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Amino acid geochronology can provide effective relative dating frameworks for the Pleistocene and has enabled correlation of terrestrial deposits to the global climatic fluctuations described by the marine oxygen isotope record. Using methods developed for the analysis of intra-crystalline amino acids in tooth enamel, we aimed to construct an enamel-based amino acid geochronology for the terrace deposits in the valley of the River Thames in southern Britain using different mammalian taxonomic groups: elephant, horse and bison. To achieve this, chiral amino acid analysis was applied to 58 elephantid, 21 horse and 15 bison teeth from 10 horizons in the Upper Thames Valley, three in the Lower Thames Valley and one from a Thames tributary in the Lea Valley. We evaluate differences in the rates of amino acid breakdown between the taxa and establish which species are similar enough to enable comparison for relative dating purposes. The relative dating of the river terrace deposits is in good agreement with the terrace stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and other independent estimates of age for all three taxonomic groups. These frameworks demonstrate the potential of enamel-based amino acid geochronologies for relative dating of Middle–Late Pleistocene deposits in the UK, and establish an aminostratigraphic framework from which the dating of other tooth material can be refined. Enamel offers an opportunity to evaluate the age of sites where shell material is absent or poorly preserved. It can also, crucially, provide direct relative dating of mammalian fossils, which are often the focus of study in terms of their evolution, distributional changes or extinction. Direct dating negates the risk that the mammal fossils themselves might be reworked, or of different ages to shell, sediments or other dated material in the same deposits; it also enables archived samples with insecure provenance (e.g. from early 17th-19th century collections) to be directly dated. • Systematic taxonomic differences in intra-crystalline protein decomposition in mammalian enamel. • Enamel amino acid geochronologies for elephant, horse and bison from the Thames Valley. • Agreement of amino acid geochronologies with independent age evidence. • Direct relative dating method for correlating mammalian fossils to the marine oxygen isotope record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin cancer referrals via the 2-week wait (urgent suspected cancer) pathway outnumber any other suspected malignancy.1,2 The most common skin cancers are keratinocyte cancers (KCs), which represents basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Dear Editor, Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the UK. The EASR of first PPPA cSCC increased on average by 2-8 cancers per 100 000 PYs (95% CI 1-7-4-0), with first all-time cSCC increasing by 1-4 cancers per 100 000 PYs (95% CI 0-7-2-2). [Extracted from the article]

