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Background: "Adverse Childhood Experiences" (ACEs) have been linked to negative outcomes for adult behavioural, physical and mental health. There is limited research into the prevalence of ACEs experienced by children and young people in the children and young people secure estate, and specifically, a lack of research into England's secure children's homes (SCH) population. Objective: To explore the reported prevalence of ACEs experienced by young people admitted to an SCH in the North of England between January 2018 and March 2020. Methods: A retrospective file review was used to explore ACEs experienced by young people. Data was collated for a convenience sample of 58 young people. Descriptive analysis was completed. Results: 81.1 % of the sample yielded an ACE score of [greater or less than] 4. The average ACE score was 5.55, and the most common ACEs experienced by the sample were exposure to parental separation, physical neglect and emotional abuse. Females were significantly more likely to have experienced sexual abuse and emotional neglect. Children and young people entering the secure estate were 1.85 times as likely to have experienced [greater or less than] 1 ACE and 13.08 times as likely to have experienced [greater or less than] 4 ACEs compared to the general population. Conclusions: This unique population are likely to have experienced multiple and significant developmental trauma. These findings spotlight the vulnerabilities and complex needs of the SCH population, and have implications both for the young people's physical and mental health trajectories and for policies and care approaches within SCHs. Study limitations are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.

The concept of psychological literacy has grown in importance within psychology education at all levels, in the UK and globally, in recent years. Increasingly, psychology educators and policy makers are seeking to emphasise the relevance and usefulness of psychology within everyday life, within the workplace, and as an element of global citizenship. The Division of Academics, Researchers and Teachers in Psychology (DART-P), recognising this recent development, hosted a symposium at the British Psychological Society (BPS) Annual Conference 2015, at which the concept of psychological literacy was explored within the context of higher and pre-tertiary psychology education. The aim of the symposium, reflected in this article, was to explore current thinking, developments and practice within contemporary psychology education, with a view to stimulating critical discussion and reflection on psychological literacy and its delivery within both pre-tertiary and higher education contexts. Ultimately, the symposium, and this article, are intended to facilitate exploration of the opportunities provided by psychology education, at all levels, to develop students as psychologically literate citizens. This article summarises the talks and discussions which occurred during the symposium. Firstly, we introduce the concept and literature surrounding psychological literacy and its importance to modern psychology education. This is followed by a case study illustrating one way in which psychological literacy has been embedded into the curriculum within a university undergraduate programme. We move to consider the development of thinking about psychological literacy in a historical context, linking it to societal benefits and Miller's (1969) concept of "giving psychology away." This raises the question of the extent to which pre-tertiary psychology education can equip students with psychological literacy, and the impact of the growing numbers of people who have studied psychology upon society. In England and Wales, the most popular pre-tertiary psychology qualification is the A level, which has undergone recent revisions, and so we consider the contribution of the new A level psychology specifications to psychological literacy. In conclusion, this paper offers some thoughts about the implications of the growth in emphasis on education for psychological literacy, reflecting the discussions held during the plenary session at the end of the symposium.

Photo elicitation theoretically located under Creative Analytic Practice was set as an assessment on a taught postgraduate programme. In groups of three to four, 30 students acted as both researcher and participant. Group topics were self-selected, each member took five photographs that group members reflected on. Topics chosen were varied and students reflexively critically reported their experience of the method. The power of photo elicitation saw some students engage in a cathartic journey which pedagogically raised concern. This paper reports both the potential and creativity of photo elicitation but also discusses and makes suggestions on how to overcome ethical issues.

This paper represents a critical reflection on youth and community work students' response to a module on race equality and diversity. An awareness of issues in relation to power and oppression are amongst the core elements of youth and community work training. Throughout their study, youth and community work students are engaged in conversations aimed at enabling them to critically examine their own attitudes and beliefs in areas of anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices. These classroom conversations and expressions of resistance and resilience are informed by Paulo Freire's work on critical dialogue. As a specialist unit the module on equality and diversity was aimed at developing students' critical understanding of race, racism and ethnic difference. Based on written feedback, student-led presentations and conversations of "protest", this paper critically explores the power of whiteness in silencing particular groups of students.

