1,096 results on '"LAW enforcement"'
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2. Government Spending across the World: How the United States Compares. National Issue Brief No. 144
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University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy, Ettlinger, Michael, Hensley, Jordan, and Vieira, Julia
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In this brief, authors Michael Ettlinger, Jordan Hensley, and Julia Vieira analyze how much the governments of different countries spend, and on what, to illuminate the range of fiscal policy options available and provide a basis for determining which approaches work best. They report that the United States ranks twenty-fourth in government spending as a share of GDP out of twenty-nine countries for which recent comparable data are available. The key determinant of where countries rank in overall government spending is the amount spent on social protection. The United States ranks last in spending on social protection as a share of GDP and twenty-second in per capita spending. The United States ranks at or near the top in military, health care, education, and law enforcement spending. Measuring government spending by different methods and including tax expenditures does not appear to significantly alter the conclusion that the United States is a low-tax, low-spending country relative to the other countries examined, particularly when compared to its fellow higher-income countries. [This paper is an evolution of a previous work, "Comparing Public Spending and Priorities Across OECD Countries" (ED606844).]
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- 2019
3. Iconoclasm, Monuments, Art: Stacy Boldrick Interviewed by Lily Jean
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Jean, Lily
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Stacy Boldrick is a Lecturer in Art Museum and Gallery Studies at the University of Leicester, where she conducts research in iconoclasm and its significance for social groups and institutions. She is the author of "Iconoclasm and the Museum" (Routledge, 2020). In 2013, she collaborated with Tabitha Barber to curate Art Under Attack: Histories of British Iconoclasm, an exhibition at Tate Britain. The present interview took place in the aftermath of George Floyd's murder and against the background of the ensuing worldwide anti-racism movement and protests when many debates on what should happen to monuments linked to the Confederacy, slavery and colonialism were put in the spotlight. The interview explores the historical and social consequences of iconoclasm, with a particular focus on the role of monuments within the current anti-racism movement. Lily Jean is studying Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick.
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- 2021
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4. Lost Voices Part 1: A Narrative Case Study of Two Young Men with Learning Disabilities Disclosing Experiences of Sexual, Emotional and Physical Abuse
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Digman, Carmel
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Two young men disclosed emotional, sexual and physical abuse while attending college and living with Shared Lives carers in the UK. This paper provides a narrative account of the period when the two men were exposed to the abuse, the disclosures, the investigation and the legal and safeguarding investigation outcomes. A second paper describes the therapeutic response and outcomes for the men. A review of the literature on abuse and learning disabilities highlights the difficulties in conducting research in this area. Authors find significant barriers exist to disclosing abuse and to being believed. Prosecutions are rare despite evidence that abuse may be widespread towards people with learning disabilities. This paper considers the narrative experience of the two young men, the barriers they faced to being heard and believed and how their personal accounts were discounted and eventually lost to the investigation. Lessons for practice are considered for learning disability mental health and social care professionals, education, police and legal services. Further research suggestions are made. [For Part 2, see EJ1294209.]
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- 2021
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5. Comparing Public Spending and Priorities Across OECD Countries
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Center for American Progress, Dewan, Sabina, and Ettlinger, Michael
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At the heart of progressivism is the belief that government--not big government, or small government, but effective government--has a critical role to play in ensuring the well being of its citizens. Public spending serves an important function in pursuing economic growth objectives while ensuring that gains are widely distributed to promote broad-based increases in living standards. But governments' relative fiscal positions, how much they spend, and the composition of that spending is likely to make a difference in achieving these objectives. Member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development--an international organization consisting primarily of developed, free-market economies--vary significantly in (1) their relative fiscal positions, or deficits and surpluses; (2) their amount of public spending; and (3) how they allocate spending across different categories to reflect priorities. This descriptive study examines how OECD countries have addressed the current economic situation through their fiscal balance sheets, and then goes on to consider similarities and differences in public spending across OECD countries through the prism of economic and social objectives. Countries are compared according to three relative measures of government spending: spending as a share of GDP, spending per capita, and spending by category as a percentage of total government expenditure.
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- 2009
6. Portugal's 2001 Drugs Liberalisation Policy: A UK Service Provider's Perspective on the Psychoactive Substances Act (2016)
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Banbury, Samantha, Lusher, Joanne, and Guedelha, Francisco
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The Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and the Psychoactive Substances Act (2016) both reinforce the criminalisation of drug use in the UK. The Psychoactive Substances Act (2016) has been developed to control and monitor the use of legal highs, particularly in institutions. This study aimed to establish drug service providers' viewpoints on how effective UK drug policies have been at curtailing criminal behaviours and whether existing policies should be aligned with the Portuguese drug liberalisation policy. A thematic analysis was conducted following semi-structured interviews with four UK based substance use service providers. Two superordinate themes emerged, (1) the need for change in UK drug policy including a clearer definition of the Psychoactive Substance Act (2016), and (2) an integrated systems approach to drug policy in line with the Portuguese liberalisation policy. This would curtail the criminalization of drug users, target those with substance misuse problems in the community and in prison and support an attuned systems approach to treatment.
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- 2018
7. Then and Now: Change for the Better?
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Commission for Racial Equality, London (England)., Clarke, Julian, and Speeden, Stuart
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This report investigates whether strategies employed by the United Kingdom's Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) have been effective in furthering racial equality. It examines the way that CRE strategies have responded to a range of changing conditions, and it looks at the value of this experience in shaping the CRE's future strategies. Section 1, "Racial Equality: A Changing Context," discusses immigration and race relations, Britain's ethnic minority population, and discrimination, disadvantage, and diversity. Section 2, "Combating Discrimination," highlights: 1977-84 (testing the law), 1985-93 (promoting equal opportunities), and 1993-00 (campaigning for equality). Section 3, "Good Race Relations: Conditions for Equality," discusses challenging racial harassment and majority prejudice, supporting representation and inclusion, and scrutinizing state activity. Section 4, "A New Regulatory Framework," examines pressures on government, the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000, implementation of the Act, and a new regulatory framework. Section 5, "Conclusions and Evaluation," notes that the CRE was key in developing awareness of racial discrimination and the need for continuing racial equality work, developing an awareness of a law enforcement approach to racial equality, and developing multiple strategies that go beyond law enforcement. (Contains 33 references.) (SM)
- Published
- 2001
8. Intelligence Studies, Universities and Security
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Glees, Anthony
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This article offers a critical assessment of academic intelligence studies in higher education. It argues that universities (and academics) should value this subject far more highly than they currently do. Doing so will enhance better public understanding of an increasingly important and unique device in modern governance. It will also improve the quality of intelligence activity by raising awareness of both good and bad practice, encourage lawfulness by means of public understanding and so defending a vital public service from ill-informed attacks in today's conflicted world. This, rather than training potential officers, should be the primary purpose of intelligence studies.
