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Background: Dementia is a global public health challenge. Evidence suggests that individuals from South Asian communities are an at‐risk group for dementia, partly as a result of early and cumulative exposure to known dementia risk factors, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. There needs to be more culturally appropriate community engagement to increase awareness of dementia and identify better strategies to encourage participation in dementia‐related research. Methods: We aimed to better understand the barriers and facilitators towards engaging with, and participating in, diet and dementia related research among British South Asians. This was achieved using a public and patient involvement (PPI) approach. A community‐based, engagement event involving information sharing from experts and roundtable discussions with South Asian communities (n = 26 contributors) was held in June 2023 in Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, UK. Collaboration from preidentified PPI representatives (n = 3) informed the content and structure of PPI activities, as well as recruitment. Data were synthesised using template analysis, a form of codebook thematic analysis. This involved deductively analysing data using relevant a priori themes, which were expanded upon, or modified, via inductive analysis. Results: The findings highlighted the importance of trust, representation and appreciation of cultural barriers as facilitators to engagement in diet and dementia risk reduction research. Consideration of language barriers, time constraints, social influences and how to embed community outreach activities were reported as driving factors to maximise participation. Conclusions: This PPI work will inform the design and co‐creation of a culturally adapted dietary intervention for brain health in accordance with the Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health and Care Research guidance for developing complex interventions. Key points: Patient and public involvement activities among British South Asians in the North East of England highlighted the importance of trust, representation and appreciation of cultural barriers as facilitators to engagement in diet and dementia risk reduction research.Language barriers, time constraints and community outreach were driving factors to maximise participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple diet patterns play a crucial role in the development of colorectal cancer and its precursor, colorectal adenoma, but mediating effect of plasma metabolite profiles is unclear., Methods: A total of 95,275 participants from UK Biobank with plasma metabolomics and dietary information were analyzed. Metabolite profile scores for 14 dietary patterns were estimated through elastic net regression. Cox regression analysis assessed the associations of dietary patterns and their metabolite profile scores with colorectal tumor risk. Mediating effects of identified metabolite profile scores were estimated in the associations., Results: Fourteen metabolite profile scores, including a range of 28 to 205 signatures, were weak to moderate correlation with dietary patterns (all p < 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that five dietary patterns were significantly correlated with a decreased risk of colorectal tumor after FDR correction and adjustment for covariates. HRs (95% CIs) per 1 SD for these diet patterns were as follows: WCRF (0.93, 0.90-0.96), CRC score (0.94, 0.92-0.97), AHEI-2010 (0.95, 0.92-0.97), DASH (0.94, 0.91-0.97), and hPDI (0.95, 0.93-0.98). Similarly, metabolite profile scores for these five dietary patterns were inversely associated with colorectal tumor risk, with HRs (95% CIs) per 1 SD as follows: WCRF (0.59, 0.49-0.70), CRC score (0.67, 0.58-0.77), AHEI-2010 (0.73, 0.65-0.80), DASH (0.75, 0.66-0.84), and hPDI (0.56, 0.47-0.67). The mediation proportions of five metabolite profile scores between dietary patterns and colorectal tumor risk ranged from 6.37 to 27.23% (all p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Five dietary patterns and their metabolite profile scores, were inversely correlated with colorectal tumor risk. These findings highlight the potential of metabolite profiles as mediators in the association between dietary patterns and the risk of colorectal tumor, further contributing to the prevention of colorectal cancer or adenoma and providing new insights for future research., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The UK Biobank had approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (MREC) as a Research Tissue Bank (RTB) approval. All participants provided written informed consent before enrolment in the study, which was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. This approval means that other researchers do not require separate ethical clearance and can operate under the RTB approval. Consent for publication: All the authors agreed on this manuscript for publication. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Although high ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption has been linked with increased mortality risk in the general population, whether UPFs harm participants with a history of cancer remains unclear., Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association of UPF consumption with mortality among participants with a history of cancer., Methods: Prospective cohort analysis was conducted on 13,640 participants with a history of cancer from the UK Biobank. UPFs were defined by the Nova classification. UPF consumption was calculated as the weight proportion of UPFs in the total food consumption. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between UPF consumption and mortality among participants with a history of cancer., Results: The median UPF consumption was 29.25% (interquartile range [IQR]: 19.46%-40.62%) for males and 25.81% (IQR: 16.61%-36.35%) for females in the total diet among participants with a history of cancer. During a median follow-up of 10.77 years, 1611 deaths were documented. