs and attitudes play a role in health care barriers and health behaviors. Research has not examined the effect that compromised neurocognition, sociocultural factors, and mental health have on health beliefs and attitudes. This is especially relevant for Latinx PLWH who are disproportionately impacted by HIV, given that sociocultural factors may uniquely impact HIV-related NC and psychological sequelae. This study investigated the associations between neurocognition, sociocultural factors, mental health, health beliefs, and health attitudes among Latinx HIV-seropositive adults. Within a sample of 100 Latinx PLWH, better verbal learning and executive functioning abilities were associated with more positive attitudes about the benefits of medications and memory for medications. In terms of sociocultural factors, higher English language competence was related to better self-reported memory for medications, and overall, higher US acculturation was associated with more positive attitudes toward health professionals. Depressive symptomatology was negatively associated with attitudes toward medications and health professionals, as well as with self-reported memory for medications. These findings highlight the important interplay between NC, sociocultural, psychological factors, and health beliefs among Latinx PLWH. Adherence intervention strategies and suggestions for dispensing medical information are presented for clinicians and health care practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To examine the abortion frequency among incarcerated people before Dobbs v Jackson Women's Health Organization was decided. Methods. We used data from the 2020 Abortion Provider Census to examine the number and distribution of facilities that provided abortions to incarcerated patients. Results. Sixty-seven clinics across 25 states and the District of Columbia provided more than 300 abortions to incarcerated patients in 2020. Eleven of these clinics are in states that now have total or near-total abortion bans. Public Health Implications. People in jails and prisons face many structural barriers when seeking an abortion, especially with increased state abortion restrictions and an inability to travel out of state. If they cannot obtain desired care, people may be forced to continue pregnancies in harsh conditions. To address abortion access inequities, policy and research must consider incarcerated individuals. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(12):1352–1355. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307411) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hundreds of thousands of undocumented Mexican immigrants were deported from the United States or returned to Mexico voluntarily in the past two decades, taking with them their US‐born citizen children (USCC). A family's relocation—forced deportation or voluntary return—and the subsequent settlement and adjustment to Mexico affect everyone's well‐being. We interviewed 18 USCC whose parents were forcibly deported and 18 whose parents returned voluntarily about their circumstances, experiences, and perceptions. Four categories of relocation and adjustment issues emerged. USCC with deported parents felt the sudden and harsh arrest, detention, deportation, and separation from parents, and family reunification after deportation. Those in the voluntary‐return group told of concerns about the planned separation and relocation to Mexico. Both groups experienced issues of family reintegration and adjustment to a new environment. While relocation prompted similarities and differences in families' settlement, issues unique to families played a part in children's adjustment. Clinicians in both the United States and Mexico must take into consideration the nature of the relocation, families' distinctive reactions, and the individual child's experience as some USCC will remain in Mexico and others will return to the US Mexican clinicians will encounter USCC still settling and adjusting to Mexico, and USCC who decide to remain permanently in Mexico. US clinicians may encounter USCC facing the challenges of re‐entering American society, joining educational institutions, and becoming part of the labor force. USCC forming families may feel the impact of their pasts in parenting dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MATRIZes is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Programa de Pos Graduacao em Ciencias da Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A framework termed “the citizenship shield” is introduced to conceptualize how legal protections buffer against negative health outcomes among Latinx immigrants in the United States. In this study, we tested the citizenship shield framework in the context of the disproportionate impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on Latinx immigrants. We investigated the connection between immigration status, discrimination, food insecurity, and negative health outcomes. Analyses involved testing mediation and moderation models among a community‐based sample of 536 Latinx immigrants holding five statuses (i.e., U.S. citizenship, permanent residency, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, undocumented, and temporary status). Results suggested that food insecurity mediated the link between discrimination and negative impacts from the pandemic for Latinx immigrants across all statuses. Follow up analyses suggested that two of the three paths were moderated by immigration status. This research provides novel, important data to inform health interventions and federal policy targeted for the most vulnerable immigrants