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- 2015
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9. Balancing Autonomy Rights and Protection: Children's Involvement in a Child Safety Online Project
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Ost, Suzanne
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Researchers who involve children in their research are faced with the challenge of choosing between differing theoretical approaches which can prioritise children's autonomy rights or their "vulnerability" and their need to be protected. Somewhat confusingly, ethical guidelines seem to reflect a combination of these approaches. Even when researchers have settled on their preferred approach, they may find that this then has to be modified in accordance with gatekeeper requirements. In the context of children's involvement in a child safety online project, this paper highlights the difficulties encountered because of a tension between children's autonomy rights, educational norms in a school setting and child protection concerns and considers whether an appropriate balance was achieved. (Contains 5 notes.)
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- 2013
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10. Statistics in the Speed Cameras Debate
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Girard, Jean Claude
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This article illustrates how statistical arguments can be used to influence public policy... for better or for worse. Road safety has improved in a signi?cant way since the 1970s in developed countries. If road casualties and number of killed have decreased, there are many reasons for this, including improvement in roads, building of motorways, better active security in vehicles (crumple zone, seat belts, airbags, improved brake systems etc.), reduced speed limits, anti-- drinking campaigns, and, maybe, an increasing awareness of drivers about the risks of driving. The European Commission (EC) has launched a program for improving road safety over the years 2011-2020 (EC 2010). It takes all these points into account but does not mention speed cameras. (Contains 7 figures.)
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- 2013
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11. Parenting Interventions for Male Young Offenders: A Review of the Evidence on What Works
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Buston, K., Parkes, A., Thomson, H., Wight, D., and Fenton, C.
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Approximately one in four incarcerated male young offenders in the UK is an actual or expectant father. This paper reviews evidence on the effectiveness of parenting interventions for male young offenders. We conducted systematic searches across 20 databases and consulted experts. Twelve relevant evaluations were identified: 10 from the UK, of programmes for incarcerated young offenders, and two from the US, of programmes for young parolees. None used experimental methods or included a comparison group. They suggest that participants like the courses, find them useful, and the interventions may improve knowledge about, and attitudes to, parenting. Future interventions should incorporate elements of promising parenting interventions with young fathers in the community, for example, and/or with older incarcerated parents. Young offender fathers have specific developmental, rehabilitative, and contextual needs. Future evaluations should collect longer-term behavioural parent and child outcome data and should use comparison groups and, ideally, randomization. (Contains 3 tables.)
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- 2012
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12. Sexual Assault of Older Women by Strangers
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Lea, Susan J., Hunt, Laura, and Shaw, Steve
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This study examines victim, offender, and offence characteristics associated with sexual assaults by strangers of older women compared to those against younger women. Cases are obtained from the Serious Crime Analysis Section of the United Kingdom National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA; formerly Centrex). All possible cases of rape, attempted rape, and lesser sexual assault involving a single female victim aged 60 or older are selected (n = 53). These are matched with a sample of sexual assaults against women aged between 20 to 45 years (n = 53). Research findings reveal significant differences in relation to a number of variables, including ethnicity of the offender, number of previous convictions of the offender, and characteristics associated with the assault itself. The results of this research reveal new information about violent sexual assaults on older women by strangers and have implications for practitioners dealing with such cases. (Contains 2 notes.)
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- 2011
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13. Using Digital Logs to Reduce Academic Misdemeanour by Students in Digital Forensic Assessments
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Lallie, Harjinder Singh, Lawson, Phillip, and Day, David J.
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Identifying academic misdemeanours and actual applied effort in student assessments involving practical work can be problematic. For instance, it can be difficult to assess the actual effort that a student applied, the sequence and method applied, and whether there was any form of collusion or collaboration. In this paper we propose a system of using digital logs generated by selected software tools (such as FTK-Forensic Toolkit and EnCase) for the purpose of identifying the effort and sequence of events that students followed to complete their learning activities (say, arriving at conclusions relating to an assessment question) and, thereby, determining whether it is likely that an academic misdemeanour may have occurred. The paper elaborates on an assessment exercise conducted with a cohort of 67 students in a specific class of disciplinary learning, highlighting the process that students have to follow, and then proceeds to show in some details how selected logging facilities can be used to provide evidence that students may have committed an academic misdemeanour. (Contains 7 figures.)
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- 2011
14. UK Schools, CCTV and the Data Protection Act 1998
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Taylor, Emmeline
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The use of CCTV in schools is now commonplace in the UK. It is estimated that 85% of all UK secondary schools currently have CCTV systems in operation. The introduction of the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) (enacted in March 2000) meant that for the first time CCTV had direct legislation governing its use in the UK. This paper attempts to apply the decree to the widespread introduction of CCTV technology in schools and argues that the various elements of statute are impractical or inappropriate to educational institutions. The ill-defined and vague legislation presented in the DPA 1998 provides very little protection to the data subjects in schools (mainly pupils and teachers). In addition, the ubiquity of CCTV in schools in the UK far surpasses the enforcement capabilities and resources of the Information Commissioner's Office and as such any contravention of the scant provisions of the Act is likely to go unidentified and under-enforced. In consideration of the DPA, the paper elucidates numerous examples to suggest that a large number of schools are in contravention of the law. The paper outlines the need for bespoke policy to govern and regulate the use of CCTV in schools. Whilst the paper focuses on the case of the UK, it speaks to an international audience in concluding that the use of CCTV and surveillance technologies in schools requires greater scrutiny and regulation. (Contains 1 table and 16 notes.)