Molybdenum is a potential material for future nuclear fusion experiments and power plants. It has good thermo-mechanical properties and can be readily fabricated, making it attractive as an alternative material to tungsten (the current leading candidate) for high neutron flux and high thermal load regions of fusion devices. Unfortunately, exposure to fusion neutrons is predicted to cause significant radioactivity in elemental Mo for decades and centuries after exposure, which would be a problem during maintenance and decommissioning operations. Simulation predictions indicate that Mo activation could be reduced by isotopic adjustment (biasing). If these predictions are proven and validated, and if isotopic adjustment is technically and economically feasible, then Mo could be used in future demonstration and commercial reactors without significantly increasing the amount of long-term, higher-level radioactive waste. Transmutation (inventory) simulations used to predict activation rely on nuclear reaction data. The quality of these data impact on the confidence and uncertainty associated with predictions. Recently, UKAEA has developed benchmarks to test and validate the FISPACT-II inventory code and the input nuclear data libraries. Verification of molybdenum inventory simulations is performed against experimental decay-heat measurements from JAEA's fusion neutron source (FNS) facility and using new data acquired from γ-spectroscopy measurements of Mo irradiated in the ASP 14 MeV facility in the UK. Results demonstrate that FISPACT-II predictions (with TENDL-2019 nuclear data) for Mo are accurate on the short-timescales (minutes, hours of irradiation and minutes, days, weeks of cooling) of these laboratory experiments. However, these kinds of experiments are limited in their coverage of the important radionuclides for decay radiation from Mo on the years, decades and beyond timescales. Further experiments with fusion relevant conditions and timescales, potentially with alternative measurement techniques, are still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the incidence of possible COVID-19-related lung changes on preoperative screening computed tomography (CT) for COVID-19 and how their findings influenced decision-making. To also to determine whether the patients were managed as COVID-19 patients after their imaging findings, and the proportion who had SARS-CoV2 reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing.Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken of consecutive patients having imaging prior to urgent elective surgery (n=156) or acute abdominal imaging (n=283). Lung findings were categorised according to the British Society of Thoracic Imaging (BSTI) guidelines. RT-PCR testing, management, and outcomes were determined from the electronic patient records.Results: 3% (13/439) of CT examinations demonstrated findings of classic/probable COVID-19 pneumonia, whilst 4% (19/439) had findings indeterminate for COVID-19. Of the total cohort, 1.6% (7/439) subsequently had confirmed RT-PCR-positive COVID-19. Importantly, all the patients with a normal chest or alternative diagnoses on CT who had PCR testing within the next 7 days, had a negative RT-PCR (92/407). There was a change in surgical outcome in 6% (10/156) of the elective surgical cohort with no change to surgical management was demonstrated in the acute abdominal emergency cohort requiring surgery (2/283).Conclusion: There was a 7% (32/439) incidence of potential COVID-19-related lung changes in patients having preoperative CT. Although this altered surgical management in the elective surgical cohort, no change to surgical management was demonstrated in the acute abdominal emergency cohort requiring surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A national citizen survey quantified the abundance of epiphytic lichens that are known to be either sensitive or tolerant to nitrogen (N) deposition. Records were collected across the UK from over 10,000 individual trees of 22 deciduous species. Mean abundance of tolerant and sensitive lichens was related to mean N deposition rates and climatic variables at a 5 km scale, and the response of lichens was compared on the three most common trees ( Quercus , Fraxinus and Acer ) and by assigning all 22 tree species to three bark pH groups. The abundance of N-sensitive lichens on trunks decreased with increasing total N deposition, while that of N-tolerant lichens increased. The abundance of N-sensitive lichens on trunks was reduced close to a busy road, while the abundance of N-tolerant lichens increased. The abundance of N-tolerant lichen species on trunks was lower on Quercus and other low bark pH species, but the abundance of N-sensitive lichens was similar on different tree species. Lichen abundance relationships with total N deposition did not differ between tree species or bark pH groups. The response of N-sensitive lichens to reduced nitrogen was greater than to oxidised N, and the response of N-tolerant lichens was greater to oxidised N than to reduced N. There were differences in the response of N-sensitive and N-tolerant lichens to rainfall, humidity and temperature. Relationships with N deposition and climatic variables were similar for lichen presence on twigs as for lichen abundance on trunks, but N-sensitive lichens increased, rather than decreased, on twigs of Quercus /low bark pH species. The results demonstrate the unique power of citizen science to detect and quantify the air pollution impacts over a wide geographical range, and specifically to contribute to understanding of lichen responses to different chemical forms of N deposition, local pollution sources and bark chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the risk of IgA nephropathy and glomerular disease (GD) in patients with psoriasis. It mentions that population-based cohort study was conducted for investigating incident IgAN and GD in patients with psoriasis using data from The Health Improvement Network; Great Britain's diagnostic codes were used to identify patients with psoriasis and the outcomes of IgAN and GD; and risk of incident chronic kidney disease associated with psoriasis.

