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The night‐time economy (NTE) provides many opportunities for crime as there is an abundance of potential victims who are often intoxicated and clustered in a small geographical area. Previous research on NTE violence has primarily focused on assault. However, other offences are also common, such as robbery. This study focused on NTE‐related robbery using police recorded crime data relating to 1624 personal robberies (including attempts) from West Midlands Police, UK. The data was binary coded to identify and compare offence characteristics. Robbery offences in the NTE showed unique characteristics compared to robberies unrelated to this context. In particular, there were differences in alcohol, use of violence, injuries, approach style and crime locations. The findings of the current research align with theoretical frameworks from environmental criminology (e.g. crime generators and attractors), have implications for crime prevention and investigations and can feed into developing policing strategies that take into account the background context for offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robbery is a somewhat unusual offence in the sense that it combines two distinct wrongs: an offence against property and an offence against the person. It is also a particularly broad crime since it does not distinguish between different levels of force which might be used against the person. Consequently, the defendant who uses a slight push in order to steal a bag commits the same offence as a masked gang who enters a bank while in possession of firearms, making off with substantial amounts of cash in the process. As such, the current definition of robbery conflicts with the principle of fair labelling which seeks to ensure that crimes are defined to reflect their wrongfulness and severity. This article explores options to reform robbery in order to bring it in line with the principle of fair labelling. Ultimately, it argues that the scope of the offence should be narrowed by incorporating a minimum force threshold so that offences involving low levels of force cease to be regarded as robberies and are instead treated as thefts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We undertake a survey that estimates WTP and WTA measures for changes in the risk of being a victim of a robbery or theft in the UK. Respondents are less likely to protest when they are asked to reveal their WTP rather than WTA. Employing various protest-treatment techniques, we estimate the mean WTP for reducing current risks of theft and robbery by 50% to range between £38 and £220; for WTA, they are between £351 and £2,175. Higher values for robbery reflect people's aversion to the violence implicit in this type of crime. The annual value of avoiding a statistical case of crime ranges between £7,011 for theft and £90,087 for robbery. WTP-WTA ratios range from 1:4.8 to 1:16.9 and are influenced by type of crime and elicitation method. In turn, these results support the economic sense of a pre-emptive crime policy that prevents, rather than compensates for, crime occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the decision of Great Britain's Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in the case R. v Tsekiri regarding the DNA evidence which is only evidence linking the defendant to the crime and has match probability was 1:1 billion and the sufficiency of evidence.

A commentary is presented on a case of an appellant who was convicted of robbery after a trial at which the earlier guilty plea of a co-accused had been admitted in evidence pursuant to the provisions of section 74 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) of Great Britain. Topics covered include arguments for excluding a co-accused's guilty plea and the admissibility at trial of a conviction of a person other than the accused under section 74.

The article comments on the issue of life sentence with reference to the court case Attorney General's Reference (No.65 of 2015) (R. v Dentith (Peter)). Topics include the court's decision that the determinate term should have been one of 10 years, leading to the statutory life sentence under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 of Great Britain and the court's deciison that the fact that the defendant had been released from a life sentence on two prior occasions constituted exceptional circumstances.

The article reports the decision of the Great Britain Court of Appeal Criminal Division in case R. v. Rossi (Derek), in which the defendant Derek Rossi was pleaded guilty to attempted robbery and sentenced for life imprisonment. Topics discussed include the minimum term of 12 years' imprisonment challenged by Rossi, claims brought against Rossi for murder attempt, and charges brought against the defendant for possession of a firearm.