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- 2011
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15. Student Resistance to the Surveillance Curriculum
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Hope, Andrew
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The growth of surveillance in UK schools in recent years has resulted in the development of what can be labelled as the surveillance curriculum. Operating through the overt and hidden curricula, contemporary surveillance practices and technologies not only engage students in a discourse of control, but also increasingly socialise them into a "culture of observation" in which they learn to watch and be watched, accepting unremitting monitoring as a norm. This paper examines how the surveillance curriculum operates through observation, discourse and simulation, before drawing upon elements of Gary Marx's typology of resistance to consider student responses to new surveillance technologies, such as CCTV and Internet monitoring devices. It is concluded that although the surveillance curriculum seeks to control, it also provides a space within which students can forge their own identities through playful resistance, (re)configuring the "algebra of surveillance".
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- 2010
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16. Child Protection and Self-Regulation in the Internet Industry: The UK Experience
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Carr, John and Hilton, Zoe
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In the United Kingdom (UK), the number of convictions for offences related to child abuse images fell back following the police investigation dubbed "Operation Ore", but have still continued at levels unimaginable only 10 years ago. However, while government and the internet industry deserve credit for the steps they have taken to reduce the traffic in child abuse images online in the UK, the fact that a number of Internet Service Providers appear to be reluctant to act to block access to it calls into question the effectiveness of the self-regulatory principle: the idea which has been central to the UK's overall approach to internet policy since 1996.
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- 2009
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17. 'International Criminalisation and Child Welfare Protection': The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child
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Buck, Trevor
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The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography has two overall aims: (i) to strengthen international criminalisation and (ii) to provide welfare protection for child victims. This article reviews the context of the Protocol including the work of the Special Rapporteur. It examines reservations and declarations made by states upon ratification and provides a preliminary analysis of country reports to the Committee on the Rights of the Child. It concludes that while the Protocol may have assisted in the process of international criminalisation, its implementation appears to have had a weaker impact on the protection of child victims.
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- 2008
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18. Wikisurveillance: A Genealogy of Cooperative Watching in the West
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Arntfield, Mike
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This article interrogates the relationship between technology and law enforcement and how changing police surveillance techniques have influenced Western expectations of privacy from the mid-19th century to the present. By examining the evolution of telecommunications devices in particular, the author identifies a diffuse and publicly inclusive system of collaborative data mining maintained by private citizens--a culture of wikisurveillance--as being a technologically determined consequence of police reforms made in 1829 Britain. From the now extinct police signal box to modern AMBER alerts, technology allows the police to be divested of their public presence as mechanical surveillance responsibilities are willingly usurped by private enterprise and largely unaccountable civilians who collectively coauthor and codify the occidental discourse on privacy. As public and private spaces alike become increasingly subject to internal, unregulated monitoring that mimics the police methodology, this article explores the origins of our present zeitgeist of mediated voyeurism.
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- 2008
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19. Sexual Reconviction Rates in the United Kingdom and Actuarial Risk Estimates
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Craig, Leam A., Browne, Kevin D., Stringer, Ian, and Hogue, Todd E.
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Objective: Assessing the risk of further offending behavior by adult sexual perpetrators of children is highly relevant and important to professionals involved in child protection. Recent progress in assessing risk in sexual offenders has established the validity of actuarial measures, although there continues to be some debate about the application of these instruments. This paper summarizes the debate between clinical and actuarial approaches and reviews the ''base rate'' for United Kingdom sexual offense reconviction. Method: A review of the literature revealed 16 UK sexual reconviction studies, 8 using incarcerated samples (N=5,915) and 8 using non-incarcerated samples (N=1,274). UK estimates of sexual reconviction rates are compared with European and North American studies. Results: The mean sexual reconviction rates for the incarcerated sample at 2 years (6.0%), 4 years (7.8%) and 6 years or more (19.5%) were higher than that of the comparative non-incarcerated sample at 2 years (5.7%), up to 4 years (5.9%), and 6 years or more (15.5%). The overall sexual reconviction rate for both samples combined was 5.8% at 2 years, and 17.5% at 6 years or more. Conclusions: The sexual reconviction rate for incarcerated sexual offenders is higher than that of non-incarcerated sexual offenders. The UK sexual reconviction rates were comparable with European and North American studies.
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- 2008
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20. Lightening Can Strike Twice: The Case for the Management and Control of Violent Offenders against Children in Northern Ireland
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Glasgow, John F. T., Jackson, Paul T., Kelly, Margaret, and Reid, Colin
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This paper uses a case example to illustrate the need for robust arrangements manage violent offenders against children in Northern Ireland. It compares the legislative and policy framework used to deal with such offenders in England and Wales, demonstrating the more limited provisions in Northern Ireland. Within Northern Ireland, differing frameworks are used to monitor and manage sexual offenders and non-sexual violent offenders. Experience from the management of sexual offenders has shown that preventative orders are essential to ensure compliance with notification requirements, and in a few cases to restrict, moderate and track the movement and activities of those deemed to pose a high risk. It is our contention that similar preventative orders and notification provisions are overdue in respect of those who pose a risk of serious or repetitive violence to children. Conclusions are drawn and a series of recommendations provided on the necessary legislative and policy changes to help protect children from violent abuse.
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- 2007
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21. Adolescent Drug Trafficking Trends in the United Kingdom--A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis
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Vale, Ellen Louise Eva and Kennedy, Patrick John
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This paper reports data from HM Customs and Excise (HMCE) of recorded cases of adolescent drug trafficking through all sea and air points of entry into the UK over a 10-year period (May 1992-May 2002). We report the characteristics of 38 cases of mixed gender and nationality ranging in age between 13 and 18 years who have been apprehended by HMCE due to the illegal importation of drugs. Highlighted is an increasing trend in UK national male and female adolescents being apprehended for drug trafficking. Of particular note is the observation that more young adolescent females were apprehended importing large consignments of Class A substances than their male counterparts.
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- 2004
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22. Unequivocal Acceptance--Lessons from the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry for Education.