Possible changes in gas and electricity consumption in supermarkets throughout Great Britain have been investigated for the 2030s in order to assist decision makers with choices relating to energy use. In addition to this, two operational procedures, which vary between supermarkets, were investigated to see if a link between them and differences in energy consumption could be established. To achieve these aims, seven similar supermarkets were identified and their data analysed to derive their energy signatures through simple and change point regression analysis. These models were then combined with data from climate change prediction project UKCP09 for different probabilities (10%, 50% and 90%) of temperature increase in order to calculate changes in future energy use. In addition it was investigated if a linear regression model between the selected operational procedures and electricity use could be established. The results showed that, compared with the base period 1961–1990, the mean values of the annual average temperature for these seven supermarkets was predicted to rise by 2.0 °C or 20% for the central estimate. This led to an estimate of an increase in average electricity consumption of 2% and an average drop in the gas usage of 10%. The result also showed that differences in operational practices seem to have little impact on the in-store energy use. Differences in gas use models between stores can be more credibly explained by the building volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK Government was recently criticised for failing to fulfil its obligations under the Habitats Directive in respect of designating protected areas for Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena . At the centre of the discussion lay the stringent nature of the qualifying criteria for site selection. Concurrently, there is a growing support for marine renewable energy technologies; however the planning process is often hampered by inadequate marine data to enable appropriate siting or mitigation against potential ecological impacts. The Bristol Channel region's physical environment is a suitable source for the generation of marine renewable energy, and the world's first tidal lagoon will be sited in Swansea Bay. A 10 year dataset was collected, analysed and compared against the qualifying criteria for a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Results revealed that a resident population of porpoise existed and density values of 0.58 hp km 2 were comparable with other UK regions. While an insignificant calf adult ratio of 1:13 was recorded, breeding and nursery areas were identified. Analysis highlighted a number of hotspots of porpoise activity, suggesting that these areas are critical habitats, particularly for feeding and foraging. Such information will enable future marine renewable energy developers to select the most appropriate sites. It is argued that existing SAC qualifying criteria prevents recognition of critical habitats for the harbour porpoise and a case is made for an eastward extension of a proposed harbour SAC to include Swansea Bay and the south Gower coast. This paper demonstrates that cetacean data is sparse and even though this study has filled important knowledge gaps, there is still a need for further research. This research would enable both developers and planners to adequately and appropriately consider future marine renewable energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No tools are available to assess or measure the experience of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting ( CINV) for Persian/ Farsi speakers. The purpose of this study is to translate the Rhodes Index of Nausea, Vomiting and Retching ( INVR) scale for use with Persian-speaking cancer patients. A sample of 94 cancer patients were recruited from a cancer research centre in Mashhad- Iran. A standard two phase process of scale translation and validation was conducted. In phase I, standard 'forward-backward' translation procedure was used to translate the original version of the INVR questionnaire into Persian. The translated questionnaire was reviewed and revised and a Persian version of the scale was produced. In the second phase, a multiphase instrumentation study describing the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the translated version was conducted. The inter-item correlation measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.88. Test/re-test reliability was measured by the weighted kappa and was between 0.63 and 0.79, indicating 'substantial agreement' and stability between the initial and subsequent administrations for each item. These results demonstrate that the Persian version of the INVR is acceptable for use among Iranian cancer patients. Researchers could use this study as a model for future translation and application of psychometric instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence of the discovery of a new Middle Pleistocene site in central southern England, with undisturbed evidence of hominin occupation well-dated to an interstadial towards the end of Marine Isotope Stage 8, c. 250,000 BP. The site consists of a preserved remnant of a river terrace and its alluvial floodplain overlain by chalk-rich bankside deposits, all abutting a Chalk bedrock riverbank. It preserves an area of occupation with activity focused on the riverbank, complemented by occasional activity on a palaeo-landsurface developed on the surface of the alluvial floodplain. Lithic technology at the site consists almost entirely of handaxe manufacture, allowing attribution to an Acheulian industrial tradition. Mammalian and other palaeo-environmental remains are present and associated with the occupation horizons, including large mammal bones showing signs of hominin interference. Dating was based on OSL determinations on the sediments and amino acid racemisation of molluscan remains, supported by biostratigraphic indications. Besides being a rare instance of an undisturbed Palaeolithic palaeo-landscape covering several hectares, the site contributes to wider Quaternary research concerns over the ability of Middle Pleistocene hominins to tolerate colder climatic episodes in higher latitudes, and over settlement history and changing lithic industrial traditions of northwest Europe in relation to climate change and British peninsularity. It is suggested that the Harnham evidence may represent an insular population that had persisted in southern Britain since MIS 10/9, which became locally extinct during the glacial maximum 8.2 marking the end of MIS 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate recent trends in the diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation. Methods: Time trend analysis in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD —previously the GPRD), 2000–2012. Results: The incidence of AF in men rose from 1.274 (1.271, 1.276) per 1 000 patient years in 2000 to 1.972 (1.969, 1.975) in 2012. In women, it rose from 1.209 (1.207, 1.211) to 1.609 (1.606, 1.611). 