Search

This paper reports on the employment migration behavior of non‐White ethnic minority graduates in the United Kingdom for the 2018/2019 graduation cohort, which is the last cohort to enter the labor market before the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using data from the new Graduate Outcomes survey and controlling for a rich set of background characteristics, the findings indicate that ethnic minority graduates are more likely than their White counterparts to find work in ethnically diverse areas of the United Kingdom after leaving higher education. An identity utility framework is then formalized that combines identity economics with traditional approaches of human capital theory and job search theory. A test of an ethnic identity‐based hypothesis reveals that Asian, Black, and Mixed‐background graduates are comparatively more likely to migrate to areas with higher ethnic diversity levels, rather than less diverse areas. In addition to traditional explanations based on human capital theory and job search theory, this paper argues that these patterns are best explained by ethnic identity norms, which introduce a preference for working in ethnically diverse places. However, the results should be interpreted with some caution because of concerns related to heterogeneity within the ethnic group classifications used in the paper and possible omitted and unobserved variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article’s aim is to reintroduce the teleological approach formulated by professor Karel Engliš hundred years ago indicating it as a valuable analytical tool for social systems, including the health one. Engliš enriched the positive and normative approach of scientific analysis with teleological one, using postulates based on the principle of finality, and distinguished it both from positive causality and narrow normative measures or legal norms. Because health economics has been often struggling with managing the plurality of health systems, it is worth searching in theory for approaches that may improve this deficit and Engliš’s approach has shown as perfectly suitable for this purpose. We therefore subsequently explain its logic, which was thoroughly defended by Engliš in the literature in 1920s and 1930s. Then we look for specific attributes of four different health systems (the USA, the Netherlands, Germany, Great Britain) from teleological point of view and sum them up into a table which briefly combines social models, fiscal and tax policy measures, and ideals/postulates that those systems are based on. The result is better understanding of the health systems configuration and solid theoretical knowledge behind it, easing the need for finding the optimal or “most effective” health system by recognizing that more important is to know which properties and characteristics it ought to have and which principles it is built on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essential component of the history of Operational Research (OR) in Britain is the institutional development of the discipline. In this respect, a defining element is the debate on the issue of professionalism, which took place within the Operational Research Society (ORS) in the later 1960s and 1970s. For the historian, the debate provides major insights into the composition of the OR community at a critical stage in its development following on the sustained expansion of ORS membership in the 1960s. As this article reveals, the proposed movement of the ORS from ‘learned society’ to ‘professional’ status proved to be a deeply divisive issue, with a hard core of ORS members, both academics and practitioners, combining to resist the recommendations of the contemporary ORS Council and the leading officers of the Society. The article focuses on the debates on what one protagonist viewed as ‘a festering sore’ in the history of the ORS. In this respect, it provides a prologue to a second article commenting on the origins and results of the recent decision of the ORS Council to establish a professional membership grade—‘Fellow of the Operational Research Society’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the consequences of job search requirements with regards to unemployment benefits in the United Kingdom. It investigates the interrelationships between joblessness, job search, employment and search requirement benefits using standard ideas from search theory treatments of labour market processes. It outlines the recent changes in the administration of unemployment benefits. It offers a model of the aggregate labour market operating under imperfect information but incorporating two very different adjustment process, such as the Flexible Wage Search (FWS) Model and the Rigid Wage Search (RWS) Model. It considers the unemployment statistics, the impact of changing benefit levels, and the consequences of greater search conditionality on benefit payments in the U.K.

This article studies the dynamics of adjustment in a labor market after an exogenous shock to the real value of output. Early search theory was effectively criticized for its exclusive reliance on supply-of-labor responses and for not providing an adequate theory of wages. The comparative static predictions of the model are similar to those of contract theories and other theories that developed partly in response to the criticisms of early search theory. A possible objection to the model is that although its predictions conform to the commonly observed anti-clockwise loops in vacancy-unemployment space in Great Britain, it predicts too much response to news.