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How to cite this article Milton J. & King C. (2012) Cup introduction, drink type and vitamin supplementation in preterm babies at 11-25 months. J Hum Nutr Diet. 25, 148-154 Abstract Background: To avoid adverse effects of prolonged bottle use, the recommendations are that full-term babies are introduced to cups from 6 months and discouraged bottles from 12 months old. There are no recommendations for preterm babies. In the UK, the Department of Heath recommends the introduction of vitamin supplements, alongside the transition from formula to cow's milk. The present study aimed to determine age of cup introduction in a group of preterm babies, identify drinks offered from bottles versus cups and the types of cups used, and establish the prevalence and appropriateness of vitamin supplementation. Methods: A validated postal questionnaire was sent to the parents of 369 babies born <34 weeks of gestation at Queen Charlottes Neonatal Unit; 104 sent in 2003 and 265 sent in 2004-2005. The questionnaire was sent when the babies were calculated to be between 12 and 18 months (all ages stated are uncorrected). A separate questionnaire was sent for each baby from multiple pregnancies. Results: The questionnaire return rate was 46% ( n = 169). Length of gestation ( P < 0.001), hospital stay ( P = 0.009), birth weight ( P = 0.002) and maternal age ( P < 0.001) were significantly greater and more mothers were of European origin ( P = 0.036) for those babies for whom questionnaires were returned compared to nonresponders. Infant gender did not differ. Fifty-seven percent had been introduced to a cup before 12 months, distribution was: 58% ( n = 53) of singletons, 54% ( n = 37) of twins and 67% ( n = 6) of triplets. This rose to 80% before 13 months. Thirteen percent ( n = 22) had not started drinking from a cup and 17% ( n = 29) only used cups at the time of the questionnaire. Cow's milk had been introduced to 69% ( n = 117) of all babies and 32% ( n = 54) were still on formula (10 on both and eight were on neither; hence, the figures do not sum to 100%). Cow's milk was drunk from bottles by 56% ( n = 95) and formula by 31% ( n = 52). A significantly greater proportion of twins and triplets were drinking cow's milk compared to singletons [80% ( n = 62) versus 60% ( n = 55) P = 0.005] and significantly fewer were drinking formula [22% ( n = 17) versus 40% ( n = 37) P = 0.012]. Water was the drink most commonly given from a cup (80%) ( n = 135) followed by juice, which was given to 64% ( n = 108). Juice drinks were given by bottle in 16% ( n = 27). Fifty-two percent ( n = 88) used a 'spill-proof' cup some of the time. Vitamins were given as recommended in 18% ( n = 31), given even though not recommended in 12% ( n = 20), not given but recommended in 49% ( n = 83) and appropriately not given in 21% ( n = 35). A greater percentage of twins and triplets, compared to singletons, were not commenced on vitamins, even though they were no longer drinking formula. Conclusions: The present study reports baseline data on cup introduction in preterm babies both from singleton and multiple births. The data suggest that education about appropriate bottle drinks, timing of cup introduction, suitable cups and the correct use of vitamin drops is required. However, because the profile of responders differed from nonresponders, these results may not be applicable to all preterm babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predatory beetle, Rhizophagus grandis Gyll. is the most important specific insect enemy of the great European spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans. R. grandis was introduced into Britain in 1983 and has subsequently been artificially mass reared and released into spruce forest attacked by D. micans. The introduction of R. grandis appears to have been successful, and the predator has established as a breeding species. The absence of prior research gave little scope for optimising densities and distribution of the predator. Two experiments (one using marked insects) showed that R. grandis dispersed effectively, ranging in excess of 200 m from the release point and rapidly locating its prey. The predator was most attracted to mature larval D. micans broods. Releases of 1000+ predators per hectare (ha) compared favourably with low level introductions of 50-100 predators per ha used throughout the main release programme. Levels of colonisation by the predator four weeks after release at high numbers were equal to those resulting from low density introductions two years after release. Other observations on the dispersal of R. grandis show that this species will pioneer new D. micans populations, with flight ranges up to 4 km being recorded. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen zum Dispersionsflug und zur Wirtsfindung bei Rhizophagus grandis Gyll. (Col., Rhizophagidae) Der räuberisch lebende Käfer Rhizophagus grandis gehört zu den wichtigsten spezifischen Feinden des Riesenbastkäfers, Dendroctonus micans. 1983 wurde R. grandis in Großbritannien eingeführt und wurde anschließend in Massenzucht genommen und in Fichtenbeständen ausgesetzt, die Schäden durch D. micans aufwiesen. Die Einführung von R. grandis scheint gelungen zu sein, und der Käfer tritt in Großbritannien inzwischen als sich hier fortpflanzende Art auf. Mangels früherer Forschungsergebnisse war wenig über die Optimierung von Dichte und Verteilung dieser Käferart bekannt. In zwei Versuchen - einer davon mit markierten Käfern - konnte gezeigt werden, daß sich R. grandis effektiv verbreitet. Vom Freisetzungspunkt aus wurde R. grandis im Umkreis von 200 m nachgewiesen, und der Käfer konnte seine Beute schnell lokalisieren. Am attraktivsten für R. grandis waren D.-micans-Brutbilder mit Altlarven. Bei einem Vergleich von hohen Freilassungsraten (1000 Käfer/ha) mit Freilassungsraten von 50-100 Käfern/ha zeigte sich, daß die Koloniebildung hier vier Wochen nach der Freilassung unabhängig von der Freilassungsrate die gleiche Stärke erreichte. Weiterhin konnte festgestellt werden, daß R. grandis neue D.-micans-Populationen auffinden kann, die über 4 km entfernt sind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the occupational allergic contact dermatitis from olive oil in pizza making in Great Britain. Involvement of contact with large amount of olive oil and extra virgin olive oil with the skin disease; Production of extra virgin olive oil from the pressing of olives; Suggestion made that olive oil is a weak irritant as indicated in patch test reaction.