55847 patients with AF first diagnosed between 2000 and 2012 were included in the study. 54% of men were initiated on anticoagulation therapy in the first year following diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, compared to 45% of women (P<0.0001). This increased from 48% in men and 40% in women in 2000 to 58% in men and 52% in women in 2012. Conclusions: Identification of atrial fibrillation has improved in recent years, as has treatment for stroke prevention. Although there has historically been a bias towards men in the treatment of stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, this study shows that the gap has been closing in recent years. Despite this improvement, this study shows that there are still many patients with atrial fibrillation who are not treated optimally to prevent stroke. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT This paper explores the geomorphological context and impact of the widely-occurring, linear emergent macrophyte, Sparganium erectum. Forty-seven sites across Britain were selected for field investigation, spanning the range of environmental conditions within which Sparganium erectum had been found to be present in previous analyses of national data sets. A combination of descriptive graphs and statistics, principal components analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to explore the large multivariate data set collected at the 47 sites. The analyses showed that Sparganium erectum is present in significant quantities in relatively narrow and shallow (< 18 m wide and < 0.9 m deep to the limit of terrestrial vegetation), low gradient (maximum 0.004) channels of varying bed sediment calibre (cobble to silt). Within these environments, S. erectum stands (features) were associated with fine sediment retention, aggradation and submerged landform construction, leading to bench development and so, potentially, to adjustments in channel form and position. Sediment retention and landform construction within S. erectum features was most strongly apparent within reaches with a relatively high S. erectum cover and the presence of large area S. erectum features. It was also associated more weakly with S. erectum features that were comprised of relatively higher densities of plants with relatively smaller inter-plant spacing and fewer leaves. The sediment retained in S. erectum features and associated bench and bank toe deposits showed larger numbers and species of viable seeds, indicating the potential for colonization and growth of other species on S. erectum features once they aggrade above the low flow water level and are no longer a suitable habitat for S. erectum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Predictive linear regression (LR) modelling indicates that total Pb is the only highly significant independent variable for estimating Pb bioaccessibility in “mineralisation domains” located in limestone (high pH) and partly peat covered (low pH) shale-sandstone terrains in England. Manganese is a significant minor predictor in the limestone terrain, whilst organic matter and sulphur explain 0.5% and 2% of the variance of bioaccessible Pb in the peat-shale-sandstone terrain, compared with 93% explained by total Pb. Bootstrap resampling shows that LR confidence limits overlap for the two mineralised terrains but the limestone terrain has a significantly lower bioaccessible Pb to total Pb slope than the urban domain. A comparison of the absolute values of stomach and combined stomach-intestine bioaccessibility provides some insight into the geochemical controls on bioaccessibility in the contrasting soil types. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A 7-year climatology of cool-season convective lines in the UK has been constructed using archived radar rainfall data. 103 lines meeting basic size, duration and intensity criteria were identified over the period September 2003 to February 2010. Of these, 87% occurred in association with frontal systems (mostly cold fronts). The remaining 13% occurred within polar-maritime air masses to the rear of frontal systems. Annual frequencies were highest over inland areas of southern and central England (5.0–7.5 events per 10,000km2, per year) and decreased markedly to the north (<1.0 events per 10,000km2, per year over north and west Scotland). Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) tornado data revealed that 27.2% of lines produced at least one tornado. The environment of tornadic and non-tornadic lines was investigated by analysis of available observations, from which representative values of various environmental parameters were obtained. Tornadic lines were found to be associated with significantly larger pre-line surface-based CAPE, line-normal forward motion, cross-line horizontal wind veer, and cross-line temperature decrease. Furthermore, a tendency for tornadic lines to occur near the core, or under the left exit region, of mid-level jets was apparent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background The benefit of pimobendan in delaying the progression of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy ( DCM) in Dobermans is not reported. Hypothesis That chronic oral administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM will delay the onset of CHF or sudden death and improve survival. Animals Seventy-six client-owned Dobermans recruited at 10 centers in the UK and North America. Methods The trial was a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group multicenter study. Dogs were allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive pimobendan (Vetmedin capsules) or visually identical placebo. The composite primary endpoint was prospectively defined as either onset of CHF or sudden death. Time to death from all causes was a secondary endpoint. Results The proportion of dogs reaching the primary endpoint was not significantly different between groups ( P = .1). The median time to the primary endpoint (onset of CHF or sudden death) was significantly longer in the pimobendan (718 days, IQR 441-1152 days) versus the placebo group (441 days, IQR 151-641 days) (log-rank P = 0.0088). The median survival time was significantly longer in the pimobendan (623 days, IQR 491-1531 days) versus the placebo group (466 days, IQR 236-710 days) (log-rank P = .034). Conclusion and Clinical Importance The administration of pimobendan to Dobermans with preclinical