in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Return to school is key for community re-integration after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). School support facilitates and ensure a successful transition back to school. However, access to school services is not uniform among U.S. children. OBJECTIVE: To describe school services for children with TBI from minoritized backgrounds and highlight population-specific risk factors and facilitators for accessing services. METHODS: Narrative review of the literature including studies on return to school after a mild-complicated, moderate, or severe TBI, among children enrolled in the U.S. school system. We describe receipt of services, enabling and risk factors, and outcomes, for minority children. RESULTS: There is a gap in knowledge regarding return to school among minoritized children with TBIs. Studies have few participants from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds, or low income or rural communities. Transgender and non-binary youth are not represented in present research efforts. Studies highlight larger barriers to receipt of school services among minority children and additional barriers associated with their minority status. CONCLUSION: Diversity in the U.S pediatric population is increasing. Minoritized populations are at increased risk for TBI and poor outcomes. Research focused on the needs of these populations is required to optimize school return after TBI hospitalization and overall post-discharge care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latina/o immigrant mothers in the United States (U.S.) often experience discrimination, which results in deleterious impacts on their parenting practices. Because of the cumulative impact of immigration‐related stress, there is a need for research aimed at identifying specific contextual stressors that have the greatest impact on Latina/o immigrant parenting. Further, given significant barriers to access mental health services, there is an urgency to comprehend how pre‐existing family strengths might counteract these parenting shortcomings in Latina/o families. Accordingly, we examined in these investigation‐specific pathways through which immigration‐related stress affects maternal parenting practices, and how emotional and relational processes within families might act as predecessors to positive parenting practices within a context of adversity. This study is embedded within a larger program of research aimed at culturally adapting evidence‐based parenting programs for low‐income Latina/o immigrants. Our sample consisted of 71 Mexican‐origin Latina/o mothers, residents of an urban setting in the Midwest. According to Bayesian estimated path analysis, immigration‐related stress was associated with parenting stress and emotional support, while emotional support, parenting stress, and the co‐parenting alliance were associated with positive parenting practices. Indirect effects demonstrate that immigration‐related stress is negatively associated with positive parenting practices when mediated by parenting stress and emotional support. Current findings highlight the need to carefully examine the impact of immigration‐related stress on the parenting practices of Latina/o immigrant families and the need to inform parent training interventions accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver neoplasm, and its incidence has doubled over the past two decades owing to increasing risk factors. Despite surveillance, most HCC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages and can only be treated using transarterial chemo-embolization (TACE) or systemic therapy. TACE failure may occur with incidence reaching up to 60% of cases, leaving patients with a financial and emotional burden. Radiomics has emerged as a new tool capable of predicting tumor response to TACE from pre-procedural computed tomography (CT) studies. This data report defines the HCC-TACE data collection of confirmed HCC patients who underwent TACE and have pre- and post-procedure CT imaging studies and available treatment outcomes (time-to-progression and overall survival). Clinically curated segmentation of pre-procedural CT studies was done for the purpose of algorithm training for prediction and automatic liver tumor segmentation. Measurement(s) Image Segmentation • hepatocellular carcinoma Technology Type(s) Neural Network • Multiphasic Computed Tomography of the Abdomen Sample Characteristic - Organism multiphasic CT of the abdomen Sample Characteristic - Location contiguous United States of America [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder associated with daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and increased all-cause mortality risk in patients with cancer. Existing screening tools for OSA do not account for the interaction of cancer-related features that may increase OSA risk. Study Design and Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with cancer at a single tertiary cancer institution who underwent a home sleep apnea test (HSAT) to evaluate for OSA. Unsupervised machine learning (ML) was used to reduce the dimensions and extract significant features associated with OSA. ML classifiers were applied to principal components and model hyperparameters were optimized using k-fold cross-validation. Training models for OSA were subsequently tested and compared with the STOP-Bang questionnaire on a prospective unseen test set of patients who underwent an HSAT. Results From a training dataset of 249 patients, kernel principal component analysis (PCA) extracted eight components through dimension reduction to explain the maximum variance with