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Examines one of the Basque sheep partnerships in Arizona in the 1890s and early 1900s, namely the partnership of Basque immigrants Michael Ohaco, Jose Antonio Manterola, Fermin Echeverria and Mario Jarajuria. Rules of the partnership; Role of trust in the partnership; Personal backgrounds of the immigrants; Incorporation of the business; Involvement of wives; Stock sharing.

This article examines an approach for breaking down interorganizational boundaries between a company, its customers, and suppliers. Human Resource executives can play an important role in designing and facilitating customer-supplier partnerships and collaboration. A case example of fashioning such a relationship between GE and Sears is used to highlight key issues in the process. Specific guidelines and observations are provided regarding implementation issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to test empirically the linkages between control, conflict, and performance using a sample of U.S.-Chinese joint ventures established in China during the period of 1979-1989. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey among U.S. managers and personal interviews with both U.S. and Chinese general managers in the selected joint ventures. Results showed that dominant managerial control exercised by the foreign partner had a positive impact on the perceived joint venture performance. The study identified major areas in which conflict between joint venture partners occurred. Empirical evidence was found that conflict between joint venture partners significantly hindered joint venture performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of partner nationality, organizational dissimilarity, and economic motivation on the dissolution of joint ventures. Event-history analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 186 ventures. Cultural distance in general did not have an effect on dissolution, but U.S.-Japanese joint ventures lasted longer than U.S.- U.S. joint ventures. Prior relationships between partners appeared to negate some complexities arising from cultural differences. Opportunistic threat and rivalry appeared to be a stronger indication of the dissolution of joint ventures than organizational variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Authors with many theoretical and managerial perspectives argue that businesses commercializing technologically complex goods benefit when they collaborate closely with other businesses. Collaboration is viewed as a means for businesses to overcome competency limitations and to achieve the close configuration of components required for complex goods. We predict that collaborative relationships often assist businesses to produce complex goods, but that the relationships might also cause problems for the collaborating businesses. We find that firms using development-oriented and marketing-oriented collaborative relationships in the hospital software systems industry are less likely to shut down than businesses that follow independent approaches when the environment changes gradually, but businesses using collaborative relationships are .sometimes susceptible to being acquired by other firms. Following a sudden environmental shock, businesses with collaborative relationships for activities central to the shock became more likely to shut down, while businesses with collaborative relationships for activities outside the focus of the shock became more likely to survive. The .study critically evaluates and tests the widely stated but little-tested argument that interfirm collaboration is usually beneficial. The results address the issue of whether organizational choices affect comparative business performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of supplier fairness in developing long- term relationships between relatively smaller vulnerable resellers and larger, powerful suppliers. The authors conceptualize two components of fairness-distributive fairness, that is, the fairness of outcomes received by the reseller from carrying the supplier's line, and procedural fairness, the fairness of procedures and processes used by the supplier in relation to its resellers. Testing their hypotheses from the perspective of automobile dealers, the authors find strong evidence that vulnerable resellers' perceptions of both distributive and procedural fairness enhance their relationship quality, although these effects are moderated by the level of outcomes and environmental uncertainty. Furthermore, procedural fairness has relatively stronger effects on relationship quality than distributive fairness, which is a somewhat surprising result from a managerial perspective. The constructs and relationships among the constructs demonstrate cross-national stability across the two countries in the sample, the United States and the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analytically explores the link between taxes and incentives in the choice of business form under the system of taxation found in the United States. Specifically, it analyzes when a group of investors, regardless of their own business form, will form a partnership with a manager, in which the manager is a general partner, instead of hiring him as an independent contractor. Under conditions of certainty, or more generally in the absence of incentive considerations, the partnership and independent contractor forms are shown to be equivalent; there are no tax savings derived from making the manager a partner. When incentive considerations are present, the independent contractor form is shown to weakly dominate the partnership form as long as the terminal value of the venture is not incrementally informative about the manager's actions. When this is not the case, the partnership form may dominate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on an analysis of the optimal partnership contracts and tax-induced incentives for partnership formation. It states that there are three tax attribute types under consideration: ordinary income, ordinary deductions, and preference income. It mentions that prior to the U.S. Tax Reform Act of 1986, long term capital returns were given special treatment, along with percentage depletion. It comments that due to progressive tax rates, corporations are taxed with different rates than individuals.