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Richardson, Robin
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Explores the question of "institutional racism" in England in the context of the Stephen Lawrence murder investigation and considers the implications of the racist charges leveled at the police after this investigation for the educational system. Calls for attention to institutional racism in the British schools. (SLD)
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- 1999
23. Emerging Victims in Contemporary Drugs Policing.
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Marshall, Hannah, Bacon, Matthew, and Spicer, Jack
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DRUG traffic , *LAW enforcement , *DRUG addiction , *VICTIMS - Abstract
Recent shifts in UK policy have seen certain populations, who were predominantly viewed as offenders due to their involvement in drug offences, increasingly recognized as victims of exploitation. Drawing on qualitative data from three studies, this article interrogates how this trend is playing out within contemporary drugs policing, focussing on officers' responses to people affected by: drug addiction, child criminal exploitation and 'cuckooing'. It examines the tensions that arise as these three categories of emergent drug victims conflict with officers' normative expectations of victimhood, perceptions of their role as police and existing operational strategies. It also reveals officers' attempts to (re)gain ontological security by policing the boundaries of victimhood and re-focussing on new categories of offender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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24. From Parking Tickets to the Pandemic: Fixed Penalty Notices, Inequity and the Regulation of Everyday Behaviours.
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Murray, Kath, McVie, Susan, Matthews, Ben, and Gorton, Victoria
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COVID-19 pandemic , *INTERNATIONAL sanctions , *EQUALITY , *LAW enforcement - Abstract
Since the 1960s, Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs) have become a widely used sanction in the United Kingdom, used to deal with various low-level offences. More recently, the sanction came to prominence as the mechanism chosen to enforce the Coronavirus Health Regulations. This article critically examines the decision to employ FPNs in this context, and the implications in respect of inequality and inequity. We show that the decision was at odds with contemporaneous policing trends, and, drawing on new research evidence, argue that the Regulations stretched FPNs beyond their intended use, creating inequalities in enforcement and inequitable punishment effects. Our findings raise policy questions about the impact of the Health Regulations and what actions should be taken in the event of future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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25. UK–EU law enforcement cooperation post-Brexit: A UK law enforcement practitioner perspective.
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Shellaker, Matthew, Tong, Stephen, and Swallow, Paul
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ORGANIZED crime , *LAW enforcement , *POLICE , *BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 , *COOPERATION , *BREXIT Referendum, 2016 - Abstract
Law enforcement cooperation between the United Kingdom and the European Union has experienced substantial change. The practice and impact of police cooperation are aligned with various formal and informal arrangements previously based on a European framework, policy, legislation and process. Following Brexit, the United Kingdom became detached from some of these arrangements. Opposing sides of the Brexit debate argued that the implications of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union would result in outcomes ranging from improved police cooperation to fundamental damage to law enforcement combating cross-border and organised crime. While it is acknowledged that more change will occur in the policy and legislative framework that governs police cooperation between the United Kingdom and the European Union, this article explores the current situation from the perspective of interview accounts from police practitioners (n = 14) and academics (n = 3) working in the field. This article applied 'nodes of governance' to police cooperation between the United Kingdom and European Union. This article demonstrates a range of issues that have impeded the ability of the United Kingdom to work with its former partners. At the same time, good police relations remain, and informal police cooperation continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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26. Classifying missing persons cases: an analysis of police risk assessments using multi-dimensional scaling.
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Halford, Eric
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL scaling , *MISSING persons , *RISK assessment , *POLICE services , *LAW enforcement - Abstract
Missing persons cases present a complex challenge for law enforcement globally and require a nuanced understanding of their typologies. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of cases from the United Kingdom, from within a single police service, focusing on the alignment of police missing person risk assessment (RA) factors with existing typologies. Utilizing data exclusively from nearly 5000 police RAs, the study undertakes a multi-stage analysis, examining RA factors for congruence with established typologies and exploring data subsets based on gender, case outcomes, and risk gradings. Using Jaccard's similarity coefficient and smallest space analysis (SSA), the study interprets and visualizes the cases to explore relationships. Results are reported using visual and descriptive statistics. Key findings include confirmation of alignment to existing typologies and research that has identified 'unintentional – accidental/drift' as the dominant missing person typology, identifying it in 65% of the cases. Notably, the typology was also the dominant theme in 45% of the cases resulting in a harmful outcome and 42% graded as high-risk. Categorical nuances are identified within subsets, with 47% of long-term missing and 63% involving men relating to the intentional – dysfunctional typology. 31% of the cases involving females, and 30% and 45% of the cases graded as medium and no apparent risk, respectively, were dominated by the 'intentional – escape' typology. We discuss how these findings can be used to improve the police RA process and guide initial risk grading and case prioritization enhancing the understanding and response to missing person cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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27. ' Holding onto trauma? ' The prevalence and predictors of PTSD, anxiety and depression in police officers working with child abuse, rape and sexual exploitation victims.
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Foley, Jim, Jones, Fergal, Hassett, Alex, and Williams, Emma
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CHILD abuse ,POLICE ,RAPE ,DISEASE prevalence ,SEX crimes ,LAW enforcement ,POLICEWOMEN - Abstract
Research into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in police officers is limited, with the majority of research predominately conducted outside the UK, and no study quantitatively examining the role of social support in relation to the mental health of UK police officers working with victims of trauma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of PTSD and CMD in UK police officers who investigate rape, sexual exploitation and child abuse, along with the potential protective role of social support. Participants were police officers (n = 353) within one police area, who completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and social support. Results showed that 23% of officers had potentially clinical levels of PTSD, 26% had moderate to severe levels of anxiety and 35% had moderate to severe levels of depression. Female officers, those of constable rank, those working with victims of child abuse, and those with lowest levels of social support had poorer mental health. There was tentative evidence that social support statistically moderated the relationship between tenure and depression. These findings suggest the need for bespoke help for the sub-group of officers experiencing mental health problems and for further research into the potential protective role of social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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28. Awareness of medical cannabis regulations among UK police officers – a cross-sectional study.
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Erridge, Simon, Wang, Claire, Troup, Lucy, and Sodergren, Mikael H
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MEDICAL marijuana ,CROSS-sectional method ,CAPACITY (Law) ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,PROFESSIONS ,THEMATIC analysis ,DRUG laws ,POLICE ,DATA analysis software ,GOVERNMENT regulation - Abstract
Cannabis-based products for medicinal use were rescheduled in the UK in November 2018. The primary outcomes of this cross-sectional survey were to assess awareness of legislation governing these products among UK police officers and whether they had received appropriate training. 200 police officers completed the survey, and 57 (28.5%) respondents did not know these products were legal on prescription in the UK. 177 (88.5%) police officers believed they would benefit from more training on them and how to identify legal medical cannabis patients. Education on the legalities of cannabis-based products for medicinal use and why they are prescribed is necessary to improve knowledge among police officers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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29. Law enforcement, social demands and reputation risks as drivers of compliance functions: a comparative analysis of the largest banks' disclosures in the UK and Brazil.