OSA at 98%. Predictors of OSA were smoking, asthma, chronic kidney disease, STOP-Bang score, race, diabetes, radiation to head/neck/thorax (RT-HNT), type of cancer, and cancer metastases. Of the ML models, PCA + RF had the highest sensitivity (96.8%), specificity (92.3%), negative predictive value (92%), F1 score (0.93), and ROC-AUC score (0.88). The PCA + RF screening algorithm also performed better than the STOP-Bang questionnaire alone when tested on a prospective unseen test set. Conclusions The PCA + RF ML model had the highest accuracy in screening for OSA in patients with cancer. History of RT-HNT, cancer metastases, and type of cancer were identified as cancer-related risk factors for OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Despite Latine immigrant youth being considered a vulnerable population who experience a heightened prevalence of psychological stress attributed to post-migration experiences, Latine immigrant youth reported having a positive attitude towards mental health. • Despite logistical barriers that contribute to utilizing fewer healthcare services and not knowing how to navigate the healthcare system, Latine immigrant youth reported having positive attitudes towards mental health services, especially when these services are community-based. • Latine immigrant youth reported having positive experiences with culturally sensitive youth programs that promote psychological well-being while integrating into the United States. Latine immigrant youth, in general, report logistical barriers that contribute to utilizing fewer healthcare services and not knowing how to navigate the healthcare system. In addition to underutilizing healthcare services, Latine immigrant youth also report higher levels of negative attitudes toward mental health when compared to non-Latine immigrant youth. However, little is still known regarding factors that impact these attitudes toward Latine immigrant youth, as well as the community support efforts that are available to this specific group. Using a semi-structured interview with 12 Latine immigrant youth, this study explored (1) the attitudes towards mental health, (2) attitudes towards mental health services, (3) and the experiences of participating in a local community-based program for Latine immigrant youth. Results found that most participants held positive attitudes toward mental health, and all participants described positive attitudes toward mental health services. In addition, all participants reported having positive experiences with a culturally sensitive youth program that promotes psychological well-being while integrating into the United States. They noted that it had benefited them socially, culturally, and psychologically. Given the rise of Latine immigrant youth in the U.S. and the stigma surrounding mental health attitudes, it is crucial to continue to explore this area to serve Latine immigrant youth better and connect them to the mental health services they may need. Also, it is important to have community programs, such as this one, that support and meet Latine immigrant youth's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inadequate fluid status remains a key driver of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Quantification of fluid overload (FO) using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has become standard in many countries. To date, no BIS device has been approved in the United States for fluid status assessment in kidney patients. Therefore, no previous quantification of fluid status in US kidney patients using BIS has been reported. Our aim was to conduct a cross‐sectional BIS‐based assessment of fluid status in an urban US HD population. Methods: We determined fluid status in chronic HD patients using whole body BIS (Body Composition Monitor, BCM). The BCM reports FO in liters; negative FO denotes fluid depletion. Measurements were performed before dialysis. Post‐HD FO was estimated by subtracting the intradialytic weight loss from the pre‐HD FO. Findings We studied 170 urban HD patients (age 61 ± 14 years, 60% male). Pre‐ and post‐HD FO (mean ± SD), were 2.2 ± 2.4 and −0.2 ± 2.7 L, respectively. Pre‐HD, 43% of patients were fluid overloaded, 53% normally hydrated, and 4% fluid depleted. Post‐HD, 12% were fluid overloaded, 55% normohydrated and 32% fluid depleted. Only 48% of fluid overloaded patients were hypertensive, while 38% were normotensive and 14% hypotensive. Fluid status did not differ significantly between African Americans (N = 90) and Caucasians (N = 61). Discussion While about half of the patients had normal fluid status pre‐HD, a considerable proportion of patients was either fluid overloaded or depleted, indicating the need for tools to objectively quantify fluid status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate the scientometrics characteristics of the scientific production on the treatment of brain tumors with gamma knife radiosurgery in Scopus. Methods. The Scopus database (Elsevier) was used to collect all relevant studies for this bibliometric analysis. Data was obtained as a.csv file; it was downloaded from Scopus and was exported by SciVal to Microsoft Excel for a presentation using tables for more detailed analysis. The citations and the number of papers for the most productive institutions, authors, countries, and journals publishing scientific papers were analyzed on the use of gamma knife radiosurgery for brain tumors. Results. 