DCM prolongs the time to the onset of clinical signs and extends survival. Treatment of dogs in the preclinical phase of this common cardiovascular disorder with pimobendan can lead to improved outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Predictive linear regression (LR) modelling between bioaccessible arsenic (B-As) and a range of total elemental compositions and soil properties was executed in order to assess the potential for developing a national B-As dataset for the UK. LR indicates that total arsenic (As) is the only highly significant independent variable for estimating B-As in urban areas where it explains 75–92% of the variance. The broad compatibility of the London, Glasgow and Swansea regression models suggests that application of these models to estimate bioaccessible As in UK soils impacted by diffuse anthropogenic urban contamination and non-ferrous metal processing should be relatively accurate. In areas dominated by Jurassic ironstones and associated clays and limestones, total As, P and pH are significant, accounting for 53, 14 and 5%, respectively, of the B-As variance. Models based on total As as the sole predictor in the combined Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary ironstones datasets explain about 40% of the B-As variance. The median As bioaccessible fraction (%As-BAF) is 19 to 28% in the anthropogenic contamination impacted urban domains, but much lower (5–9%) in geogenic terrains dominated by ironstones. Results of this study can be used as part of a lines of evidence approach to localised risk assessment but should not be used to replace bioaccessibility testing at individual sites where local conditions may vary considerably from the broad overview presented in this study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On 7 December 2006 a tornado of T5 (F2) intensity struck northwest London injuring six people and damaging over 200 houses. In this paper, the squall line responsible for the tornado is analysed using reflectivity and radial wind data obtained from Met Office Doppler radars. The environment of the squall line is also analysed using available observations. The squall line developed in a weakly unstable polar maritime airmass to the rear of an active cold front and south of a deep depression moving eastwards over northern Scotland. The tornado was associated with a strong vortex of approximately 2–4km diameter which formed along the leading edge of a bowing segment embedded within the squall line. The tornado occurred close to the time of maximum vortex strength, which followed a short period of rapid vortex intensification. This vortex was one of the strongest, and the longest-lived, of a number of mesovortices traceable in the Doppler radial velocity field for periods of up to 75min. Mature vortices were often associated with characteristic ‘broken-S’ signatures in the reflectivity field, with inflow notches to their north and localised line-bowing to the south. Velocity couplets were also observed in the radial velocity field, especially when vortices were located within 50km range of the radar. The presence of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic vortex pairs early in the evolution of at least one cyclonic vortex, straddling a small bulging section in the leading edge of the line, suggests that localised tilting of the ambient horizontal vorticity was the most likely vortex-genesis mechanism. The analysis reveals that individual vortices developed and evolved rapidly, suggesting that in similar cases, the issuance of tornado warnings based on the detection of individual vortices may result in limited success. However, a tendency for stronger and longer-lived vortices to form along and north of the bowing line segment was observed. In similar cases this could prove useful for identification of sections within a given squall line most prone to stronger mesovortex development, with their attendant risk of localised damaging winds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supra-maximal exercise on circulating concentrations of salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A in female adolescents. Nineteen apparently healthy females aged 15-16 years participated in this study. All participants completed 6 × 8 s sprints, interspersed with 30 s recovery intervals on a cycle ergometer. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A samples were taken before and 5 min after exercise. Experimental procedures continued over two mornings, at least 3 h after a light breakfast. Participants refrained from performing any strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to the exercise test. None of the participants were engaged in a structured training programme. The group mean ( ± s) for peak power output was 562 ± 113.0 W. Female adolescents recruited for this study showed no changes in salivary testosterone, cortisol or immunoglobulin A following repeated bouts of supra-maximal cycling (P > 0.05). To date, there has been a paucity of information concerning adolescents' hormonal and mucosal immune function responses to supra-maximal exercise. Our data provide further guidance with regard to physical activities and sports prescription for female adolescents. Further research, on a larger sample of females, is required to elucidate the physiological significance of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Incremental Differential Quadrature Method (IDQM) was applied to a tidal and surge model of the Bristol Channel, UK. The method is considered as an alternative new numerical technique in the field of marine hydraulics and its performance was examined through this case study. For validation of the simulated results, tide gauge data along the Bristol Channel was used. Another well known 1D model (MIKE11) and a quasi-3D model (POLCOMS) provided more insight into the flow pattern of the estuary and additional validation data. Similar to MIKE11, IDQM is unconditionally stable and so time steps of around 45 min achieved good results for the Bristol Channel, whereas for methods which are restricted to the CFL criterion (e.g. explicit finite differencing schemes), the time step is limited to around 3 min. Since there is no stability constraint in IDQM, the time step must be selected with reference to accuracy rather than stability. The usefulness of IDQM was also demonstrated by using a small number of grid points (11 along the 110 km length of the Bristol Channel) to produce accurate results. Based on the results of this case study, it is concluded that IDQM can be successfully implemented for 1D modelling of tidal elevations and surges in non-prismatic irregular channels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