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de Souza, Myrna Calmon Santos and de Souza, Rodrigo Silva
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LAW enforcement ,REPUTATIONAL risk ,BANKING industry ,DISCLOSURE ,DRIVERS' licenses ,COMMERCIAL crimes ,BRIBERY ,INTERNATIONAL crimes - Abstract
Given the recent recurring cases of financial crime worldwide, national and international regulators have enacted new regulatory instruments intended to prevent or inhibit unlawful acts by banks and their representatives. These stricter regulations regarding the operations of financial institutions have reinforced the importance of best practices and the role of compliance within banks. Nonetheless, regulations regarding compliance structures and functions are not yet mandatory and give great flexibility to banks to define how they will set their compliance programmes. This research aims to understand how compliance functions have been implemented in the two largest banks in the UK and Brazil as a governance mechanism to fight financial crimes such as bribery and corruption. Document analyses of websites and financial reports of these banks examine disclosures provided by these corporations and shed light on the main drivers influencing their transparency regarding compliance functions, roles and responsibilities and their connections to the bank's operations and profitability goals. This research demonstrates that the implementation and enhancement of compliance functions in UK and Brazilian banks are driven by attempts to respond to regulatory requirements, social demands and as a reputational risk instrument, reflecting different levels of development in each institution. The maturity of these disclosures demonstrates that Brazilian banks present a more reactive attitude, justifying their investments in compliance according to minimum law requirements, while banks in the UK tend to have a more proactive perspective on their compliance initiatives, reinforcing their importance for the bank's competitive advantage and long-term continuity beyond regulatory compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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30. Innovations in Environmental Governance: The Significance of the British Office for Environmental Protection.
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Macrory, Richard
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ENVIRONMENTAL protection , *STATE power , *ENVIRONMENTAL law , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *LAW enforcement - Abstract
The British Office for Environmental Protection was established in 2021 following the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union. It is the most recent of just a handful of independent environmental watchdog bodies established in global jurisdictions to date, and has a broad range of powers. These include the evaluation of government policy, advice to government on new environmental law, reviewing the implementation of environmental law, and enforcement powers against government and other public bodies for breaches of environmental duties. The need for such bodies in the environmental field is important, and the Office for Environmental Protection may provide a useful model for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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31. Organised Crime and the ecosystems of sexual exploitation in the United Kingdom: How supply and demand generate sexual exploitation and protection from prosecution.
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Hopkins, Matt, Keighley, Rachel, and Sanders, Teela
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ORGANIZED crime , *SEX crimes , *HUMAN trafficking , *SUPPLY & demand , *LAW enforcement , *PROSECUTION , *GRAVE goods - Abstract
Thinking about organised crime as an ecosystem is not only novel but also offers much potential to add to the theoretical and policy-based literature in this area. While organised crime is often analysed as relationships between criminal groups and consumers of illicit goods/services, little work has analysed specific forms of organised crime activities as ecosystems where different constituent parts are dependent upon each other for the crime activity to occur. This paper analyses the organisation of sexual exploitation by entrepreneurial organised crime groups selling sex in the United Kingdom. Based upon 30 interviews with 23 law enforcement forces in England and Wales and five interviews with Adult Service Website Operators; it identifies how an ecosystem is built that ensures (a) profit generation and (b) avoidance of legal prosecution. Our analysis not only illustrates how a market 'supply' and 'demand' ecosystem is generated through mutually convenient 'organiser', 'marketer' and 'buyer' relationships, but also how the roles of these actors ensure sexual exploitation continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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32. Triumphs and trials with the UK abortion law: The power of collaboration in abortion reform.
- Author
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Lord, Jonathan and Regan, Lesley
- Subjects
- *
ABORTION laws , *ABORTION , *ABORTIFACIENTS , *LIFE sentences , *MEDICAL laws , *ABORTION clinics - Abstract
The UK is usually viewed as having liberal abortion regulations, providing good access to abortion care within a publicly funded health service. However, the underlying laws are authoritarian, dating from an era when public executions drew large crowds and 67 years before women were able to vote. Abortion is only legal when two doctors certify it meets the permitted grounds, and the penalty for self‐managed abortion is up to life imprisonment for both the woman and any accomplice. These laws had prevented the use of mifepristone and misoprostol at home. Changes to the regulations for misoprostol in 2018 and mifepristone in 2020 permitted home use, but the government announced they were rescinding the approval for mifepristone in 2022. This article discusses how, despite the opposition of government, significant progressive changes to the abortion laws were achieved. Early medical abortion at home is now protected in law, and safe access zones protect patients and staff from harassment and intimidation from protesters. Despite this progress, increasing numbers of women are facing criminal investigation and face long prison sentences if convicted. The need for decriminalization and for abortion care to be regulated like all other health care is the next pressing issue. Synopsis: How the most progressive changes to abortion laws in 50 years in the UK were won, and why decriminalization is now an urgent priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Does darkness increase the risk of certain types of crime? A registered report protocol.
- Author
-
Uttley, Jim, Canwell, Rosie, Smith, Jamie, Falconer, Sarah, Mao, Yichong, and Fotios, Steve A.
- Subjects
- *
CRIME , *DAYLIGHT , *STREET lighting , *ODDS ratio , *LAW enforcement - Abstract
Evidence about the relationship between lighting and crime is mixed. Although a review of evidence found that improved road / street lighting was associated with reductions in crime, these reductions occurred in daylight as well as after dark, suggesting any effect was not due only to changes in visual conditions. One limitation of previous studies is that crime data are reported in aggregate and thus previous analyses were required to make simplifications concerning types of crimes or locations. We will overcome that by working with a UK police force to access records of individual crimes. We will use these data to determine whether the risk of crime at a specific time of day is greater after dark than during daylight. If no difference is found, this would suggest improvements to visual conditions after dark through lighting would have no effect. If however the risk of crime occurring after dark was greater than during daylight, quantifying this effect would provide a measure to assess the potential effectiveness of lighting in reducing crime risk after dark. We will use a case and control approach to analyse ten years of crime data. We will compare counts of crimes in 'case' hours, that are in daylight and darkness at different times of the year, and 'control' hours, that are in daylight throughout the year. From these counts we will calculate odds ratios as a measure of the effect of darkness on risk of crime, using these to answer three questions: 1) Is the risk of overall crime occurring greater after dark than during daylight? 2) Does the risk of crime occurring after dark vary depending on the category of crime? 3) Does the risk of crime occurring after dark vary depending on the geographical area? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Mechanisms for Ensuring Transparency and Accountability of Police Operations: A Comparative Study.