This paper offers a practitioner's view of how continuing professional development (CPD) can help raise achievement in schools. It is one of four papers in this issue linked to a research project in Stoke-on-Trent seeking to raise attainment in schools in deprived communicates. Based on over 20 years' experience working in and with different schools in the UK, this paper frames a head teacher's perspective, outlining seven strategies she believes are key to improving school performance. These strategies are providing CPD opportunities to all staff rather than just those involved in teaching, planning CPD activities in the light of school development priorities, mentoring and coaching between staff, forming inter-school networks and partnerships, team teaching, peer review and continual assessment of CPD impact.

The internet offers considerable potential for open and distance learning in psychology. Research reveals an abundance of psychology demonstrations and experiments available online, directed both at students and potential research participants. Although expertise is being developed to overcome the technical problems associated with this medium, there has been little or no evaluation into the impact of participating in such studies on the learning experience of distance education students. This paper describes an attempt to remedy the situation. An experiment including two computer tasks and questionnaires was offered online to a group of distance education students. A follow up study was used to assess the implications of internet experiments on the learning experience of distance education students. (Contains 2 figures and 1 table.)

Analyzes interactions between a British primary school teacher and her students during sessions of science to determine the extent that the teacher assists in class performance. States the teaching illustrates features suggesting children's science concepts are being developed and features consistent with assisted performance. (BT)

• Mapping material stocks at 10 m resolution for the entire UK and IRL. • 9 building types, 32 mobility infrastructure types, 12 materials. • Building stocks per capita are surprisingly similar for most population densities. • Infrastructure stocks per capita decrease with higher population densities. • High-resolution maps can inform circular economy strategies and actions. Understanding the size and spatial distribution of material stocks is crucial for sustainable resource management and climate change mitigation. This study presents high-resolution maps of buildings and mobility infrastructure stocks for the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (IRL) at 10 m, combining satellite-based Earth observations, OpenStreetMaps, and material intensities research. Stocks in the UK and IRL amount to 19.8 Gigatons or 279 tons/cap, predominantly aggregate, concrete and bricks, as well as various metals and timber. Building stocks per capita are surprisingly similar across medium to high population density, with only the lowest population densities having substantially larger per capita stocks. Infrastructure stocks per capita decrease with higher population density. Interestingly, for a given building stock within an area, infrastructure stocks are substantially larger in IRL than in the UK. These maps can provide useful insights for sustainable urban planning and advancing a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examined seasonality effects in study on children and adolescents with psychotic states. Found peak of psychotic births between February and March; pattern did not differentiate psychotics from psychiatrically disturbed controls. Onset of illness was found to be significantly more common in June, July, and August in psychotics than in controls. (Author/NB)