458 metadata were obtained from scientific publications, on which inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, leaving 248 studies. The maximum peak of publications was 2018 with 31 publications, and the minimum peak was 2015 with 18. The most related subtopics were neurology, surgery, and oncology, and most of the retrieved papers had only institutional collaboration. As for more productive journals, Journal of Neurosurgery is first with 23 publications; within the countries with the most scientific publications, we have the United States, Japan, and China. With the United States being the country with the highest number of productions, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center was the main university with the highest scientific production and Sheehan and Trifiletti and American authors dominate the list with the highest number of documents. Conclusion. Scientific production regarding gamma knife surgery and brain tumors has been increasing during the last 10 years, with a high incidence during 2018, and the highest number of published articles was in the first quartile. Likewise, the United States is the country with the most publications, authors, and universities on the subject. Greater efforts are still lacking from all countries in the world to reach the quantity and quality of production of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents and friends are important influences on adolescents' academic outcomes. We examine whether and how adolescents' social networks compensate for or enhance the effects of their parents' education on academic outcomes. Among a large ethnoracially diverse sample of high school students in the Southwestern (N = 2,136) and Midwestern (N = 1,055) United States, results from network autocorrelation models showed that higher levels of mother and father education were related to greater academic self‐efficacy and engagement and higher aspirations, expectations, and grade point averages at both schools. Friends' parents' education levels were positively associated with adolescents' academic aspirations, expectations, and grade point averages across all of the models; higher levels of friends' parents' education were related to greater academic self‐efficacy across all models, except for mothers in the Southwest; and friends' fathers' education levels were positively related to adolescents' academic engagement for students in the Midwestern school only. There were no significant interaction effects between parents' and friends' parents' education levels in predicting academic outcomes. Differences in the distribution of parental education across ethnic‐racial groups shaped the implications of the model for adolescents' academic adjustment. Findings highlight the impact of educational opportunity across generations in shaping academic inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, epidemiologists have documented a health advantage among Hispanic/Latinx individuals who live in the United States, despite their significant socioeconomic barriers. This observation is often described as the "Hispanic paradox." In this scoping review, we aimed to summarize literature published on Hispanic/Latinx perinatal outcomes over the past two decades and place these findings within the context of the overarching "Healthy Immigrant" paradox. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they utilized large population datasets to describe rates of preterm birth, low birth weight and infant mortality among Hispanic/Latinx women living in the United States. To focus on the most recent trends, studies were excluded if they were published prior to the year 2000. Globally, Hispanic/Latinx women appear to continue to have improved perinatal outcomes compared to non-Hispanic Black infants, while rates of adverse outcomes appear similar for Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic White women. However, our review emphasizes the heterogeneity of outcomes experienced by Hispanic/Latinx women. The epidemiologic advantage among Hispanic/Latinx women and their infants may be largely concentrated among specific national origin subgroups or among recently arrived foreign-born Hispanic/Latinx women. Given the disparities that exist among Hispanic/Latinx women, we provide a summary of themes to explore in future research and methodologic recommendations that may assist in identifying important subgroup differences and their determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: SARS-CoV-2 can remain transiently viable on surfaces. We examined if use of shared chairs in outpatient hemodialysis associates with a risk for indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2.Methods: We used data from adults treated at 2,600 hemodialysis facilities in United States between February 1st and June 8th, 2020. We performed a retrospective case-control study matching each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient (case) to a non-SARS-CoV-2 patient (control) treated in the same dialysis shift. Cases and controls were matched on age, sex, race, facility, shift date, and treatment count. For each case-control pair, we traced backward 14 days to assess possible prior exposure from a 'shedding' SARS-CoV-2 positive patient who sat in the same chair immediately before the case or control. Conditional logistic regression models tested whether chair exposure after a shedding SARS-CoV-2 positive patient conferred a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to the immediate subsequent patient.Results: Among 170,234 hemodialysis patients, 4,782 (2.8 %) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean age 64 years, 44 % female). Most facilities (68.5 %) had 0 to 1 positive SARS-CoV-2 patient. We matched 2,379 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases to 2,379 non-SARS-CoV-2 controls; 1.30 % (95 %CI 0.90 %, 1.87 %) of cases and 1.39 % (95 %CI 0.97 %, 1.97 %) of controls were exposed to a chair previously sat in by a shedding SARS-CoV-2 patient. Transmission risk among cases was not significantly different from controls (OR = 0.94; 95 %CI 0.57 to 1.54; p = 0.80). Results remained consistent in adjusted and sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: The risk of indirect patient-to-patient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection from dialysis chairs appears to be low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-immigration rhetoric has consistently impacted the lives of immigrant young adults who are Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients. This qualitative study sheds light on the lived psychological experiences of 21 Latinx DACA recipients who were impacted by the political debates during the Trump administration. Content analysis revealed four main psychological impacts resulting from the DACA political debates: stress, fear, anxiety, and depressive symptomatology). Through these experiences, individuals who perceived being impacted by these political debates described three main strengths (i.e., luchando adelante, positive outlook, and DACA+ethnic pride) that assisted them. Finally, participants noted three main strategies (i.e., social and family support, religiosity/spirituality, and social advocacy) that also served them during the DACA political debates. These findings provide implications for practices and policies that foster healing from ethno-racial trauma in Latinx immigrant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Race and law scholars almost uniformly prefer antisubordination to anticlassification as the best way to understand and adjudicate racism. In this short Essay, we explore whether the antisubordination framework is sufficiently capacious to meet our present demands for racial justice. We argue that the antisubordination approach relies on a particular conception of racism, which we call pathological racism, that limits its capacity for addressing the fundamental restructuring that racial justice requires. We suggest, in a manner that might be viewed as counterintuitive, that targeted universalist remedies might be more effective to address long term racial inequality but might also be the more radical approach to addressing racial discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Guided by García Coll and colleagues' (1996) integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children, the current study examined the role of ethnic-racial identity as a mediator through which family ethnic socialization was associated with academic engagement among Latino youth. Furthermore, based on the high prevalence rates of ethnic-racial discrimination among Latino adolescents, the associations between experiences with peer and adult discrimination and youth's academic engagement (controlling for family ethnic socialization and ethnic-racial identity) were tested. Finally, we tested whether discrimination from either peers or adults moderated the mediation process between family ethnic socialization, ethnic-racial identity, and academic engagement. Method: Data were collected from a cross-sectional study of adolescents in the Southwestern United States. Participants in the current study consisted of self-identified Latino adolescents (N = 370; Mage = 16.14 years; SD = 1.12; Range = 14-18; 52.8% female; 96.2% U.S.-born) who completed self-administered surveys during school hours. Results: Path analyses indicated that family ethnic socialization was indirectly associated with academic engagement via ethnic-racial identity. Adult discrimination was negatively associated with academic engagement; however, peer discrimination was not associated with academic engagement. Finally, neither source of discrimination emerged as a moderator of the associations of interest. Conclusion: Findings point to Latino youth's enhanced resilience against discrimination encounters when they have more experiences with family ethnic socialization and have engaged in greater ethnic-racial identity exploration and resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health and well-being of childbearing women and children in the US should set a world standard. However, women and children in the US experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality than women and children in almost all other industrialized countries, with marked racial and ethnic disparities. The unfolding effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have highlighted such disparities. In this article, which is part of the National Academy of Medicine's Vital Directions for Health and Health Care: Priorities for 2021 initiative, we draw on a life-course framework to highlight promising interventions and recommend key improvements in programs and policies to optimize health and well-being among women and children in the US. The recommendations address ensuring access, transforming health care, and addressing social and environmental determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper finds that minimum wages of the United States and Mexico measured carefully in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) help explain the well-documented post-2010 fall in Mexico-U.S. migration. Declining inequality also plays a role since the purchasing power of the minimum wage increased relative to the average wage in Mexico. Using time-series data, we find two positive partial correlations between minimum wages and net migration: one driven by wage differentials between the two countries and the other by wage