The article discusses the need for cooperation among U.S. corporations in the global marketplace. The increased level of competition is leading to a re-evaluation of U.S. policies, ideologies, and institutions. This has led to a concern for interfirm agreements. A balance between cooperation and competition is being pushed for, with strong implications for corporate strategy and public policy. The drive towards cooperative arrangements can be attributed to the fragmentation of industries like electronics coupled with steady escalation in the costs of innovation. Experts say these developments may cause a re-examination of the U.S.' antitrust laws.

The article focuses on joint ventures between Japanese and American companies. Japanese direct investment in American corporations has increased in comparison to its exports in recent years and has been viewed as a tactic aimed at solidifying the competitive base of Japanese corporations. Several case studies of Japanese joint ventures are examined to determine investment trends, including investment types aimed at adoption, rebirth, and procreation. A joint venture classification system is also presented.

Joint ventures promise to be a critical vehicle for commercial interaction between the People's Republic of China and the rest of the world. Yet the joint venture format has proven to be an unstable and problematic form of organization in other settings. This article examines the experience of thirty U.S.-P.R.C. joint ventures. While a number of issues posed formidable challenges for all these firms, most have successfully dealt with the problems. The U.S. partners exhibited a surprising level of satisfaction with the performance of these ventures. Their experience provides useful insights for other firms contemplating or engaging in joint venture activities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint ventures undertaken by domestic corporations with other American companies engaged in manufacturing or oil and gas extraction were studied. It was hypothesized that these ventures, in which a new organizational entity was formed, were a form of interorganizational linkage used to manage interorganizational interdependence, both competitive and symbiotic. Very large firms engaged in joint projects, and patterns of joint venture activity tended to follow the exchange of resources across industrial sectors. Examining the variation in the proportion of joint venture activities undertaken within the organization's own industry, it was found that conditions of industrial concentration, related to competitive interdependence, accounted for a significant amount of the variance. An industry by-industry analysis showed that joint ventures were more highly related to purchase transactions interdependence to the extent the industry was highly concentrated and had a higher proportion of its employment engaged in research and development. Sales transactions interdependence accounted for more of the variance in the pattern of joint venture activities when the industry was moderately concentrated. And both sales and purchase interdependence were more highly related to joint venture activity to the extent that the industry was capital intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few changes in the structure of firms have attracted as much attention during the last decade as the movement away from integrated production and toward cooperative relations among independent organizations. Despite recent emphasis on these strategies of 'disaggregation' and 'network' organization, little quantitative research exists on the impact of this type of reorganization on economic performance--at least in part due to the difficulty of obtaining appropriate data. The economic impact of disaggregation is examined in this paper using data on film production in the period after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global corporate restructuring often involves U.S. and Japanese alliance partners in interlinked portfolio choices. This paper develops theory and propositions that study U.S. and Japanese restructuring as a process of strategic choice, and introduces the concept of the restructuring profile. Japanese-U.S. strategic linkages create choices in the form of a call option on portfolio reconfiguration for the Japanese firm, and a put option on financial restructuring for its U.S. partner. While Japanese competition forms an initiating force for U.S. restructuring, it also offers a source of capital for that purpose--a unique situation in which the Japanese firm is a part of both the problem and the solution in its U.S. partners restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the stock market's reaction to public announcements of corporate strategic investment decisions. It includes a wide variety of strategic decisions: formation of joint ventures, research and development projects, major capital expenditures, and diversification into new products and/or markets. Three alternative hypotheses concerning the stock market's reaction to announcements of these decisions are tested. The Shareholder Value Maximization hypothesis predicts a positive reaction to corporate investments because the stock market rewards managers for developing strategies that increase shareholder wealth. The Rational Expectations hypothesis predicts no stock price reaction because investors expect managers to undertake periodic investments in order to maintain their firms' competitive fitness. The Institutional Investors hypothesis predicts a negative reaction to announcements of corporate investments. The U.S. capital markets are dominated by institutional investors who, in pursuit of superior quarterly performance, may disdain long-term investments because they reduce short-term earnings. Analysis of 767 strategic investment decisions announced by 248 companies in 102 industries indicates that the stock market's reaction to strategic investments conforms most closely to the predictions of the Shareholder Value Maximization hypothesis. This overall finding holds for investments of varying size and duration. The implications of a positive reaction by the stock market to investment announcements are drawn for corporate strategy research and management practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on jurisdictional issues related to the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organization (AFL-CIO) in December 1955. The problem of jurisdiction has a significant place in the constitution of the AFL-CIO. The provisions of the constitution encourage the affiliates to reduce conflicts and duplications in organization and jurisdictions through the process of agreement, consolidation, or other means, by voluntary agreement in consultation with the appropriate officials of the federation.