Increased visitation rates are expected to further impact ecosystems and local communities depending on them to generate income from tourism. We measure how different sustainable tourism management options of such areas in ways that respect the concept of vanua , the Fijian understanding of the connectiveness of the natural environment, humans and traditions, are perceived by a representative sample of potential visitors of the UK population. We then consider some plausible management options and how these may impact welfare. Results show that prospective UK respondents are willing to donate approximately £73 for a management option that enforces medium restrictions by local communities to enter coastal and marine areas in Fiji, so that vanua is respected. A management option that instead denies access to local communities is not seen favourably by prospective UK visitors to Fiji. In terms of time preference, UK respondents, in particular those with previous experiences of tropical areas, prefer environmental projects that restore and protect coastal and marine ecosystems to be completed as soon as possible. Our findings seem to support the introduction of more sustainable and community-based management practices in Fiji as they appear to increase welfare of visitors respecting local traditions and customs, as long as some access is provided to tourists. Donations from tourists or a change in tourism management from a traditional to a more sustainable practice may support the sustainable development of the local coastal communities in Fiji. • Managing coastal and marine areas in harmony with vanua increases visitor welfare. • Past experiences in tropical areas increase impatience for completion of restoration projects. • Restricting access to marine and coastal tropical areas reduces visitor welfare. • Community-based management of coastal and marine areas can lead to tourism growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomised controlled trials are widely accepted as the gold standard method to evaluate medical interventions, but they are still open to bias. One such bias is the effect of patient's preference on outcome measures. The aims of this study were to examine whether patients' treatment preference affected clearance of plantar warts and explore whether there were any associations between patients' treatment preference and baseline variables in the EverT trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors consider the framework for the employment of children in the UK in relation to national, European, regional and international legal norms and argue that it falls short of the required and accepted standards. They propose, on the basis of the evidence, that standards would be raised by a radical extension of wage protection to cover child workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival and continued use of historic lime and gypsum plaster flooring is commonplace in certain parts of the United Kingdom, and yet it remains almost unknown elsewhere in the country. The potential for loss and damage to such floors, whether through ignorance or indifference, is great and has prompted a study of this traditional form of construction in order to engender a greater interest and promote more appropriate forms of repair or reinstatement. The second part of this paper considers the sampling and analysis of historic plaster floors, presents the results of simple and sophisticated forms of analysis, together with the results of compressive strength testing of new plaster floor mixes, and considers aspects of repair and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival and continued use of historic lime and gypsum plaster flooring is commonplace in certain parts of the United Kingdom, and yet it remains almost unknown in other parts of the country. The potential for loss and damage to such floors, whether through ignorance or indifference, is great; and this has prompted a study of this traditional form of construction in order to engender greater interest and promote more appropriate forms of repair or reinstatement. The first part of this paper describes the history and use of lime and gypsum plaster flooring, comments briefly on the related use of earth and modified earth floors, and describes the composition of traditional plaster flooring through documentary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local government finance has recently been the subject of a review, three consultation papers, a White Paper and major reports from both the House of Lords and House of Commons. This article examines current and feasible changes to the system of local government finance with particular reference to the effects they have on marginal and average accountability. Council tax capping, council tax benefit subsidy limitation, business rates and capital expenditure are among the topics discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on social problems which have arisen in modern tropical Africa as a result of its occupation by Great Britain. It is of great importance at the present time that the issues which are at stake should be clearly envisaged by the people of this country, and more especially by settlers and others to whom the questions are of' an even more pressing nature. The recent Joint Select Committee on Closer Union in East Africa has reported its strong approval of the arrangements which the Colonial Office has made for cadets selected for the administrative service in Tropical Africa to receive instruction in Anthropology before taking up their duties, and it lays great emphasis on the necessity for a wider dissemination of this knowledge in the hope that the Imperial Government will be able to associate more closely with those who have identified their interests with the prosperity of the country. Great Britain has become committed, by the facts of history and by official promises, to an occupation of certain parts of Tropical Africa,--an occupation caused originally as much by an awakening of the missionary spirit in the middle of the last century as by considerations of a strategical or a commercial nature.