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) among participants in the highest quartile of UPF consumption relative to the lowest were 1.17 (1.02, 1.35) for all-cause mortality and 1.22 (1.03, 1.44) for cancer-related mortality., Conclusions: Higher UPF consumption after the diagnosis among participants with a history of cancer is associated with higher risk of mortality., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are highly prevalent and severely diminish life quality. It is yet unknown which dietary pattern is optimal for the prevention of GI disorders. Among 141 450 participants from UK Biobank with a median follow-up of 15 years, we comprehensively assessed 13 dietary patterns in relation to 6 GI disorders. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models demonstrated that adherence to healthy diets was associated with lower risk of GI disorders, with the strongest associations observed for the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet (HR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.88), the Alternate Mediterranean Diet (AMED) (HR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.81, 0.88), and the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) (HR Q4 vs. Q1 = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82, 0.89). AHEI-2010 (HRs ranging from 0.76 to 0.90) and DASH (HRs ranging from 0.75 to 0.88) showed inverse associations with every individual GI disorder. Furthermore, comorbidities decreased significantly in number with higher AMED and DASH diet scores ( P for trend <0.001). Finally, the associations of AHEI-2010, AMED and DASH with GI disorders diminished most intensely after removing the component of fruits or whole grains. The combined intake of fruits and whole grains was inversely associated with the risk of overall GI disorders (HR T3 vs. T1 = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.93). In conclusion, AHEI-2010 and DASH were the most recommended dietary patterns for the prevention of GI disorders. Fruits and whole grains are the most significant contributors to the protective effect.

Objective: Lifestyle factors after cancer diagnosis could influence cancer survival. This study aimed to investigate the joint effects of smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, diet and sleep duration on all-cause, cancer and non-cancer mortality of cancer survivors in UK biobank., Methods: The follow-up period concluded in December 2021, with post-diagnostic lifestyle factors assessed at baseline. A lifestyle score ranging from 0 to 5 was assigned based on adherence to the selected lifestyle factors. The study employed Cox regression models for hazard ratios (HRs) and Kaplan-Meier for survival rates, with stratified and sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our findings under various assumptions., Results: During a median follow-up of 12.7 years, 5652 deaths were documented from 34,184 cancer survivors. Compared to scoring 0-1, the HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality with lifestyle scores of 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.76), 0.57 (0.52, 0.62), 0.50 (0.45, 0.54) and 0.43 (0.38, 0.48), respectively. Specific cancer types, particularly digestive, breast, female reproductive, non-solid, and skin cancers, showed notable benefits from adherence to healthy lifestyle, with the HRs of 0.55 (0.39, 0.79), 0.54 (0.42, 0.70), 0.32 (0.19, 0.53), 0.58 (0.39, 0.86), and 0.36 (0.28, 0.46) for lifestyle score of 5, respectively. Stratified analyses indicated the association was particularly significant among those with normal/lower BMI and higher Townsend Deprivation Index (P interaction  = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: Healthier lifestyles were significantly linked with reduced mortality among cancer survivors. These findings highlight the need for adherence to healthy lifestyle habits to improve survival., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Given the increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption, their potential health effects have aroused concern. Whether UPF consumption is associated with cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality is debatable. This study evaluates the association of UPF consumption with mortality., Methods: A total of 108,714 U.S. adults from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (1993-2001), 208,051 UK adults from UK Biobank (2006-2010), and 41,070 U.S. adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) were included. Dietary data were collected by dietary questionnaire and classified using the NOVA classification. UPF consumption was expressed as the weight proportion of UPFs in total foods consumed. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% CIs. Mediation analysis was used to evaluate whether multiple metabolic pathways mediated the associations in UK Biobank. Analyses were performed in 2022-2023., Results: Combined analyses of the three cohorts showed that those with the highest quartile of UPF consumption had higher risks of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.11-1.20) and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28) compared to the lowest quartile of UPF consumption. UPF consumption was not associated with cancer mortality risk. Biomarkers of liver function have the greatest mediating effects on all-cause mortality (20.3%), and biomarkers of inflammation have the greatest mediating effects on cardiovascular disease mortality (29.2%)., Conclusions: Higher UPF consumption was associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality risk, with multiple metabolic pathways playing mediating roles., (Copyright © 2023 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)