Burglar alarms are widely used as a means to try to reduce the risk of domestic burglary. Previous research has suggested that some burglars are deterred by alarms and that they are therefore effective. Using multiple sweeps of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, the research reported here sought to corroborate these findings. It finds that alarms have become associated with increased rather than decreased risk of burglary with entry. This counter-intuitive finding needs to be treated cautiously. A series of hypotheses that might explain it are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cash-and-valuables-in-transit ( CViT) robberies have become a substantial problem-especially in the current global economy. Over £19.4 million were stolen in 2008 and £17.1 million in 2009 in the United Kingdom alone. The transportation of cash and valuable items between financial institutions has long been a target of robberies in the U.K. After a robbery has occurred, police collect evidence in the form of ink-stained currency. These stained notes are submitted for analysis. Samples are subjected to polymerase chain reaction in order to amplify any possible botanically derived DNA markers present on the notes. After amplification, capillary electrophoresis allows for the deciphering of the ' DNA profile.' The DNA profile is then linked to a particular cash box, and this information is compared with records of whether or not that box had been stolen. The cases below are three such instances where botanically marked currency was used to help solve robberies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the influence of darkness in street robbery in Great Britain. It mentions the evaluation of darkness and temperature as predictors of street robbery by using negative binomial regression models. It notes the increase in estimated volume of robbery from full daylight to full darkness in London, England and Glasgow, Scotland. It also emphasizes the significance of the temperature in London study area.

The article discusses the Great Britain Divisional Court case R. (on the application of McAuley) v. Coventry Crown Court which deals with conspiracy to commit robbery, as well as an alleged unlawful extension of the custody time limits which controlled the claimant's detention. Several court cases on the subject of custody time limits are examined, including 1999's Manchester Crown Court Ex p. McDonald.

The article discusses a case wherein the Divisional Court of Great Britain considered section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 in rejecting the allegation of robbery when an offender simply snatched a cigarette from the hand of the complainant. The court noted the absence of force or threat of force immediately before or at the time of stealing, which is key to proving a robbery. The facts of the case is presented.

In a recent study of personal robbery, commissioned by the Home Office in the UK, a qualitative typology of robbery offences was proposed based on the approach used by the offender to commit the crime, consisting of four approach types: Blitz, Confrontation, Con, and Snatch. Conceptual inspection of the typology reveals that these proposed types may be hypothetically demarcated as the product of two latent dimensions: interaction (between the offender and the victim) and violence (used to threaten/harm the victim). The current paper utilises crime scene information from 72 incarcerated male offenders convicted of 'street' robbery to test this hypothesis. Convergent statistical analysis was utilised to test the structure of Smith's typology first using multidimensional scaling (MDS) and then principal component analysis (PCA). MDS and PCA analyses provided convergent support for the existence of the four robbery styles and the latent dimensions of interaction and violence. Implications of Smith's typological structure and latent behavioural dimensions on the conceptualisation and classification of robbery offences are discussed within the existing literature on 'street' robbery. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most crimes are known to cluster in space with a regularity that does not simply reflect the distribution of opportunities for that crime. Such findings inform both criminological understanding and crime reduction effort. In recent years, the robbery of cash-in-transit (CIT) custodians or vehicles has risen in the United Kingdom. However, to our knowledge, no systematic studies of the spatial distribution of CIT robbery exist. We therefore seek to fill this gap using data for London, UK. In the first instance patterns are analysed for the whole of the city. To provide more detailed analysis, a case study was conducted in one area identified as a hotspot. In that area, a survey was conducted to identify the actual distribution of potential CIT targets as well as the offence locations. The possible influence of the configuration of the street network was also examined. The findings suggest that CIT robbery clusters in space more than would be expected on the basis of the distribution of targets, and that the risk of CIT robbery is particularly acute around major intersections. The implications for criminological theory and crime prevention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the decision of the British Court of Appeal in the court case 'R. v Neville' concerning sentencing laws. The case came to the court as plaintiff seeking action against defendant after being attacked by defendant for money. Topics discussed include Dangerousness of a person with criminal records; laws related to sentence length and violent offences; and laws to protect vulnerable adults.

The article reports the decision of British Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in the case R. v Scott (Kurline) concerning sentencing laws. Topics discussed include laws related to sentences of dangerous offenders and robbery; sentencing powers; and enactment of Criminal Justice Act 2003 and Criminal Appeal Act 1968 in the country.

Studies on the motivation for violent street crime, such as robbery and assault, have tended to draw on either the rational choice or the subcultural perspective. This study explores the extent to which violence on the street can be explained by rational factors associated with the successful commission of the offence or social factors related to street culture. The study is based on qualitative interviews with 55 violent street offenders who were serving sentences for street robbery and assault in six prisons in the United Kingdom. The findings, based on accounts of 101 incidents of street violence, identified four main explanations for street violence: (a) successful offence enactment, (b) buzz and excitement, (c) status and honor, and (d) informal justice. The article concludes that there might be benefits in combining the insights of both perspectives by generating an integrated theory that would properly explain both the rational and the seemingly irrational components of street violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the dismissal of an appeal by defendants who were accused of threatening and taking the mobile telephones and automobile of the victims. It stresses the significance of the section 119 of the British Criminal Justice Act 2003 in a case when a witness asserted that the contents of a prior statement were untrue. It explains the circumstances in which the previous inconsistent statement by witnesses can be admitted in the court under section 119 of the act.