The potential for the UK inshore fleet to either switch from wild capture fisheries to aquaculture or integrate it within its business model as a livelihood option was investigated. The aim was to assess the opportunities, barriers and potential for developing a more holistic seafood production system and to generate information for future policies and programs. A review of the current situation of the inshore fleet reveals recent economic hardships, decreasing employment opportunities, displacement and reduction in size of fishing grounds as a result of management measures including the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). A subsequent literature review of fishers either switching from wild capture fisheries to aquaculture or integrating it into their business model indicates that there is a complex mixture of barriers including regulatory, social and economic factors that hinder fishers' uptake of aquaculture. However, assessment of current integration examples of aquaculture and wild-capture sectors within the UK revealed many instances where fishers have successfully added aquaculture to their business portfolio. Results show that to meet increased demand, a supportive policy environment needs to be created along with clarification and simplification of the processes for acquiring space including clear guidelines of which types of aquaculture can be practised where, and clarification of the rules for aquaculture in and around MPAs. Areas of further work are suggested including assessment of cultural issues surrounding switching or integration and the provision of funding to test potential approaches. It is concluded that government regulatory policies along with social acceptance will play a crucial role in creating a more holistic seafood production system and for marine aquaculture to fulfil its potential via integration with capture fisheries. • Integration of fisheries and aquaculture into a more holistic seafood system. • A review of the current situation for the UK under 10 m fleet. • UK examples of diversification of fisheries into aquaculture. • Barriers for further integration of fishers into aquaculture. • Policy recommendations to enable diversification and creation of a more holistic seafood chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The elderly population is at an increasingly significant health risk to heat-related illnesses and mortality when compared with younger people in the same conditions. This is due to an increased frequency and severity of heatwaves, attributed to climate change, and reduced ability of elderly individuals to dissipate excess heat. Consequently, most excess deaths and emergency visits during heatwaves occur in people aged more than 65 years. The aim of this investigation was to assess the physiological and perceptual responses of elderly people during exercise sessions equating to activities of daily living in UK summer climatic conditions. Study design Mixed-method, randomised research design. Methods Twenty-eight participants (17 males, 10 females and 1 transgender female) were randomly assigned into three experimental groups; 15°C, 25°C or 35°C, with 50% relative humidity. Participants completed one preliminary and three experimental trials within their assigned environment. The data from the preliminary incremental recumbent cycling test was used to calculate participant's individual exercise intensities equating to 2, 4 and 6 metabolic equivalents (METs) for the subsequent trials. During experimental trials, participants completed 30-min seated rest and 30-min cycling. Results No change was observed in thermal comfort ([TC] just uncomfortable in both trials), and only modest changes in ratings of perceived exertion (14 ± 2 vs 15 ± 2) at 6 METs in 25°C compared with those in 35°C were observed. In contrast, thermal strain markers did significantly increase (P < 0.05) across the same conditions, including change in rectal temperature (ΔTre) during exercise (0.27 ± 0.17°C vs 0.64 ± 0.18°C) and peak skin temperature ([Tskin] 32.94 ± 1.15°C vs 36.11 ± 0.44°C). Conclusion When completing exercise that equates to activities of daily living, elderly people could have a decreased perceptual awareness of the environment even though physiological markers of thermal strain are elevated. Consequently, the elderly could be less likely to implement behavioural thermoregulation interventions (i.e. seek shade and/or remove excess layers) due to a decreased awareness of an increasingly thermally challenging environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Splinting of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint Reduces Pain and Improves Extension at the Joint; Results Front the Splint-OA Study," by Donna Kennedy and colleagues is presented.

Objectives: Using the Health Belief Model as a conceptual framework, we investigated the association between attitudes towards COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccinations, and vaccine hesitancy and change in these variables over a 9-month period in a UK cohort., Methods: The COPE study cohort (n = 11,113) was recruited via an online survey at enrolment in March/April 2020. The study was advertised via the HealthWise Wales research registry and social media. Follow-up data were available for 6942 people at 3 months (June/July 2020) and 5037 at 12 months (March/April 2021) post-enrolment. Measures included demographics, perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived control, intention to accept or decline a COVID-19 vaccination, and attitudes towards vaccination. Logistic regression models were fitted cross-sectionally at 3 and 12 months to assess the association between motivational factors and vaccine hesitancy. Longitudinal changes in motivational variables for vaccine-hesitant and non-hesitant groups were examined using mixed-effect analysis of variance models., Results: Fear of COVID-19, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, and perceived personal control over COVID-19 infection transmission decreased between the 3- and 12-month surveys. Vaccine hesitancy at 12 months was independently associated with low fear of the disease and more negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Specific barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake included concerns about safety and efficacy in light of its rapid development, mistrust of government and pharmaceutical companies, dislike of coercive policies, and perceived lack of relaxation in COVID-19-related restrictions as the vaccination programme progressed., Conclusions: Decreasing fear of COVID-19, perceived susceptibility to the disease, and perceptions of personal control over reducing infection-transmission may impact future COVID-19 vaccination uptake., (© 2022 The Authors. British Journal of Health Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Psychological Society.)