IMBA (Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis) is a suite of software modules that implement the current ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models for estimation of intakes and doses. The IMBA modules have gone through extensive quality assurance, and are now used for routine formal dose assessment by Approved Dosimetry Services throughout the UK. HPA has continued to develop the IMBA modules. In addition, several projects, sponsored by organisations both in the USA and in Canada, have resulted in the development of customised user-friendly interfaces (IMBA Expert™ 'editions'). These enable users not only to use the standard ICRP models, but also to change many of the parameter values from ICRP defaults, and to apply sophisticated data handling techniques to internal dose calculations. These include: fitting measurement data with the maximum likelihood method; using multiple chronic and acute intakes; and dealing with different data types, such as urine, faeces and whole body simultaneously. These interfaces were improved further as a result of user-feedback, and a general 'off-the-shell' product, IMBA Professional, was developed and made available in January 2004. A new version, IMBA Professional Plus, was released in April 2005, which is both faster and more powerful than previous software. The aim of this paper is to describe the capabilities of IMBA Professional Plus, and the mathematical methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ammonia (NH3) is emitted mainly from agricultural practices, with NH3 concentrations decreasing rapidly away from sources. As a consequence there is a high spatial variability in nitrogen deposition and its consequent ecological effects in agricultural landscapes that is in addition to differences in sensitivity between habitat types. This variability points to the potential to include spatial planning measures as part of strategies to protect sensitive vegetation from ammonia deposition. National abatement policies typically include uniform recommendations for technical abatement measures, such as ploughing in manures after land spreading. In this study, the complementary potential of spatial planning to reduce effects on target locations is analysed through model scenarios for an example landscape in central England. Scenarios included defining buffer zones of low-emission agriculture and establishing tree belts surrounding either emission sources or priority areas for the protection of semi-natural habitats. The analysis showed that tree belts can reduce deposition to sensitive areas, with trees surrounding the sensitive habitats being more effective than trees around the sources. Low emission buffer zones around sink areas also result in useful reductions in N deposition. Smaller nature reserve sites benefit to a greater degree from such spatial planning measures, as large reserves can provide their own buffer zone to some degree. Similarly, relocating point sources or using planning policies to ensure the location of large NH3 point sources are at least 2–3km from the sensitive habitats results in substantial reductions in N deposition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper reports on the development of UK transport targets for CO2 emissions for 2050. Five key studies containing future carbon emissions scenarios for the UK were used to establish targets for overall reductions in emissions to achieve stabilisation at 550 and 450ppm of atmospheric CO2. Two approaches were used to consider the proportion of total emissions that would be attributable to transport in the future: 26% of total emissions as now and an increase to 41% of total emissions in line with forecasts. The overall targets and expected contributions from transport were used to derive target emissions for the transport sector to be achieved by 2050, which ranged from 8.2 to 25.8MtC. Even the weakest of these targets represents a considerable reduction from current emissions levels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Trace element analyses of combustion residues from Eggborough Power Station (UK) are re-examined and augmented with new data, which has enabled original conclusions [Fuel Process Technol 47 (1996) 79] to be extended in two areas and developed in a third. These are: (a) potential emissions through mass closure with the conclusion that of the elements analysed only As appears to have been lost from the system (mass closures for Se and Hg were not determined but these elements are also probably lost); (b) volatility of elements based on ratios of element concentrations in fly ash to furnace bottom ash and element concentrations in a fine ash fraction to a coarse fraction with the latter appearing to be the more sensitive indicator and (c) the percentage surface association based on trace element analyses of size-fractionated fly ash. From the latter it is concluded that As and Mo are predominantly surface associated with little contained within the glass or other phases, Cu, Zn and Pb have a surface association of about 50%, V, Cr and Ni a lower surface association of between 30 and 20% and Ba and Sr a minor association of about 10%. The same conclusion was also reached for As, Mo and Pb using LA-ICP-MS [Fuel 2004] with, in addition, a similar association suggested for U, Tl and Se. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The distribution and impacts of different nitrogen pollutants are inextricably linked. To understand the problem fully, the interactions between the different pollutants need to be taken into account. This is particularly important when it comes to abatement techniques, since measures to reduce emissions of one nitrogen pollutant can often lead to an increase in another. This project represents a step towards greater understanding of these issues by linking together new and existing nitrogen flux models into a larger framework. The modelling framework has been constructed and some of the nitrogen flows between fields, farms and the atmosphere have been modelled for a UK study area for typical farm management scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years training for specialist registrars (SpRs) in GU medicine has undergone a number of changes. In addition, the speciality in general is undergoing modernization and change and issues of workforce planning and consultant job availability have been of particular importance to SpRs. In March 2003 a postal survey of SpRs in the UK was undertaken to evaluate training, future career plans and working patterns. A 59% (69/117) response rate was achieved and overall most SpRs expressed satisfaction with their training. However, a number of concerns were raised with aspects of training, which are discussed in this paper. Nearly half of SpRs will consider working part time in the future and almost two-thirds are interested in job sharing. This is the first survey of its kind in GU medicine and the results are informative to all involved with SpR training programmes and workforce planning in the speciality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to changes in the amount of curriculum time available for teaching complete denture construction to undergraduate students, course content requires reconsideration and possible modification. The idea that a replica complete denture technique may offer some advantages is explored. A review of the relevant literature fails to support many of the claimed benefits of this technique such as relative ease of adaptation by the elderly to new dentures. This article suggests that the replica denture technique should be considered as no more than an alternative method of making dentures. The relative demerits of the technique are discussed. A modification of the replica block technique to include important aspects of conventional complete denture courses is described. It is suggested that, because less clinical time is required, it may be a suitable way of introducing students to complete denture construction and educating them to a level which would encourage some to take further postgraduate study and would allow all graduates to treat routine cases or diagnose, treatment plan and refer to clinical dental technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a tactical asset allocation strategy that incorporates the effects of macroeconomic variables. The joint distribution of financial asset returns and the macroeconomic variables is modelled using a VAR with a multivariate GARCH (M-GARCH) error structure. As a result, the portfolio frontier is time varying and subject to contagion from the macroeconomic variable. Optimal asset allocation requires that this be taken into account. We illustrate how to do this using three risky UK assets and inflation as a macroeconomic factor. Taking account of inflation generates portfolio frontiers that lie closer to the origin and offers investors superior risk–return combinations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aims: To determine the prevalence of coeliac disease in a group of patients in the community who have been shown in the laboratory to have iron and/or folate deficiency. To assess the cost efficiency of this laboratory based case finding strategy. Methods: The study was undertaken in a large general hospital in the UK serving a population of 300 000. Three hundred and thirty three eligible patients with iron and/or folate deficiency were identiffed and contacted over an 18 month period. Case finding was by testing for coeliac disease using serological methods and subsequent histological confirmation. Results: Of the 333 eligible and contactable patients with iron and/or folate deficiency, 258 (77%) consented to coeliac disease antibody testing. Twenty eight patients (10.9%) were positive for coeliac disease antibodies. Of these, 24 patients proceeded to endoscopy and biopsy, resulting in 12 cases of histologically confirmed coeliac disease (4.7% (95% confidence interval, 2.1% to 6.8%) of patients tested for coeliac disease antibodies). Conclusions: This laboratory based methodology detected a considerable number of new coeliac disease cases in the community. Many of these patients did not present with clinical findings suggestive of malabsorption and might not otherwise have been diagnosed. Laboratory based methodologies should be considered in conjunction with other strategies for the early identification and treatment of coeliac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the results of a five-year program of research aimed at obtaining baseline information on biodiversity action plan in planted forests in Great Britain. Contribution of planted forests to the conservation of native flora and fauna; Comparison between the biodiversity of conifer plantations and native stands; Structural diversity and higher deawood volumes in the over-mature stands.