The article examines some appeal judgments and other judicial developments that inform sentencing and early release in Great Britain. Among the general sentencing issues discussed are those which involved offensive weapons, benefit fraud and child abuse. Also noted is the application of guidance issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council (SGC) in terms of withholding credit for guilty plea and in dealing with cases of robbery. It also addresses the issue of activating suspended sentence following unrelated re-offending.

The article focuses on a British Court of Appeal case on automobile theft. The defendants were convicted but appealed, in which one of the issues was whether the prosecution had established that those who had agreed on the enterprise had intended permanently to deprive him of the car. It notes that the court confirms that the reference to steal in the offence of robbery is a reference of theft contrary to section 1 of the Theft Act 1968.

The article focuses on the interpretation and legacy of street crime in the book "Policing the Crisis" (PTC). According to the authors of PTC, the problem of street robbery was an issue of explaining how the criminalizing label mugger came to be imported from the U.S. to the British context and applied to identify the black mugger. It is noted that the criminalized consciousness of the street mugger is not capable of producing out of itself an emancipatory project. The author notes that the opinion of the British public in PTC were shaped through the medium of the moral panic about black muggers.

The article discusses a case filed in the Criminal Division of the British Court of Appeal wherein the appellant was convicted of three offences of robbery and one of attempted robbery. It says that the case further demonstrates the problems to which the definition of evidence of bad characters set out in section 98 give rise. It was concluded by the court that the definition in the section is adequately broad to include such evidence.

In an influential study of gender and the accomplishment of street robbery in the United States, Miller (1998) demonstrated that whereas there were few gender differences in the motivations for such crimes, men and women typically committed them in strikingly different ways. Other recent work has similarly established both convergence within and divergence between male and female criminal enactment patterns. Most of that work, however, also was conducted in the United States, making it difficult to determine whether and to what extent these results are culturally bound. This article, based on open-ended interviews with incarcerated male and female offenders in the United Kingdom, explores the ways in which gender shapes the motivation and enactment of street robbery in a non-US context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a court case wherein the counsel of the appellant, charged with attempted robbery, requested for an advance indication of sentence in accordance with Goodyear indications in cases where the defendant was charged with one or more offenses which were specified crimes within Sch. 15 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003. The judge refused to give an indication citing that the appellant was charged with a specified offense. The general guidance given by the British Crown Court stresses that a judge is never forced to give such indication.

The article discusses a court case in Great Britain wherein an attorney-general had asked the court to review the sentences imposed against three offenders who pleaded guilty to two counts of robbery. It mentions that the offenders committed the robbery by intercepting a driver who was to deliver cigarettes at a shop. The court ruled that the sentencing judge had exercised a degree of conscious leniency when he issued the sentences.

The article discusses a court case wherein the offenders pleaded guilty to conspiracy to rob and robbery and were convicted of unlawful wounding, wounding with intent and murder. It says that the first offender was sentenced to detention with a minimum term of 17 years because he was only 17 years old at the time of murder while the other offender, aged 18 years, to custody for life with a minimum of 21 years for murder. It mentions that these sentences were called as unduly lenient and asked to be reviewed by the British Attorney-General.

The article presents views and insights of the author concerning the issuance of the "Robbery: Definitive Guideline," in July 2006 in Great Britain. Sentences are required under CJA 2003 s.172 to have regard to a relevant Guideline and in this instance this has been specified to apply to offenders sentenced for this crime from August 1, 2006. The Sentencing Guidelines Council (SGC) has provided a more measured and comprehensive approach that identifies legitimate scope for community sentencing.