inequality in Mexico. However, these results are found to be mediated through migrant social networks. Though relative wages are a classic migration driver, this paper is the first to explore the full minimum-average wage nexus. One clear policy implication of these results is that maintaining the real purchasing power of minimum wages helps reduce migration. An in-depth analysis is needed to demonstrate the causality of these correlations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a reparation-based approach to remedy the cancellation by the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump in 2019 of the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) of Haitians in the country. Topics include the lawsuits against the TPS cancellation like Ramos v. Nielsen and Saget v. Trump and the history of exclusionary racism within U.S. immigration law, particularly against Haiti and Haitians.

In the United States (U.S.), adolescent identity development occurs within a socio-historical context characterized by an ethnic-racial hierarchy, as well as an unequal distribution of power and privilege. The current study examined the associations among two ethnic-racial identity components (i.e., exploration, resolution), perceived ethnic-racial discrimination, and U.S. American identity among White, Black, and Latino adolescents in the U.S. A cross-sectional sample of self-identified White, Black, and Latino adolescents (N = 1,378) completed self-administered surveys (Mage = 16.16 years; SD = 1.12, 52.8% female). A sequential model-building approach using multiple-group path analysis revealed that both exploration and resolution were positively associated with U.S. American for White and Black adolescents, but no association emerged for Latino adolescents. Furthermore, among Black adolescents, the association between exploration and U.S. American identity was moderated by perceived ethnic-racial discrimination, such that these two identity dimensions were positively associated only among those who reported higher levels of discrimination. Overall, ethnic-racial identity and U.S. American identity were more strongly associated among White and Black adolescents compared to Latino adolescents. Future research is needed to better understand the intersections between ethnic-racial identity and U.S. American identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing an ethnographic design, this study analyzes three undergraduate English learners' (ELs) appropriation of language policy at a U.S. university. In this study, ELs refers to bi/multilingual students with U.S. K-12 schooling who do not meet their university's language proficiency requirements, and who are subsequently classified as ELs and non-citizens by their university. Policy appropriation informed how ELs perceived themselves and how they repositioned themselves in relation to the policy. Their self-perception informed them of the types of capital they needed to achieve their goals, thereby largely shaping their appropriation of EL policy. This study draws attention to the ways bi/multilinguals appropriate language policy, navigate their immigrant identities, and seek to acquire capital in their efforts to succeed at a university. It also informs what it means to be a citizen of the United States and what role language policy plays in citizenship in higher education settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The focus of this paper is on the improvement of substance use disorder (SUD) screening and measurement. Using a multi‐dimensional item response theory model, the bifactor model, we provide a psychometric harmonization between SUD, depression, anxiety, trauma, social isolation, functional impairment and risk‐taking behavior symptom domains, providing a more balanced view of SUD. The aims are to (1) develop the item‐bank, (2) calibrate the item‐bank using a bifactor model that includes a primary dimension and symptom‐specific subdomains, (3) administer using computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and (4) validate the CAT‐SUD in Spanish and English in the United States and Spain. Design Item bank construction, item calibration phase, CAT‐SUD validation phase. Setting: Primary care, community clinics, emergency departments and patient‐to‐patient referrals in Spain (Barcelona and Madrid) and the United States (Boston and Los Angeles). Participants/cases: Calibration phase: the CAT‐SUD was developed via simulation from complete item responses in 513 participants. Validation phase: 297 participants received the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the CAT‐SUD. Measurements A total of 252 items from five subdomains: (1) SUD, (2) psychological disorders, (3) risky behavior, (4) functional impairment and (5) social support. CAT‐SUD scale scores and CIDI SUD diagnosis. Findings Calibration: the bifactor model provided excellent fit to the multi‐dimensional item bank; 168 items had high loadings (> 0.4 with the majority > 0.6) on the primary SUD dimension. Using an average of 11 items (four to 26), which represents a 94% reduction in respondent burden (average administration time of approximately 2 minutes), we found a correlation of 0.91 with the 168‐item scale (precision of 5 points on a 100‐point scale). Validation: strong agreement was found between the primary CAT‐SUD dimension estimate and the results of a structured clinical interview. There was a 20‐fold increase in the likelihood of a CIDI SUD diagnosis across the range of the CAT‐SUD (AUC = 0.85). Conclusions: We have developed a new approach for the screening and measurement of SUD and related severity based on