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This article considers the extent to which British women seeking recognition as medical professionals engaged with tools to construct themselves as medically authoritative in the decades surrounding 1900. Concentrating on two technical forms (microscopes and electricity-producing devices), it demonstrates that tool use became increasingly significant for a wide range of women concerned with medicine at this time. Medicine-related tools became important for women because they could confer a form of authority on their statements and practices that challenged the prevailing critique that their bodies were inadequate to medical pursuits. By addressing women medical microscopists, as well as the emergence of controversies at the Incorporated Society of Trained Masseuses between 1910 and 1914, it is shown that this strategy of professionalisation unsettled established ideals regarding proper relations between men and women within medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The claim that mind is an epiphenomenon of the nervous system became academically respectable during the 19th century. The same period saw the establishment of an ideal of science as institutionalized endeavour conducted in laboratories. This article identifies three ways in which the ‘physiological psychology’ movement in Britain contributed to the latter process: first, via an appeal to the authority of difficult-to-access sites in the analysis of nerves; second, through the constitution of a discourse internal to it that privileged epistemology over ontology; and third, in its articulation of a set of rhetorical tools that identified laboratories as economically productive institutions. Acknowledging the integral place of physiological psychology in the institution of science, it is claimed, has the potential to alter our understanding of the significance of current neurological science for historical scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the need for clear pavements during the winter months to avoid injuries.

This article explores the extent to which the emergence of networked conceptions of etiology and network-oriented approaches to the organization of medical practice were historically congruent. Focusing on interwar malariology, it contextualizes the development of ecological approaches to infection management and control in terms of mosquito-borne malariotherapeutic practice. In Britain, mosquito breeding programs directed toward the therapeutic infection of mental hospital patients prompted malariologists to modify and refine existing environmental approaches to malaria. Breeding mosquitoes, attending to patients, and maintaining sources of malarial blood modified malariologists' etiological presumptions, contributing to a wider breakdown of associations between race, place, and disease. Simultaneously, the emergence of an international network of malariotherapy-devoted institutions helped transform malariological practice. Examination of a collaboration between British and Romanian malariologists shows one way in which this network contributed to the transformation of malariology from a formal League of Nations-focused endeavor to one distributed along common lines of research and prevention.

Introduction: Many of the risk factors for birth-related brachial plexus injury (BRBPI), such as maternal gestational diabetes and macrosomia, are known to vary between demographic groups. Socio-economic differences are known to influence access to healthcare, including elective caesarean section rates and access to consultant obstetricians, which could impact the rates of BRBPI. This study aims to explore whether BRBPI is affected by demographic factors., Method: This retrospective study compares cohorts of BRBPI patients referred to the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in 2004, 2014 and 2017. N = 67 in 2004, N = 61 in 2014 and N = 71 in 2017., Results: The risk of BRBPI for Black patients was 6 times higher than for White patients, and 2.7 times higher for Asian patients as compared to White patients (p < 0.001). There was an unequal distribution of BRBPI occurring in patients from lower socio-economic groups based on the index of multiple deprivation, with the highest level seen in those from the second lowest quintile. Neither of these risk factors have changed within the three years that they were examined., Conclusion: In this sample, the risk of BRBPI varies with ethnic groups; patients from non-White backgrounds are at a higher risk overall and are disproportionately represented in the BRBPI cohort as compared to White groups. Similarly, there seems to be a trend towards greater risk for those from lower socio-economic groups. These changes are consistent each year, suggesting that these inconsistencies are yet to be addressed. Further studies are warranted to explore why these demographic factors are significantly affecting health outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)