- Author
-
Kamyshanskyi, Oleksii
- Subjects
POLICE accountability ,LAW enforcement agencies ,COMMUNITY policing ,ORGANIZATIONAL transparency ,LAW enforcement ,COMPARATIVE method ,POLICE attitudes - Abstract
The article aims to conduct a comparative analysis of approaches to the definition and implementation of mechanisms for ensuring transparency and accountability in police operations and to identify best practices. The research used the comparative analysis method, the formal-legal method, and the content analysis method. It was established that principal mechanisms of ensuring transparency in police operations involve providing open access to information through digital channels available to the public; ensuring public participation and control over police activities; implementing interaction with mass media. The principal approach to ensuring the accountability of police operations is the evaluation of police activity. The work proved that enhancing transparency and accountability can be achieved through various mechanisms, including implementing a top-notch electronic platform for citizens, as demonstrated by the UK police website. Adopting the concept of community policing is another effective strategy to promote these principles, as well as utilising social networks for interaction with citizens and carrying out qualitative and quantitative evaluations of police work, such as police effectiveness, efficiency, and legitimacy assessments. The findings of this study have the potential to provide valuable insights for law enforcement agencies in Ukraine and other countries by facilitating the integration of successful practices into their policing operations etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Understanding cybercrime in 'real world' policing and law enforcement.
- Author
-
Curtis, Joanna and Oxburgh, Gavin
- Subjects
LAW enforcement ,POLICE ,GOVERNMENT report writing ,RESEARCH personnel ,CRIME ,COMPUTER crimes - Abstract
Cybercrime is a growing issue, still not fully understood by researchers or policing/law enforcement communities. UK Government reports assert that victims of cybercrime were unlikely to report crimes immediately due to the perception that police were ill-equipped to deal with these offences. Additionally, these reports identify policing issues including a lack of cybercrime knowledge. This paper reviews current research, providing a comprehensive account of cybercrime and addressing issues in policing such offences. We achieve this by describing the technological, individual, social and situational landscapes conducive to cybercrime, and how this knowledge may inform strategies to overcome current issues in investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. THE GROWING COMPLEXITY OF A HUMAN RIGHT TO ASSEMBLE AND PROTEST PEACEFULLY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
- Author
-
Feldman, David
- Subjects
- *
LAW enforcement , *POLICE , *PUBLIC demonstrations , *HUMAN rights ,EUROPEAN Convention on Human Rights - Abstract
Policing demonstrations is difficult, and prosecuting people for public order offences arising from protests may risk closing down some channels for democratic engagement. In the United Kingdom, delicate judgements by police, prosecutors and courts have become still more complex as a result of the domestic application, under the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK), of the rights to freedom of expression and of peaceful assembly under the European Convention on Human Rights. When is it permissible to interfere with those rights in order to protect other interests and rights? When is it necessary to strike a balance between them, and who is responsible for doing so? What are the limits of the responsibilities of the police, prosecutors and judges or juries respectively to make judgements about the appropriate balance, and when may a defendant be allowed to say, in answer to a criminal charge, that criminal legislation should be read and given effect in such a way as to respect the defendant's right to freedom of expression or peaceful assembly so as to entitle the defendant to be acquitted? This article examines developments in policing and prosecutorial practice and in case law responding to those issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. An evaluation of customer due diligence and related anti-money laundering measures in the United Kingdom.
- Author
-
Chitimira, Howard and Munedzi, Sharon
- Subjects
MONEY laundering ,LAW enforcement ,FINANCIAL institutions ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
Purpose: Customer due diligence measures that are employed in the United Kingdom (UK) to detect and combat money laundering are discussed. The UK adopted a progressive regulatory and enforcement framework to combat money laundering which relies, inter alia, on the use of customer due diligence measures to regulate and curb the occurrence of money laundering activities in its financial institutions and financial markets. However, other regulatory measures that could have contributed to the effective combating money laundering in the UK will not be explored in detail since the article is focused on the reliance and use of customer due diligence measures to curb money laundering activities. Accordingly, the strength, flaws and weaknesses of the UK anti-money laundering regulatory and enforcement framework are examined. Lastly, possible recommendations to address such flaws and weaknesses are provided. Design/methodology/approach: The paper discusses customer due diligence measures that are used in the UK to detect and combat money laundering. Findings: It is hoped that policymakers and other relevant persons will use the recommendations provided in the paper to enhance the curbing of money laundering in the UK. Research limitations/implications: The paper does not provide empirical research. Practical implications: The study is useful to all policymakers, lawyers, law students and regulatory bodies in the UK. Social implications: The study seeks to curb money laundering in the UK society globally. Originality/value: The study is original research on the use of customer due diligence measures to detect and combat money laundering in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Covid-19 and child criminal exploitation in the UK: implications of the pandemic for county lines.
- Author
-
Brewster, Ben, Robinson, Grace, Silverman, Bernard W., and Walsh, Dave
- Subjects
- *
JUVENILE offenders , *COVID-19 pandemic , *YOUNG adults , *COVID-19 , *TELECOMMUTING , *CHILD trafficking , *CRIMINAL behavior - Abstract
In March 2020, the UK was placed in lockdown following the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Just as legitimate workplaces made changes to enable their employees to work from home, the illicit drugs trade also made alternative arrangements, adapting its supply models to ensure continuity of operations. Based upon qualitative interviews with 46 practitioners, this paper assesses how front-line professionals have experienced and perceived the impact of Covid-19 on child criminal exploitation and County Lines drug supply in the UK. Throughout the paper, we highlight perceived adaptations to the County Lines supply model, the impact of lockdown restrictions on detection and law enforcement activities aimed at County Lines, and on efforts to safeguard children and young people from criminal exploitation. Our participants generally believed that the pandemic had induced shifts to County Lines that reflected an ongoing evolution of the drug supply model and changes in understanding or attention because of Covid-19 restrictions, rather than a complete reconstitution of the model itself. Practitioners perceived that Covid-19 has had, and continues to have, a significant impact on some young people's vulnerability to exploitation, on the way in which police and frontline practitioners respond to County Lines and child criminal exploitation, and on the way illegal drugs are being moved and sold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. What Makes a Terrorist? Muslims' and non-Muslims' Lay Perceptions of Risk Factors and Their Consequences for Counterterrorism Policy Support.
