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A recent study of the psychological type profile of Christian youth workers in the UK drew attention to differences between the profiles of youth workers and clergy, and highlighted distinctive strengths and weaknesses that may be experienced by youth workers in Christian ministry. The present study, employing the Francis Psychological Type Scales among Canadian Baptist youth leaders (150 men, 186 women), cautions against generalizing on the basis of findings from the UK study. Among the Canadian Baptist youth leaders, compared with the UK Christian youth workers, there were higher proportions of introverts, sensing types, thinking types and judging types.

Safety signals provide "relief" through predicting the absence of an aversive event. At issue is whether these signals also act as instrumental reinforcers. Four experiments were conducted using a free-operant lever-press avoidance paradigm in which each press avoided shock and was followed by the presentation of a 5-sec auditory safety signal. When given a choice between two levers in Experiment 1, both avoiding shock, rats preferentially responded on the lever that produced the safety signal as feedback, even when footshock was omitted. Following avoidance training with a single lever in Experiment 2, removal of the signal led to a decrease in avoidance responses and an increase in responses during the safety period normally denoted by the signal. These behavioral changes demonstrate the dual conditioned reinforcing and fear inhibiting properties of the safety signal. The associative processes that support the reinforcing properties of a safety signal were tested using a novel revaluation procedure. Prior experience of systemic morphine during safety signal presentations resulted in an increased rate of avoidance responses to produce the safety signal during a drug-free extinction test, a finding not seen with d-amphetamine in Experiment 3. Morphine revaluation of the safety signal was repeated in Experiment 4 followed by a drug-free extinction test in which responses did not produce the signal for the first 10 min of the session. Instrumental avoidance in the absence of the signal was shown to be insensitive to prior signal revaluation, suggesting that the signal reinforces free-operant avoidance behavior through a habit-like mechanism.

This essay discusses the design of the quantitative component of the "Young People's Attitudes to Religious Diversity" project, conceived by Professor Robert Jackson within the Warwick Religions and Education Research Unit, and presents some preliminary findings from the data. The quantitative component followed and built on the qualitative component within a mixed method design. The argument is advanced in seven steps: introducing the major sources of theory on which the quantitative approach builds from the psychology of religion and from empirical theology; locating the empirical traditions of research among young people that have shaped the study; clarifying the notions and levels of measurement employed in the study anticipating the potential for various forms of data analysis; discussing some of the established measures incorporated in the survey; defining the ways in which the sample was structured to reflect the four nations of the UK, and London; illustrating the potential within largely descriptive cross-tabulation forms of analysis; and illustrating the potential within more sophisticated multivariate analytic models. (Contains 3 tables.)

A sample of 150 students in Estonia (119 from a secular university and 31 from a Lutheran theological institute) completed the Oxford Happiness Measure and the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The data show no significant correlation between these two variables; thus the findings challenge the generalizability to Estonia of the general findings from studies conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Israel that consistently reported a positive association between the affective dimension of religion and personal happiness. (Contains 1 table.)

We have used multiple sources to identify a population-representative cohort of newly diagnosed patients with parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in the UK over a 2-year period. All patients have been invited to participate in a detailed clinical assessment either at home or in an outpatient clinic. These assessments have been used to refine clinical diagnoses of parkinsonism using established criteria, and describe some of the phenotypic variability of Parkinson's disease at the time of diagnosis. The crude incidence of Parkinson's disease was 13.6/10[superscript 5yr-1] [confidence interval (CI) 11.8-15.6 and of parkinsonism was 20.9/10[superscript 5yr-1] (CI 18.7-23.3). Age-standardized to the 1991 European population, the incidence figures become 10.8/10[superscript 5yr-1] (CI 9.4-12.4) for Parkinson's disease and 16.6/10[superscript 5yr-1](CI 14.8-18.6) for parkinsonism. Thirty-six per cent of the Parkinson's disease patients had evidence of cognitive impairment based on their performance in the Mini-Mental State Examination, a pattern recognition task, and the Tower of London task. The pattern of cognitive deficits seen among these patients using these and further cognitive tasks suggests that sub-groups of patients based on cognitive ability might be identifiable even in the early stages of disease, which may reflect regional differences in the underlying neuropathological processes.