The article focuses on several dangerous and public protection cases in Great Britain. It details the case of a 28-year-old man who was influenced by his girlfriend to rob a betting shop. It cites the sentence imposed on a 21-year-old man with a heavy drinking habit, who had set fire to the home of a woman living next door to his sister in pursuit of an injustice. It explores the case of a man in his early 30s who physically and sexually abused his partner.

The article offers news briefs related to juvenile justice in Great Britain. The intensive supervision and surveillance programme presents at least 25 hours of useful activity each week for the first rigorous period of the intervention. The lengthy duration of an anti-social behavior order in youths has attracted criticism from across the country. A draft guideline was introduced on sentencing of robbery offences involving children and young people.

This article is concerned with the emotional and psychological impact of street robbery, an offence that has become more common in recent years in Great Britain and is a source of considerable fear of crime. Many crimes have emotional effects on victims that include upset, fear and anger. They can also result in psychological problems where the crime involves the victim coming face to face with the offender, particularly when violence or the threat of violence occurs. Though not a seasonal crime, more attacks occur when it is dark, with violence used in approximately 44% of incidents and weapons involved in about a third.

The article reports on the decision of the British Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in the court cases 'R. v Amin (Mohammed)' concerning evidence laws. Topics discussed include the Criminal Cases Review Commission referral for conviction, laws governing identification of photographs as evidence in cases such as robbery; and unsafe convictions due to evidence.

The article discusses the British Court of Appeal robbery cases R. v Smith, R. v Plummer, and R. v Haines. The cases focus on the alleged robbery of a drugs dealer of heroin by the defendants. The court has decided to dismiss the appeal, noting that the criminal law does not vindicate individual property rights. The decision reportedly demonstrates the reluctance of the court to allow the civil law to influence interpretations of the Theft Act.

The article discusses several court cases related to the Sentencing Guidelines Council (SGC) guideline in Great Britain. The first case involves a woman managing a brothel who appealed against a sentence imposed on her by the Court of Appeal. The second case focuses on a man who had disputed an incurred penalty for parking and had unintentionally injured a certified enforcement officer (CEO). Another case concerns with three women who appealed against a three-year prison sentence imposed on each of them for robbery.

The article discusses a case filed in the Criminal Division of the British Court of Appeal wherein the appellant pleaded guilty to rape, indecent assault and robbery. It states that the sentencing judge considered that a life sentence would not have been appropriate before 1997 in the absence of evidence of mental illness. It says that the decision in the case is a useful reminder of the fact that discretionary life sentences continues to apply to offenders convicted of offences committed before April 4, 2005.

The article discusses a case concerning the right to a fair trial in Great Britain. The court dismissed the appeal of the defendant, who was charged with robbery, stating that he should not have been tried in his absence. The court held that the proceedings had been entirely fair and in compliance with defendant's right to a fair trial pursuant to article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The judge rightly concluded that the defendant voluntarily absented himself.

The article discusses a case concerning robbery in Great Britain. The appellant pleaded guilty to robbery, which was a serious specified offence for the purposes of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 that would attract a sentence of life imprisonment or imprisonment for public protection. His sentence, which was imprisonment for public protection, was substituted to three years' imprisonment.

The article examines a court ruling in Great Britain in a case filed by an appellant who was found guilty to attempted robbery, robbery and possession of imitation firearm with the intent of using it to commit robbery. The appellant had previous convictions and imprisonment. The court is required to impose either a sentence of life imprisonment or imprisonment for public protection under the section 225 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 provided that the offender is a threat to public and was convicted of serious offenses.

Presents information on the case R. v Folkes, filed at a British Court of Appeal which raised issues on dangerous offender provisions of the Criminal Justice of 2003 on robbery cases. Judgment; Analysis of the facts of the case; Comments on the court's decision.

Presents information on the case R. v Johnson, filed at a British Court of Appeal which raised issues on dangerous offender provisions of the Criminal Justice of 2003 on robbery cases. Judgment; Analysis of the facts of the case; Comments on the court's decision.

Comments on different arguments regarding legislative provision requiring special measures direction to be given in relation to child witness in need of special protection in manner compatible with convention requirement for a fair trial in line with the British Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act of 1999. Special measures directions in respect of child witnesses in prosecutions for robbery and assault; Evidence of witnesses in exceptional circumstances; Need for child witnesses to give evidence by way of video recording and live bunk under the Act.