- Author
-
Kunst, Jonas R., Obaidi, Milan, Coenen, Ann-Cathrin, Vasseljen, Vilde D., and Gill, Paul
- Subjects
RISK perception ,COUNTERTERRORISM ,ADVERSE childhood experiences ,TERRORISTS ,MUSLIMS ,LAW enforcement - Abstract
The question of why people become terrorists has preoccupied scholars and policy makers for decades. Yet, very little is known about how lay people perceive individuals at risk of becoming terrorists. In two studies conducted in the U.K., we aimed to fill this gap. Study 1 showed that Muslims and non-Muslims perceived a potential minority-group terrorist in terms of both structural (e.g., life-history, social) and individual risk factors (e.g., personality, psychopathology, ideology). In Study 2, Muslims and non-Muslims perceived a potential right-wing majority-group terrorist as having more individual predispositions to terrorism than a potential left-wing majority-group terrorist. Importantly, in both studies, individualist perceptions such as psychopathology were positively associated with support for stricter law enforcement, whereas structuralist perceptions such as adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with support for social interventions. Lay people seem to have multifactorial understandings of individuals at risk of becoming terrorists, which influence their counterterrorism policy support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Can "Nudge" Salvage Community Policing against Terrorism?
- Author
-
Li, Enshen
- Subjects
COMMUNITY policing ,MUSLIMS ,NUDGE theory ,LAW enforcement ,COUNTERTERRORISM laws ,DOMESTIC terrorism ,TERRORISM - Abstract
Since the mid-2000s, the fear of "homegrown" terrorism in most developed democracies has prodded police to partner with local Muslim communities as a proactive and preventive approach to Islamic extremism. However, despite practical variations, this model of counterterrorism community policing ("CTCP") has faced a comparable challenge—the lack of legal and moral legitimacy within counterterrorism law enforcement which erodes Muslim communities' trust and confidence in policing. Drawing on common critiques of CTCP in the U.S., the U.K. and Australia, this article aims to proffer a behavioral-economics view to promote intended goals of CTCP. Borrowing the ideas of Nudge Theory, my discussion suggests that community engagement within CTCP could be stimulated more effectively through a subtle process of trust building whereby residents are coaxed toward cooperation through indirect encouragement, assistance and facilitation. Through a case study of CTCP in Muslim communities, it is argued that nudge entails the refrainment of the political and media narrative from conflating Islamist ideology with the prime source of domestic terrorist danger. At the grassroots level, the nudge-oriented CTCP is contingent upon community representatives taking on a more active and forefront role in CTCP with police reducing their visibility to only facilitate in the background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Law enforcement spillover effects in the financial sector.
- Author
-
Agarwal, Shivam and B. Muckley, Cal
- Subjects
LAW enforcement ,FINANCIAL market reaction ,INDUSTRY classification ,ABNORMAL returns - Abstract
Recipient firms but also comparable peer firms exhibit a sizeable negative capital market reaction to United Kingdom's regulatory enforcement actions. This result is invariant to the identification of peer firms as belonging to the same industry classification or as having comparable propensity scores to attract a sanction. Indiscriminate regulatory contagion, however, is ruled out. As per expectation, enforcement actions which pierce the 'corporate veil', that is, target an individual within a firm, are related to no significant firm‐level market reactions. These findings, in the financial sector, indicate that sanctions are associated with a material spillover effect consistent with informed regulatory contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Black Resistance to British Policing.
- Author
-
Thompson, Vanessa E.
- Subjects
BRITISH colonies ,POLICE ,LAW enforcement ,POLICE brutality ,ANTI-imperialist movements ,EUROPEAN history - Abstract
Copyright of Kriminologisches Journal is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
43. The postcode lottery of safety: COVID-19 guidance and shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) for UK police officers.
- Author
-
De Camargo, Camilla
- Subjects
PERSONAL protective equipment ,POLICE ,COVID-19 ,HEALTH literacy ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LAW enforcement - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant changes to police working practices involving the enhanced wearing of personal protective equipment (PPE), and ways of working inside and outside of police stations. The safety guidance released by the various government agencies has been conflicting, confusing and unhelpfully flexible, and there are significant discrepancies between some of the 43 forces of England and Wales. This article draws on primary interview data with 18 police officers from 11 UK police forces to explore the problems that officers faced in accessing appropriate PPE and the difficulties in obtaining and understanding accurate coronavirus health and safety information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. U.K. Denies Extradition of Brazilian Citizen Due to Human Rights Concerns.
- Author
-
Lopez, Marco Stewart
- Subjects
EXTRADITION ,LAW enforcement ,MAGISTRATES & magistrates' courts - Abstract
A Brazilian citizen, Nicolas Gomes De Brito, has been denied extradition from the United Kingdom due to concerns about potential human rights violations. Brito, who is on Interpol's wanted list for the murder of William Pereira de Paiva, argued that he would face inhumane treatment and violence in Brazilian prisons, particularly due to his sexual orientation. The decision by District Judge Briony Josephine Clarke highlights the evolving relationship between extradition law, human rights standards, and protections against discrimination. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring extradition does not lead to human rights violations and the need for countries to address concerns within their penal systems. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
45. Inside the shadows: a survey of UK human source intelligence (HUMINT) practitioners, examining their considerations when handling a covert human intelligence source (CHIS).
