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For more than a century, the US government seized all the lands now called the "United States" by procuring 'treaties' that it has represented as valid agreements or contracts obtained through international norms of treaty-making. However, the method created by the US to obtain Indian 'treaties' deliberately omitted key procedures used between Western nations to assure mutual consent and honest practices. This method differed so significantly from the standards and norms of international practices that it constituted an entirely unique system reserved for use against Indigenous peoples in North America, a racist foundation for all contemporary relations between the US government and Indigenous nations and peoples. The Indian Treaty system was the foundational tool of colonial empire used by the US government to obtain the enormous wealth of Native Americans, impoverishing them forever and forcing them into dependence on American 'generosity.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study of literature and culture in Latin America and the need for its ideological and cultural independence. The author discusses the current dependence on literary/cultural perspectives from the United States and proposes several aspects that need to be addressed including the development of cultural studies, regional cultural policies and literary studies that are distinctively Latin American.

This paper argues that present-day imperialism is strongly related to the domination of a precise form of capital, namely highly concentrated interest- and dividend-bearing money-capital which operates in financial markets, breeds today's pervasive fetishism of money, but is totally dependent on surplus-value and production. Two mechanisms ensure the appropriation and/or production of surplus-product and its centralisation to the world system's financial hubs. In the 1980s, foreign debt prevailed. Foreign production and profit repatriation by TNCs now represent the main channel. Following the transfer abroad of part of its production by US TNCs, the issue for the US in their relations with the rest of the world is not the commercialisation of surplus through exports, but dependency on imports and, more crucially, on large inflows of money-capital to support the stock market, buy T-bonds and refinance mortgage. This new dependency helps to explain the 'paradox' that US imperialism is increasingly forced to try and offset this through extra-economic and even military coercion where it can. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the obligation that the U.S. Supreme Court has placed on the federal government regarding the unique status of Native American tribes as domestic dependent nations. It describes two approaches that have been employed concerning the abolishment of the nickname Redskins by the Washington franchise of the National Football League. It also explores issues about free speech.

The distribution of public investment within federal states is often subject to significant political discretion. Yet one of the possible consequences of such discretion is the appearance of path dependency in the way in which public investment is distributed. Mexico offers a unique example of the effect of path dependency in resource allocation, as there has been no political competition over more than seventy years. The authors seek to examine the dynamic structure of the regional distribution of public investment empirically, to test for the existence of path dependency and the influence of the different federal governments in Mexico. They use time-series intervention analysis methodology to study the structure of, and the influence of government change in the allocation of, public investment in Mexico between 1971 and 1999. Findings suggest the existence of path dependency in the distribution of public investment in Mexico during all except for the most recent governments. In other words, federal government change made little difference to the way in which public investment was allocated. Path dependency was only broken in the 1990s, coinciding with the setting up of the North American economic integration process, which in turn led to the loss of public support for the single political party, the Partido Revolitcionario Institucional or PRI, which had been in power in Mexico over the last seventy years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the current business model for meeting the U.S. needs for military space capabilities. Trends compelling this re-assessment include: falling barriers to competitive entry into the commons of space, an increasing dependency on space capabilities, and emerging vulnerabilities in current space systems. In addition, there are systemic issues emerging across the spectrum that require a re-examination of how the nation acquires these precious assets. The current business model for space is unable to support, by itself, the combined weight of these accumulating pressures.

Examines the scope and limitations of United States foreign assistance in addressing global income inequality. Impact of the economic success of developing countries on the well-being of US; Types of economic failure; Implications of economic collapse on military engagements.

The article discusses three important terms in welfare reform in the United States--mutual obligations, welfare dependency and the underclass. The Welfare Reform debates in the United States, Great Britain and Australia rage around a number of assumptions in this reflection. They involve a fundamental questioning of the traditional philosophy underlying social security. The common terms in these debates--mutual obligations, welfare dependency, the third way, social exclusion, the underclass--assume a shared framework. The first is that an alternative income must of itself reduce the incentive to paid work. The second is that social security encourages dependency, social pathology and the development of an underclass. By discouraging work it removes from people the identity and status that derive from paid employment. By supporting failure it creates perverse incentives to deviant behaviour. Long-term dependency of large segments of population creates a culture outside the mainstream without a work ethic or a commitment to the wider society's values and norms.