Reports developments related to the nutrition of broilers in Great Britain as of December 2001. Role of darkness in the management of broiler production; Selection by broilers between a control wheat soya diet and diets high in rapeseed meal and field pea meal; Relationship between dietary and yolk carotenoid composition in wild birds.

Proposes a model of income dynamics which takes account of income mobility within and between jobs based on the income transition data from the British Household Panel Survey. Nonlinearities in income dynamics; Evaluation of impact of tertiary education on income transitions and long-run distribution of incomes; Proof theory.

AbstractA physical compartmental model (INTAIR) has been parameterised to estimate PM10 concentrations and has been used to assess the contribution of smoking to PM10 levels for typical homes in the UK. The results suggest that smoking activity at home increases the daily mean concentrations in the living room by 1–1.5 μg·m–3 per cigarette smoked, and may contribute significantly to personal exposures to PM10. The model simulations demonstrate that the contribution of smoking to daily mean concentrations is highly dependent on the air exchange rate between the room and outdoors.Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Malassezia is the aetiological agent of pityriasis versicolor. The mycelial phase of the organism predominates in lesions of pityriasis versicolor. Objectives To evaluate the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to the mycelial phase of Malassezia in patients with this disease, which has not previously been studied. Methods The CMI status of 12 patients with pityriasis versicolor and 12 age- and sex-matched controls to mycelial antigen(s) of the organism was examined. The responses to the mycelial form of three strains of the organism were assessed using lymphocyte transformation and leucocyte migration inhibition assays. Results The transformation responses of the lymphocytes from both patients and controls gave transformation indices ≤ 3, although the responses of lymphocytes from patients with pityriasis versicolor to the mycelial form of Malassezia strains were generally higher than those of the controls. In the leucocyte migration inhibition assay, leucocytes from patients with pityriasis versicolor and controls responded to the mycelial antigens of three different Malassezia strains; however, there was no significant difference in leucocyte response between patients with pityriasis versicolor and controls. Conclusions Patients with pityriasis versicolor do not therefore have a CMI deficiency to Malassezia mycelial antigens but fail to generate a protective CMI response to mycelial antigens over and above that of control individuals during active disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an 81-year-old female with a heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation who developed purpura fulminans. Digital necrosis, a characteristic clinical feature of purpura fulminans was prominent. Purpura fulminans is more common in children and adult cases are rare. Of eight reported cases of purpura fulminans resulting from a heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation recorded in the literature, only two were in adults: 40 and 42 years of age, respectively. This is the first report of this condition arising in a patient in her eighties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a narrative on the presence of the British medical service at the battle of Waterloo. Accounts of the battle; Divisions of the army; Lists of watercolor paintings by Sir Charles Bell.