Focuses on the teaching of earth science in Great Britain. Effectiveness and status of earth science teaching; Strategies used in teaching earth science; Criteria for a successful earth science teaching.

Depression affects all aspects of an individual's life but evidence relating to the causal effects on health is limited. We used information from 337,536 UK Biobank participants and performed hypothesis-free phenome-wide association analyses between major depressive disorder (MDD) genetic risk score (GRS) and 925 disease outcomes. GRS-disease outcome associations passing the multiple-testing corrected significance threshold (P < 1.9 × 10 -3 ) were followed by Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to test for causality. MDD GRS was associated with 22 distinct diseases in the phenome-wide discovery stage, with the strongest signal observed for MDD diagnosis and related co-morbidities including anxiety and sleep disorders. In inverse-variance weighted MR analyses, MDD was associated with several inflammatory and haemorrhagic gastrointestinal diseases, including oesophagitis (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.18-1.48), non-infectious gastroenteritis (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.06-1.48), gastrointestinal haemorrhage (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11-1.43) and intestinal E.coli infections (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.74-6.02). Signals were also observed for symptoms/disorders of the urinary system (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.19-1.56), asthma (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06-1.44), and painful respiration (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.14-1.44). MDD was associated with disorders of lipid metabolism (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12-1.34) and ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.15-1.47). Sensitivity analyses excluding pleiotropic variants provided consistent associations. Our study indicates a causal link between MDD and a broad range of diseases, suggesting a notable burden of co-morbidity. Early detection and management of MDD is important, and treatment strategies should be selected to also minimise the risk of related co-morbidities.

Background: Multi-drug resistant bacteria are an increasing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Inappropriate prescribing and use of antibiotics within veterinary medicine may be a contributory factor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The 'One Health' Initiative aims to work across species and environments to reduce AMR, however; little is currently known about the factors which influence antibiotic prescribing among veterinary surgeons in companion animal practice. This paper reports on qualitative data analysis of interviews with veterinary surgeons whose practice partially or wholly focuses on companion animals (N = 16). The objective of the research was to explore the drivers of companion animal veterinary surgeons' antibiotic prescribing behaviours. The veterinary surgeons interviewed were all practising within the UK (England (n = 4), Scotland (n = 11), Northern Ireland (n = 1)). A behavioural thematic analysis of the data was undertaken, which identified barriers and facilitators to specific prescribing-related behaviours., Results: Five components of prescribing behaviours were identified: 1) confirming clinical need for antibiotics; 2) responding to clients; 3) confirming diagnosis; 4) determining dose, duration and type of antibiotic; and 5) preventing infection around surgery (with attendant appropriate and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing behaviours). Barriers to appropriate prescribing identified include: business, diagnostic, fear, habitual practice and pharmaceutical factors. Facilitators include: AMR awareness, infection prevention, professional learning and regulation and government factors., Conclusion: This paper uses a behavioural lens to examine drivers which are an influence on veterinary surgeons' prescribing behaviours. The paper contributes new understandings about factors which influence antibiotic prescribing behaviours among companion animal veterinary surgeons. This analysis provides evidence to inform future interventions, which are focused on changing prescribing behaviours, in order to address the pressing public health concern of AMR.