Using a quasi-experimental design, a sample of female welfare clients (N = 91) was followed over 32 months to compare two competing models used to describe welfare dependency. The individual deficit model suggested that clients would not engage in work activities on their own initiative and that legislative sanctions were required to force clients into employment. The ecological/community model suggested that community economic distress, rather than lack of skills or motivation, prevented clients from becoming gainfully employed. Results showed that while both models explained the rate at which clients left the welfare system, the community that one lived in was a stronger predictor of welfare exits than government programs mandating individual effort. Results revealed that many clients were employed regardless of whether or not it was mandated. Furthermore, clients who resided in lower income communities and were required to work to keep receiving welfare benefits under the new legislation, spent an average of nearly twice as much time in the welfare system (22.75 months) as individuals who faced neither stress (11.5 months). The findings highlight the need to incorporate community economic development strategies in the overall program to decrease welfare dependency, rather than focusing solely on individual remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strongest empirical evidence of dependency has been the finding of an increasingly negative effect of extensive foreign capital penetration on the subsequent economic growth of the host. This long-run structural effect of foreign direct investment is based on cross-national comparisons over the period 1960-75, with samples of up to ninety-one countries. To date, the structural effect has not been replicated for rich (core) country samples. We suggest that the failure of researchers to substantiate the dependency effects in the core hinges on two problems: I) the need to identify "mature economic dependency" as a variation in the structure of core economic development, and 2; the need to model mature dependency with longitudinal rather than cross-national research designs. In this paper, we use time series data to illustrate the long-term negative effects of Amen can direct investment on post-World War!! economic growth in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the incorporation of the dependency theory in studies of U.S. foreign relations. Characteristics of the concept of imperialism in the country; Role of political crises and social unrest in the emergence of the dependence theory in Latin America; Information on the establishment of the relationship between development and underdevelopment concepts.

Offset not Found [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper probes the process by which the foreign policy orientation of weak nations comes to reflect the preferences of more powerful nations. Two general conceptions of the nature of this process are identified. The most common view, that of the bargaining model, regards the policymaking process of weak states as relatively autonomous though influenced by reward/punishment actions of a more powerful nation which condition the weaker partner. By contrast, the dependency model stresses the long-term character of the influence and the indirect path by which it occurs. It regards the decisionmaking process as imbedded in a social/political structure which is itself distorted by the dependency relationship. Both a cross-sectional and a longitudinal analysis relying upon UN voting data and measures of the relations between the United States and 88 less-developed nations indicate that the explanatory power of the bargaining model is relatively limited and that the dependency model is a more appropriate conception. Though cross-sectionally, both reward behavior (various forms of aid) and dependency-indicating transactions (e.g. treaties, trade, arms sales, IGO memberships, consultations, etc.) exhibit correlations with voting behavior, those of the latter are generally considerably stronger. Further, longitudinal analysis exposes much greater stability in voting behavior over time—and much less correlation with aid-giving—than one would expect if bargaining were present. This stable pro-American behavior is precisely that which would be predicted by a theory resting upon long-term distortions implicit in an enduring and penetrating structural relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between welfare dependency and receipt of child support is investigated with data from a special supplement to the Current Population Survey. The impact of receiving child support on a family's welfare status is estimated and the types of families for which child support enforcement policies may have the greatest impact are identified. Overall, the results indicate that receipt of child support has a modest impact on reducing welfare dependency. However, the results also indicate that if child support obligations can be established and enforced shortly after a marital dissolution takes place, the likelihood that a family will later become a welfare recipient is significantly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neither the developmentalism proposed by American academics in the 1950s and 1960s, nor dependency thinking proposed by radical or nationalist analysts today, offers a satisfactory conceptual perspective from which to study the Third World. What can we learn from the failings of these approaches that can help to guide thinking about the Third World today? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents an abstract of the dissertation, An Uncertain Shield: U.S. Microelectronics and Foreign Dependencies in a Globalized Industry, written by John W. Kanz. Established technical, economic, and policy patterns appear to be leading toward serious compromise of the autonomy and potential future vigor of the U.S. semiconductor industry. These call into question traditional viewpoints on U.S. technical independence and national security. Strong technical, economic, and geopolitical forces are transforming this highly international industry. With a growing emphasis on integrated approaches to technology and market development through levels of vertically linked technical and commercial activities, a labyrinthine set of global deals and agreements have evolved. This dissertation presents a critical historical analysis of the American semiconductor industry in contrast to those of Europe and Japan. It seeks to define the critical structural parameters, firm and national strategies, new and traditional policies and practices, and relative strengths and weaknesses that characterize each. The complex interactions between these factors and the major technical, economic, and geopolitical forces which are shaping national, regional, and world industries are described and analyzed.