Public perceptions of pandemic viral threats and government policies can influence adherence to containment, delay, and mitigation policies such as physical distancing, hygienic practices, use of physical barriers, uptake of testing, contact tracing, and vaccination programs. The UK COVID-19 Public Experiences (COPE) study aims to identify determinants of health behaviour using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation (COM-B) model using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach. Here, we provide a detailed description of the demographic and self-reported health characteristics of the COPE cohort at baseline assessment, an overview of data collected, and plans for follow-up of the cohort. The COPE baseline survey was completed by 11,113 UK adult residents (18+ years of age). Baseline data collection started on the 13th of March 2020 (10-days before the introduction of the first national COVID-19 lockdown in the UK) and finished on the 13th of April 2020. Participants were recruited via the HealthWise Wales (HWW) research registry and through social media snowballing and advertising (Facebook®, Twitter®, Instagram®). Participants were predominantly female (69%), over 50 years of age (68%), identified as white (98%), and were living with their partner (68%). A large proportion (67%) had a college/university level education, and half reported a pre-existing health condition (50%). Initial follow-up plans for the cohort included in-depth surveys at 3-months and 12-months after the first UK national lockdown to assess short and medium-term effects of the pandemic on health behaviour and subjective health and well-being. Additional consent will be sought from participants at follow-up for data linkage and surveys at 18 and 24-months after the initial UK national lockdown. A large non-random sample was recruited to the COPE cohort during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, which will enable longitudinal analysis of the determinants of health behaviour and changes in subjective health and well-being over the course of the pandemic., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

We used the HealthWise Wales (HWW) platform to explore public knowledge about the UK Yellow Card scheme (YCS), the spontaneous reporting scheme for suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and whether a short information video could improve awareness. Members of the public in Wales (n = 1606) completed a questionnaire about the YCS, watched the information video and then completed a follow-up questionnaire. Almost half (46.5%) of respondents said they had previously experienced an ADR (>90% of the ADRs involving prescribed medicines). Before the video, 18% of respondents knew how to report an ADR via the YCS and of these, 34% were from allied-health professions. Immediately after watching it, 71% participants reported knowing how to report and 82% reported being confident to report. If this awareness were maintained, such an approach could contribute to improved reporting of suspected ADRs by the public., (© 2021 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.)

Objectives: The elderly are the most at-risk population for heat-related illness and mortality during the periods of hot weather. However, evidence-based elderly-specific cooling strategies to prevent heat-illness are limited. The aim of this investigation was to quantify the elderly's physiological and perceptual responses to cooling through cold water ingestion (COLD) or an L-menthol mouth rinse (MENT) during simulated activities of daily living in UK summer climatic conditions., Study Design: Randomised, controlled repeated measures research design., Methods: A total of ten participants (men n = 7, women n = 3: age; 69 ± 3 yrs, height; 168 ± 10 cm, body mass; 68.88 ± 13.72 kg) completed one preliminary and three experimental trials; control (CON), COLD and MENT. Experimental trials consisted of 40 min rest followed by 30 min of cycling exercise at 6 metabolic equivalents and a 6-min walk test (6MWT), within a 35 °C, 50% relative humidity environment. Experimental interventions (every 10 min); cold water (4 °C) ingestion (total of 1.5L) or menthol (5 ml mouth swill for 5 s, menthol concentration of 0.01%)., Results: Peak rectal temperature (T re ) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in COLD compared with CON (-0.34 ± 0.16 °C) and MENT (-0.36 ± 0.20 °C). End exercise heart rate (HR) decreased in COLD compared with CON (-7 ± 9 b min -1 ) and MENT (-6 ± 7 b min -1 ). There was no difference in end exercise thermal sensation (TS) (CON; 6.1 ± 0.4, COLD; 6.0 ± 0.4, MENT; 6.4 ± 0.6) or thermal comfort (TC) (CON; 4 ± 1, COLD; 4 ± 1, MENT; 4 ± 1) between trials. The participants walked significantly further during the COLD 6MWT compared with CON (40 m ± 40 m) and MENT (40 m ± 30 m). There was reduced physiological strain in the COLD 6MWT compared with CON (T re ; -0.21 ± 0.24 °C, HR; -7 ± 8 b min -1 ) and MENT (T re ; -0.23 ± 0.24 °C, HR; -4 ± 7 b min -1 )., Conclusion: The elderly have reduced physiological strain (T re and HR) during activities of daily living and a 6MWT in hot UK climatic conditions, when they drink cold water. Furthermore, the elderly's perception (TS and TC) of the hot environment did not differ from CON at the end of exercise with COLD or MENT interventions. Menthol provided neither perceptual benefit to exercise in the heat nor functional gain. The TS data indicate that elderly may be at increased risk of heat illness, due to not feeling hot and uncomfortable enough to implement physiological strain reducing strategies such as cold-water ingestion., (Copyright © 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. All rights reserved.)

