Search

Omani and British reforms of Zanzibar's judiciary date back to the 1820s, when the abolition of the slave trade justified Western control of the sultanate's political economy. The sultan enacted the abolition of slavery as a legal status in 1897, seven years after Zanzibar had become a British protectorate. Through the lens of a 1948 inheritance case, I analyze how colonial judicial reforms shaped the negotiation of grievances and the judges' interpretations of social equality. As members of the colonial elite, both Muslim and British judges were embedded in a racialized social hierarchy. Their reasoning not only exposes the continuous marginalization of former slaves but also attests to ex-slaves' ability to assert material power. While a Muslim and a British judge used different hermeneutics, both validated the marriage of a Hadrami water carrier to a former slave, thereby affirming his entitlement to a share of his wife's estate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history surrounding the 1858 petition from the governors and chiefs of Raiatea, French Polynesia and Tahaa, French Polynesia requesting to be an American protectorate. An overview of the French and British involvement in the Society Islands, including Tahiti becoming a French protectorate in 1842 and Great Britain and France's recognition of the autonomy of the Leeward Islands, West Indies, is provided. The relationship between the political disputes among native rulers in the Society Islands and the foreign intervention of the U.S., Great Britain and France is discussed.

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Maghreb - Machrek is the property of Editions ESKA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This examination of the processes which culminated in the signing of the first oil concessions on the Trucial Coast constitutes a case study of the interaction between political and commercial interests within Britain's informal empire. It looks at the extent to which the aims and approaches of the British political authorities and of the oil company overlapped, coincided or conflicted, and at the strategies adopted by both in their dealings with the third element in the negotiations, the local rulers. In addition, the nature, extent and variations of local collaboration are analysed. Finally, the outcomes of the negotiations are reconsidered, and the possibility raised that a qualified form of collaboration might achieve satisfactory results for a local ruler, despite the overwhelming odds stacked against him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an exploration into the protectorate system of African colonialism during the 19th century and its development within international law. Focus is given to the history of the British presence within Nigeria and the greater West Africa region. An overview is given of the creation of British colonies in the area after the abolition of slavery, the protectorate agreements made between the British and local African tribes, and the slow legal mechanisms by which Great Britain came to control more and more jurisdiction over the legal rights of Africans in international law. Additional mention is given to the legal philosophy of the 19th-century concerning issues such as sovereignty, autonomy, and human rights.

This provides a detailed explanation of how the Indian Empire was organised and run. But its main purpose is to argue that the British Indian Empire was in fact much larger than historians of the Raj normally realise because the Empire should be taken to include the Gulf Arab states, Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, the Aden Protectorate and the British Somaliland protectorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the Crown Agents, the British commercial and financial agent of the Crown colonies and protectorates. The Office of the Crown Agents acted as the British commercial and financial agent of the Crown colonies and protectorates, which were required by the Colonial Office (CO) to use its services. It supplied all non-locally manufactured public sector stores; organized the provision of external finance; managed colonial investments; supervised the construction of railways, harbours, and so on; and performed various personnel functions, such as the payment of pensions and some salaries. Established in 1833, when it became clear that the existing agents, most of them CO clerks nearing the end of their careers, were unable to perform their duties satisfactorily, the Agency at first represented both the self-governing and Crown colonies. Treasury concern that its flotation of responsible government loans gave the impression that these issues possessed an imperial guarantee, however, prompted the CO in the 1880s order the Agency to act only for dependent colonies and protectorates.

This article examines the functioning of the mandates system in the territory of New Guinea. New Guinea before World War II was a German territory. Following the outbreak of the war, the British Empire invaded the territory. The wartime authority of Australia over New Guinea was based upon conquest by the British Empire. The Commonwealth was allowed to exercise authority during the war, but the Imperial Government reserved the right of determining in agreement with the other interested powers, the final disposition of the territory. The titles used to designate the territory taken from the Germans in some cases indicated the desire and the intention to consider the territory as future British territory. During the military administration all powers of legislation were vested in the commanding military officer, subject to the conditions of the occupation and to instruction from the Commonwealth Government. The German advisory council was abolished. Except for a short time, during which justice was administered by courts- martial, the regular system of justice was maintained and utilized. In accordance with the principles of international law relating to territory in military occupation, little change was made during the military occupation in the general body of German law.