Determines the incidence of acute symptomatic toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in congenitally infected offspring born in Great Britain. Number of patients with symptoms due to reactivation; High incidence of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in black subjects born in west Africa; Risk factors for exposure to infection; Implications for prenatal screening.

Examines the implication of serum cholesterol concentration for reducing the risk of ischemic heart disease in Great Britain. Analysis on the occurrence of ischemic heart disease and serum cholesterol concentrations; Randomized trials in the reduction of ischemic heart disease; Risk reduction of ischemic heart disease attributed from reducing serum cholesterol.

Assesses the health risks attributed to reducing serum cholesterol concentration in Great Britain. Attributes of mortality associated with lowered serum cholesterol concentrations; Hazardous levels of serum cholesterol concentration; Lack of evidence to support mortality resulting from serum cholesterol concentrations.

Investigates the levels of hospital care received by patients in Great Britain. Assessment of the needs of patients; Percentage of patients needing care; Use of questionnaire of physical, medical and social dependence.

Examines differences in rate of uptake of immunization among ethnic groups in Bradford, England. Explanations of the differences; Association between morbidity and mortality differences and the differences in the utilization of the National Health Service; Immunizations offered.

Evaluates urine dopamine response to oral loading in patients with renal disease in Great Britain. Administration of sodium chloride; Suppression of plasma renin activity; Cause of abnormal retention of sodium and water in glomerulonephritis.

Discusses the difference of the Crown of Great Britain from other exercise of office or appearance of power. Demand of moral consistency from the English monarchs and heads of state. Scrutiny of their functions; Arguments in support of the Crown; Admirable components of headship of the state.

Examines the accreditation scheme on raising the standards of pathology in Great Britain. Operation of the Clinical Pathology Accreditation Ltd.; Contrast between histopathology and cytology; Support of professional bodies on the accreditation process.

Focuses on prescribing for the elderlies in Great Britain. Presentation of the prescription rates in Great Britain. Increase in the sensitivity of the elderly to drugs; Lack of doctors' training in geriatric prescribing; System of prescribing in hospitals and in general practice.

It has been suggested that opiate dependence may be regarded as a separate dimension independent of drug-related problems. A self-administered multiple choice questionnaire has been developed to assess the severity of opiate dependence. In the present study the questionnaire was administered to 107 British opiate addicts. Two factors emerged from an analysis of the structure. Various measures of validity were taken and these are reported and discussed. The relationship between these findings and the results obtained from a previous study of American addicts is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the identification of risk factors for coronary heart disease in general practice in Great Britain. Measurement of obesity, blood pressure of patients; Organization of lifestyle intervention clinic for patients identified with risk factors; Association of coronary heart disease with social class.

Comments on several medical issues and opinions in Great Britain. View of the British Medical Association regarding the legalization of euthanasia; Correlation between low back pain and cancer among young patients; Association between smoking and diabetic neuropathy.

Presents several letters on medical practices in Great Britain. Dosage of calcium chloride solutions; Increase in the mean plasma propranolol concentration in celiac and Crohn's diseases; Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Asian community.

Presents a correspondence related to medicine to the editors of the 'British Medical Journal' in Great Britain. Effectiveness of digoxin treatment; Aetiology of anencephaly and spina bifida; Side effects of anticoagulants.

Presents updates on medicine in Great Britain as of August 1975. Discussion on the treatment of head injuries; Information on the case of orphenadrine dependence; Details on the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.