Analysis of Fire Service Instructors (FSI) working practices and health is needed to minimise health risks related to heat illness, cardiovascular events and immunological stress. Online surveys were distributed to UK FSI and Firefighters (FF). One hundred and thirty FSI (age: 43 ± 7yrs) and 232 FF (age: 41 ± 8yrs) responded. FSI experienced 2-10 live fires per week, with 45% of FSI reporting management does not set a limit on the number of exposures. Few FSI followed hydration guidelines, or cooling methods. New symptoms of ill health were reported by 41% of FSI and 21% of FF. FSI with ≥11 Breathing Apparatus exposures per month were 4.5 times (95% CI 1.33-15.09) more likely to experience new symptoms. A large proportion of FSI are experiencing new symptoms of illness after starting their career, and guidelines on exposure and hydration are not universally in place to reduce the risk of future health problems.

Fire service instructors (FSI) regularly experience different types of fire exercises, however the strain experienced from these scenarios is not well understood. This study aims to identify the physiological and perceptual strain of Fire Service Instructors (FSI) to three training exercises: DEMO, ATTACK, COMPARTMENT, and the different roles performed: SETTER, INSTRUCTOR. The study also aims to assess the effect that different exercise patterns over a day (BOX, MULTI, COMBINATION) have on immunological responses. Sixteen FSI (age: 41 ± 8 years, body mass: 83.7 ± 6.7 kg, height: 177.0 ± 6.7 cm) were recruited, with 10 FSI completing the three exercises. Physiological and perceptual measures were collected prior to and immediately post each exercise. Venous blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each day. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to assess differences in physiological variables between exercise types, independent samples t-tests were conducted between roles. Day changes in hematological variables were assessed by paired sample t-tests and analyzed by one-way ANOVAs to identify differences between exercise patterns. The COMPARTMENT exercise resulted in a greater change in rectal temperature (ΔT re ) (0.49 ± 0.28 °C) than both the DEMO (0.23 ± 0.19 °C, p = 0.045) and ATTACK (0.27 ± 0.22 °C, p = 0.016). Within the COMPARTMENT exercise, the SETTER resulted in a greater ΔT re and rating of perceived exertion than the INSTRUCTOR (0.67 ± 0.29 °C vs. 0.43 ± 0.18 °C, p = 0.027 and 14 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 2, p = 0.001, respectively). Following a day of fire exercises white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes (LYMPH), monocytes (MONO), platelets (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), Interleukin (IL)-6, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) all increased (p < 0.05). Exercise patterns containing a COMPARTMENT exercise resulted in greater PLT, MPV, and IL-6. Total daily variation in ΔT re was correlated with post-exercise WBC, MONO, and LYMPH. COMPARTMENT exercises produce the greatest physiological strain, with the SETTER role within this exercise causing the greatest ΔT re . Although predominately physiological responses remain within safe limits. Exercise patterns that include a COMPARTMENT exercise also generate a greater inflammatory response.