The article presents the author's views on the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in December 1955 and the future of political action. Increased activity in politics by labor seems imminent to result from the merger of AFL-CIO. That is not the main objective of the merger, but one of its certain consequences. This is not a cause for alarm, according to the author's own point of view. To date, the political activities of labor have not given an undue influence in the U.S. government to the production workers in industry.

The article presents the documents related to the completion of the merger between the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in 1955. Such documents include the Implementation Agreement, Resolution on the Achievement of Labor Unity, and the Report of the Joint AFL-CIO Unity Committee to the First Constitutional Convention of the AFL-CIO. Also presented in the article is the Constitution of the Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO. The Implementation Agreement sets forth the legal aspects of the consolidation.

The article focuses on the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations on December 5, 1955, that ended a 20-year division in the ranks of the U.S. labor movement. The formation of the new federation promised organized labor, higher political and legislative power, vigorous organizing drives in existing non-union areas, and more influence in the global labor movement and in community and public life in general. The new federation is constituted to be a more highly centralized organization than in the past, based on the point of view of former AFL unions.

Unionism among retail clerks faces serious obstacles both in organizing and in bargaining. A variety of factors inhibit membership growth, while the relatively low skill of store clerks robs them of the economic strength essential to successful collective bargaining. There exist in retailing, however, certain groups with substantial economic power—notably, truck drivers, warehousemen, and butchers. From alliances with these groups, retail clerks have derived the aid and strength which they themselves lack, according to this study, which analyzes the merits and disadvantages of such a relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of small entrepreneurial companies and their partnerships with large corporations to advance the circular economy (CE). The authors provide insights from a U.S.-based empirical study that involved 12 companies and examined the emerging drivers, current challenges and future opportunities for advancing waste repurposing and product reuse. Many large companies fail to incorporate CE principles into their business strategy due to lack of mandates, costs, logistical hurdles and inertia. This presents an opportunity for entrepreneurial companies with innovative business models to fill the gap and provide critical links for corporations in reverse supply chains while creating new business opportunities with social benefits. The study found that despite the lack of federal regulations in the U.S. a growing number of corporations are partnering with entrepreneurs to reduce waste and advance product reuse. Key drivers for such trends include sustainability commitments and zero waste goals by companies and municipalities, European Union and U.S. state mandates, reputation and the growing focus on local sourcing. Technology, knowledge, and strategic partnerships between entrepreneurs and corporations play a critical role in reducing financial costs, time, energy, environmental impacts and resources, thus helping establish viable business models. The authors propose a new framework for corporate-entrepreneur collaborations to advance a CE. The study contributes to the research on the relationship between entrepreneurial innovation and the development of CE principles within corporate supply chains, a field that is still in its infant stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article compares labor market outcomes from two different approaches to a work release program in Illinois: direct provision by a government and a purchase‐of‐service (POS) contract between government and a public charity. Significantly better employment and earnings outcomes were associated with the POS contract. To better understand the reasons for the success of the POS contract, the authors further examined the specific terms of the contract, organizational expertise, and the political context of POS contracts. The results are organized according to the main theoretical assertions. Findings add to the weight of evidence that contractors, like public charities, can be valuable government partners for addressing challenging social policies and programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on construction of a blockchain and its function in decentralized autonomous organization in the U.S. Topics discussed include smart contracts and their role in decentralized organizations; legal status of partnerships and joint ventures; and enactment of Securities Act of 1933 for regulating the same.

The article focuses on the law and ethics of lawyer mobility in the U.S. Topics discussed include impact of structure of the modern law firm on the same; declining effectivness among legal profession for training and mentoring of young lawyers and transition from school to professional practice; and enactment of Uniform Partnership Act for addressing the same.