multi‐dimensional item response theory. The bifactor model harmonized information from mental health, trauma, social support and traditional SUD items to provide a more complete characterization of SUD. The CAT‐SUD is highly predictive of a current SUD diagnosis based on a structured clinical interview, and may be predictive of the development of SUD in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research about the significance of parent participation in school is expanding, research about the role of Parent Associations (PA)/Parent and Teacher Associations (PTA) in the integration and participation of immigrant families in schools is limited. This is still the case in Spain and the U.S. despite the continued growth of the immigrant population and that of a scholarship linking parental involvement in school with the improved educational outcomes of their children. This study explores the role of PA/PTAs leaders in the school integration and participation of immigrant families, many of whom are considered 'hard-to-reach.' The objectives are twofold: to contribute new insights with a description of immigrant families' participation in PA/PTAs in two different national contexts; and to bring new insights from the views of PA/PTAs leaders about how to engage and improve the participation of 'hard-to-reach', immigrant families in schools. We compare results derived from in-depth, semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with PA/PTAs leaders in 26 public schools in Granada and New York City. The study yields two main findings: the importance of immigrant families' active participation in the enrichment of schools; and the strategies used by PA/PTAs leaders in the participation and integration of parents in their children's schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the issue of gender differences in scientific communication across two major grant-awarding institutions including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S. Topics discussed include women's underrepresentation in the field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, significant impact on grant-funding decisions, and evidence of consistent gender differences despite significant institutional variation.

Objectives: The 21st century has seen a rise in racism and xenophobia in the United States. Few studies have examined the health implications of heightened institutional and interpersonal racism. This study examines changes in reported discrimination and associations with blood pressure over time among non-Latino Blacks (NLBs), Latinos, and non-Latino Whites (NLWs) in an urban area, and variations by nativity among Latinos. Design: Data from a probability sample of NLB, Latino, and NLW Detroit, Michigan residents were collected in 2002–2003, with follow-up at the same addresses in 2007–2008. Surveys were completed at 80% of eligible housing units in 2008 (n = 460). Of those, 219 participants were interviewed at both time points and were thus included in this analysis. Discrimination patterns across racial/ethnic groups and associations with blood pressure were examined using generalized estimating equations. Results: From 2002 to 2008, NLBs and Latinos reported heightened interpersonal and institutional discrimination, respectively, compared with NLWs. There were no differences in associations between interpersonal discrimination and blood pressure. Increased institutional discrimination was associated with stronger increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure for NLBs than NLWs, with no differences between Latinos and NLWs. Latino immigrants experienced greater increases in blood pressure with increased interpersonal and institutional discrimination compared to US-born Latinos. Conclusions: Together, these findings suggest that NLBs and Latinos experienced heightened discrimination from 2002 to 2008, and that increases in institutional discrimination were more strongly associated with blood pressure elevation among NLBs and Latino immigrants compared to NLWs and US-born Latinos, respectively. These findings suggest recent increases in discrimination experienced by NLBs and Latinos, and that these increases may exacerbate racial/ethnic health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines relations between parent and youth physical activity (PA; days per week), sports participation, and overweight (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) among U.S. youth, and whether this relationship varies by immigrant generation and sex. Methods: Participants included 28,691 youth ages 10-17 years from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health. Youth were grouped into first, second, and third or higher generation. Primary analyses include Chi-square and post hoc tests to assess mean differences, and adjusted logistic regressions to test associations between weight status and independent variables. Results: Each additional day youth participated in PA decreased their odds of overweight (OW) by 10% [OR: 0.90 (0.87-0.94)]; participation in sports significantly reduced their odds of OW by 17% [OR: 0.83 (0.71-0.98)]. First generation boys who participated in sports had 70% lower odds of OW [OR: 0.30 (0.11-0.83)] compared with first generation boys who did not participate in sports. For third generation girls, participation in sports reduced the odds of OW by 23% [OR: 0.77 (0.62-0.96)] compared with those who did not participate in sports. Conclusion: The protective influence of PA on youth's risk of OW varies by immigrant generation and sex. Parent PA was not related to youth's risk of OW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]