Hypoxemia measured by pulse oximetry predicts child pneumonia mortality in low-resource settings (LRS). Existing pediatric oximeter probes are prohibitively expensive and/or difficult to use, limiting LRS implementation. Using a human-centered design, we developed a low-cost, reusable pediatric oximeter probe for LRS health-care workers (HCWs). Here, we report probe usability testing. Fifty-one HCWs from Malawi, Bangladesh, and the United Kingdom participated, and seven experts provided reference measurements. Health-care workers and experts measured the peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 ) independently in < 5 year olds. Health-care worker measurements were classed as successful if recorded in 5 minutes (or shorter) and physiologically appropriate for the child, using expert measurements as the reference. All expert measurements were considered successful if obtained in < 5 minutes. We analyzed the proportion of successful SpO 2 measurements obtained in < 1, < 2, and < 5 minutes and used multivariable logistic regression to predict < 1 minute successful measurements. We conducted four testing rounds with probe modifications between rounds, and obtained 1,307 SpO 2 readings. Overall, 67% (876) of measurements were successful and achieved in < 1 minute, 81% (1,059) < 2 minutes, and 90% (1,181) < 5 minutes. Compared with neonates, increasing age (infant adjusted odds ratio [aOR]; 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16, 3.02; toddler aOR: 4.33, 95% CI: 2.36, 7.97; child aOR; 3.90, 95% CI: 1.73, 8.81) and being asleep versus being calm (aOR; 3.53, 95% CI: 1.89, 6.58), were associated with < 1 minute successful measurements. In conclusion, we designed a novel, reusable pediatric oximetry probe that was effectively used by LRS HCWs on children. This probe may be suitable for LRS implementation.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health problem across the world. As the negative consequences of AMR become apparent at local, national and international levels, more attention is being focussed on the variety of mechanisms by which AMR is potentiated. We explore how interactions between pet owners and veterinarians represent a key arena in which AMR-related behaviours can be shaped., Methods: In depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with pet owners ( n  = 23) and vets ( n  = 16) across the UK in 2017. A thematic analysis approach was taken, with inductively gathered data analysed deductively using a behavioural framework to identified key behaviours emerging from participant accounts which were amenable to change., Results: Interactions between vets and pet owners were characterised by misunderstandings and misconceptions around antibiotics by pet owners, and a lack of clarity about the positions and intentions of the other party. Vets and pet owners had differing perceptions of where pressure to prescribe antibiotics inappropriately originated. Vets perceived it was mostly pet owners who pushed for inappropriate antibiotics, whereas pet owners reported they felt it was vets that overprescribed. Low levels of understanding of AMR in general were apparent amongst pet owners and understandings with regard to AMR in pets specifically were almost non-existent in the sample., Conclusions: Improved use of antibiotics could be assisted by educating the pet owning public and by guideline development for companion animal vets, concurrent development of mandatory legislation, increased consultation time to facilitate better communication, development of vet training on antimicrobial therapy and stewardship led interactions with pet owners, and increased levels of knowledge of pet-related AMR amongst pet owners., Competing Interests: Ethical approval for the study was granted from the ethics committee for Nursing and Community Health at Glasgow Caledonian University (Reference number: HLS/NCH/16/001).All data has been anonymised, participants all provided written consent for content of their interviews to be used in analysis, report and paper writing.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Background: The oxidized forms of the fragrance terpenes limonene and linalool are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis. Significant rates of contact allergy to these fragrances have been reported in European studies and in a recent worldwide study. Patch testing to oxidized terpenes is not routinely carried out either in the U.K. or in other centres internationally., Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to oxidized limonene and linalool in the U.K., Methods: Between 1 August 2011 and 31 December 2012, 4731 consecutive patients in 13 U.K. dermatology departments were tested for hydroperoxides of limonene 0·3% pet., hydroperoxides of linalool 1·0% pet., stabilized limonene 10·0% pet. and stabilized linalool 10·0% pet. Doubtful (?+) and equivocal (±) reactions were grouped together as irritant reactions., Results: Two hundred and thirty-seven patients (5·0%) had a positive patch test reaction to hydroperoxides of limonene 0·3% pet. and 281 (5·9%) to hydroperoxides of linalool 1·0% pet. Irritant reactions to one or both oxidized terpenes were found in 242 patients (7·3%). Eleven patients (0·2%) had a positive patch test reaction to the stabilized terpenes alone., Conclusions: This large, multicentre U.K. audit shows a significant rate of allergy to the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool plus a high rate of irritant reactions. Testing to the oxidized forms alone captures the majority (97·0%; 411 of 422) of positive reactions; testing to nonoxidized terpenes appears to be less useful. We recommend that the hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool be added to an extended baseline patch test series., (© 2014 British Association of Dermatologists.)