A sample of 135 female and 164 male church leaders of mixed denominations completed the Francis Psychological Type Scales. The female church leaders demonstrated clear preferences for extraversion over introversion, for sensing over intuition, for feeling over thinking, and for judging over perceiving. The male church leaders demonstrated clear preferences for introversion over extraversion, for sensing over intuition, for thinking over feeling, and for judging over perceiving. The predominant type among the women was ESFJ (22%) and the predominant type among the men was ISTJ (30%). Extravert and feeling types were significantly overrepresented among female church leaders, compared with male church leaders. (Contains 2 tables.)

T. S. Eliot provides three categories—the familial, the particular, and the secretive—to delineate the naming of cats in "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats"; however, the poet's categories fail to explain completely his onomastic decisions. Instead, Eliot's naming process reflects the Anglophile's acquired British tastes. London, a city of Anglican churches and secular theatres, is home to Eliot's fictional cats and an influence upon many of his name choices. Literary sources, in particular British Nonsense poets, provide additional inspiration for the 54 cat names mentioned in Eliot's volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Express coach services compete for longer distance market with car and rail, and largely cater for the leisure, tourism, and visiting friends and relatives. markets. Britain deregulated its express coach system in 1980, and it is now opportune to examine long-term impacts of that change. The initial impacts were reviewed by the authors in 1986 () but such impacts do not necessarily match long-term outcomes. Monitoring of the British system has been conducted by examining service changes and data on ridership, together with financial performance of the main operator groups and technical press coverage. It can be shown that a dominant position has been retained by the major operator (National Express), with a continued decline in the role of smaller independent operators in the all-year-round daily network. However, new competition has emerged from other large groups (most notably Stagecoach ‘Megabus’ in 2003). The paper analyses the operating and marketing strategies of the new operator and contrasts these strategies with those adopted in the 1980s. Implications for the future development of the network in Britain are outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Within the tourism impacts literature, car travel is regularly cited as a main contributor in destination areas. This study questions the nature of the problem by analysing key stakeholders’ representations of the tourism transport problem and tourists’ travel behaviour at a rural tourism destination in the UK. Exploratory research involving in-depth interviews with residents identified a typical emphasis on local travel problems and identified tourist arrivals by car as a major contributor. Data compiled using travel diaries and a survey, however, revealed car-based visitors had fewer concerns. Problems were seen to be minor with little or no need to modify behaviour to cope in any way. Analysis suggests perceptions of problems are to a large extent context contingent and are socially constructed and reproduced with consequent implications for destination management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: UK HealthCare sought to implement 2014 AAP practice guidelines for bronchiolitis across the care continuum in order to reduce variation in practice and reduce the use of low value interventions. Nasopharyngeal suctioning, family education, and better communication during care transitions were identified as pillars of care optimization. Method: Stakeholders from the inpatient, outpatient and emergency room areas adopted a shared approach to clinical management of bronchiolitis that emphasized suctioning and deemphasized routine use of bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, x-rays, and viral testing. Tools were built to align discharge education and improve transition communication. Pediatric clinics were given suction equipment and trained in its use. Respiratory therapists working in the emergency room were trained to suction pediatric patients. Retrospective (2011-2015) utilization data and outcome trends (LOS, ED admission rate, variable cost, and readmission rates) were collected. Achievable benchmarks of care (ABCs) were established for the utilization of interventions deemed to be often of low value in bronchiolitis management. IRB application was submitted and a waiver letter was received. Results: Preliminary data show a drop in utilization for all low value interventions in the ED and inpatient areas (see table). The ED achieved the benchmark rate for all five low value interventions. The inpatient area achieved the benchmark rate for two of the five low value interventions. Preliminary data from 2016 also demonstrate a decline in ED admissions. Conclusions: UK HealthCare demonstrated that reducing low value interventions for bronchiolitis across the care continuum is possible when teams from various care areas work together to implement evidence based guidelines. Low value interventions were replaced by the use of higher value interventions (suctioning, education, communication). Pediatric respiratory therapists were critical in training nursing and ED respiratory therapists to successfully transition to using nasopharyngeal suction as a first line intervention instead of bronchodilators. More study is needed to determine if reduction in ED admissions correlates with receiving optimal care. More review is needed to understand why the ED was more successful than the inpatient areas in achieving the benchmark rates. Disclosures: None [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]