- Author
-
Moffett, Lee, Oxburgh, Gavin E., Dresser, Paul, Watson, Steven J., and Gabbert, Fiona
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN intelligence (Intelligence service) , *EVIDENCE-based law enforcement , *LAW enforcement agencies , *PERSONALITY , *LIE detectors & detection ,SNOWBALL sampling - Abstract
Law enforcement agencies in the UK are embracing evidence-based policing and recognise the importance of human source intelligence (HUMINT) in the decision-making process. A review of the literature identified six categories likely to impact the handling of a covert human intelligence source (CHIS) or an informant: (a) handler personality traits; (b) informant motivation; (c) rapport; (d) gaining cooperation; (e) obtaining information, and (f) detecting deception. This study sought to identify which of these categories current HUMINT practitioners considered the most when planning and conducting a meeting with an informant. A bespoke online survey was designed and disseminated to 34 practitioners using purposive and snowball sampling. Directed content analysis and thematic content analysis were conducted. Results indicate that practitioners appear most concerned with gaining co-operation (d) and detecting deception (f). Results also found an inter-connectivity between the six categories, with informant handlers often having to balance competing requirements. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A systematic review of the United Kingdom's contact child sexual exploitation perpetrator literature: Pointing a way forward for future research and practice.
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN sexuality , *LAW enforcement , *DATA recorders & recording , *CRIMINAL convictions , *LITERATURE , *META-analysis , *CRIME - Abstract
Until recently, empirical evidence exploring Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) has been scarce, particularly in relation to contact exploitation, where the convicted perpetrator seeks direct physical (offline) contact as opposed to solely targeting the victim online. This article presents a systematic review of the UK's contact CSE perpetrator literature, searching from 2009 to the present day to ensure that studies encompass the categorisations detailed within the CSE statutory definitions. Twenty‐three research articles were appraised using a Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). A narrative synthesis approach was used to synthesise the findings from qualitative and mixed methods studies identifying four significant analytical themes including (a) barriers to examining a complex phenomenon, (b) recognising the contact CSE perpetrator, (c) understanding the contact CSE perpetrator and (d) responding to the contact CSE perpetrator. This review synthesises evidence in a singular study, ideal for policy‐makers and stakeholders to provide a more comprehensive safeguarding response, guide future research directions, and provide suggestions for law enforcement disruption strategies within the United Kingdom. Recommendations for policy, practice, procedure and training include improving the recording of data, re‐categorising CSE as CSA, targeting harmful sexual behaviour and group offending, and designing evidenced based perpetrator treatment programmes. Future research centring on the perpetrator's adverse experiences and the strategies used to instigate sexual contact could advance understanding of how these crimes could be prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Defunding the police in the UK: Critical questions and practical suggestions.
- Author
-
Fleetwood, Jennifer and Lea, John
- Subjects
- *
POLICE , *BLACK Lives Matter movement , *LAW enforcement , *PUBLIC welfare - Abstract
Calls to defund the police emerged from Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests of 2020, inspiring USA cities to shift funding from policing to social welfare. Here we consider how defunding might translate to the UK, raising critical questions about our distinct funding arrangements, and social welfare traditions. Next, we consider how the spirit of defunding could be adapted in the UK drawing on the left realist proposition of minimal policing, radically restricting police powers and autonomy. In contrast to many abolitionists, we foresee the state continuing to play an important role in ensuring justice through the development of specialist non‐police led agencies to respond to serious crimes and residual conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Mobilizing anti‐discrimination law: the litigation strategies of UK and French trade unions compared.
- Author
-
GUILLAUME, CéCILE and CHAPPE, VINCENT‐ARNAUD
- Subjects
- *
ANTI-discrimination laws , *LAW enforcement , *ACTIONS & defenses (Law) , *JUSTICE administration , *LABOR union members - Abstract
Based on cross‐national comparative research conducted in France and the United Kingdom, this article explores to what extent and under what conditions trade unions situated in different legal systems have turned to the courts to challenge discrimination at work. It investigates the interplay between a broad range of structural factors that offer specific opportunities, and the way in which trade unionists interpret contexts to promote legal mobilization in addition to or in place of other repertoires of action. In so doing, the article contributes to the understanding of anti‐discrimination law enforcement and the role of micro‐level actors in enabling litigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Comparative Reflections on COVID-19 Responses: Drafting, Powers, and Interpretation.
- Author
-
Yeon, Thomas
- Subjects
LEGISLATION drafting ,LEGISLATIVE power ,CORONAVIRUS diseases ,PANDEMICS ,PUBLIC health ,LAW enforcement - Abstract
This article examines comparatively approaches in Hong Kong and English law on powers created by the use of subordinate legislations to combat the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of legislative drafting and statutory interpretation. These powers, being wide and flexible in nature, pose a tension between two competing concerns. On the one hand, they enable law enforcement officers to be able to deal with the unique challenges posed by a public health crisis. On the other hand, they pose the potential to restrict fundamental human rights disproportionately. This article will proceed in three parts. First, the article will analyse the responsibilities of drafters in drafting subordinate legislations and the techniques therein; the discussion will be contextualized within a need for urgent public health responses to combat the pandemic. Second, the powers conferred upon law enforcement officers and restrictions on individual liberty under Hong Kong law and English law will be analysed. Third, approaches to interpreting the relevant legislations under the two jurisdictions will be examined. It will be argued that despite the need to confer wide and flexible powers to the executive to combat the pandemic, specificity of language and precision in articulating these powers remain of cardinal and overarching importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Miscommunication in UK Police Interviews and US Police Interrogations.
- Author
-
Filipović, Luna
- Subjects
POLICE questioning ,MISCOMMUNICATION ,POLICE ,LEGAL language ,LAW enforcement - Abstract
This is the first comparative empirical study of miscommunication in US police interrogations and UK police interviews with suspects. The research was based on an extensive real-life data consisting of 100 transcripts. The main goal was to detect when and why miscommunication occurs in these two policing contexts, whether and how it gets resolved, and what the consequences of miscommunication may be. Miscommunication arises when speech participants draw opposing inferences from the same communicative exchange. Two main sources of miscommunication were identified: a) inferential ambiguity and b) linguistic complexity. The quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that, while the types of miscommunication are shared in the two jurisdictions, their frequencies and functions differ in some respects. Namely, deliberate miscommunication is more likely to be found in the US context while in the UK miscommunication is more likely to occur inadvertently. On the other hand, linguistic complexity gives rise to miscommunication more often in the UK than in US police communication. We discuss the results with respect to the two different approaches to questioning suspects in the two locales and translate our findings into practical applications for the training of law enforcement and language professionals worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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