Diversity has long been recognized as a critical component of collaborative governance. Among many rationales, the representation of diverse perspectives and participants in collaborative governance arrangements is expected to facilitate holistic understandings of complex public policy and management issues while promoting principles of democracy and inclusion. Such outcomes, however, are typically only achievable if the process of collaboration similarly engenders these principles. In this article, we investigate the dynamic relationship between diversity and perceived procedural justice in the context of 10 collaborative policymaking groups involved in guiding U.S. marine aquaculture policy development. Among our key findings is that certain types of participant diversity (i.e., affiliation and intergovernmental diversity) and diversity in beliefs about science and local knowledge are significantly associated with perceptions of procedural justice among participants within the collaborative groups. We also find that the relationship between participant diversity and perceived procedural justice is curvilinear; the positive effect of diversity is highest when the level of diversity is moderate (an inverted U-shaped pattern). We conclude our article with practical implications and suggestions for future research on procedural justice within collaborative partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market conditions are known to matter for firm performance and growth. This study explores how changing levels of uncertainty and competition affect interfirm ties of entrepreneurial firms as markets transition from nascent to growth stage. Tracing six entrepreneurial game publishers during the growth stage of the U.S. wireless gaming market, the findings reveal that in a growth stage market, as uncertainty decreases, certain ties of entrepreneurial firms are terminated. First, existing partners may cut ties and become competitors after entering the market directly. This is a "winner's curse" as more successful firms are more likely to entice their partners to enter the market directly. Second, ties may be terminated as prominent firms that are "overwhelmed" with too many partners cut ties with low to mediocre performance, while their remaining partners enter a positive spiral of tie strength and performance. Finally, as uncertainty decreases, new firms may enter the market as competitors to prominent firms. While entrepreneurial firms with high- and low-performing ties to prominent partners may find ties with these new entrants attractive, those with mediocre ties to few prominent partners find this move too risky and wait for a first mover to legitimate it. Overall, the findings show that changing levels of uncertainty and competition in growth stage markets can have different consequences for firms due to heterogeneity in their ties and power relative to partners. The findings provide several contributions to literature regarding the relationship among interfirm ties, firm performance, and market evolution. Based on interviews at six entrepreneurial game publishers in the United States and their partners, this study shows how changing levels of uncertainty and competition in growing markets can have different consequences for firms based on the different types of alliances in their portfolio and their power relative to partners. The findings highlight the importance of managing partners differently based on alliance type and goal of the partner. They advocate remaining flexible in alliance management as information asymmetries, intentions and bargaining power of partners can change and lead to abrupt alliance dissolution. They show that alliance portfolio management goes beyond a firm's capability of managing individual alliances, and provide a tool for managers to evaluate their alliance portfolios and take the necessary precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the opt-out and push-out elections that are available under the U.S. Treasury's proposed regulations which were issued in January 2017, and it mentions the American Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 which deals with the audit activities of partnerships and tax deficiencies and collections. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service and the Section of Taxation of the American Bar Association are examined, along with underpayments and multi-member operating agreements.

The article discusses who has a right to a client's fees when a lawyer leaves a law firm with a client, and it mentions contingent fees, America's Revised Uniform Partnership Act (RUPA), and the Florida litigation matters Frates v. Nichols and Buckley Towers Condominium Inc. v. Katzman Garfinkle Rosenbaum LLP which deal with an unfinished business doctrine. A no-extra-compensation rule in America's Uniform Partnership Act is examined, along with legal ethics and a client's right to counsel.

What is the essential role of the law of enterprise organization? The dominant view among business law scholars today is that organizational law-- the law of partnerships, corporations, private trusts, and their variants--serves primarily to structure relations between business owners, on the one hand, and business creditors, on the other. Under this "asset partitioning" theory, organizational law's main purpose is to shield business assets from claims of creditors of the business's owners, thereby giving business creditors a structurally senior claim on business assets. By relieving business creditors of the need to inspect the creditworthiness of business owners, the theory goes, organizational law allows creditors to economize on information. This Article challenges the primacy of the asset-partitioning theory. It identifies another role of organizational law that may be every bit as essential as asset partitioning. That role is property relinquishment: organizational law provides a mechanism for business co-owners to relinquish their legally cognizable property interests in specific business assets. The Article demonstrates that this property-relinquishment feature was present even in the traditional Anglo- American common law of partnership, despite outward appearances to the contrary. Unlike the asset-partitioning theory, which centers on relations with third parties, the property-relinquishment theory centers on relations among business co-owners. It is primarily concerned with commitment problems rather than information problems. The Article draws connections between the property-relinquishment theory of organizational law and three other areas of scholarly inquiry: the "anticommons" literature in property, the conceptual foundations of bankruptcy law, and the economic theory of the firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]